Iodine Content Of Salt Research Articles

A Cross-Sectional Study of Iodine Nutritional Status Among School-Age Children in Chongqing, China.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the iodine nutritional statuses of children aged 8 to 10 years in Chongqing Municipality in 2023. Methods: In this study, we employed multi-stage stratified cluster sampling of non-boarding children aged 8 to 10 years in all 39 counties (districts). The levels of iodine in household salt and those in random urine samples collected from the subjects were tested. In addition, thyroid gland volume was examined using the ultrasound method in subjects from 13 of the counties (districts). Results: Of the total 7751 children aged 8 to 10 years selected for inclusion in this study, the median salt iodine concentration (SIC) was 26.7 mg/kg, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 24.2-29.4 mg/kg. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 226.4 μg/L, with an IQR of 149.5-309.6 μg/L. The median UIC differed significantly between genders and across various regions (p < 0.001). The prevalence of total goiter in the children was 2.24% (58/2591), and significant differences were observed in the prevalence of goiter in different body mass index (BMI) groups (p < 0.001). The greatest prevalence of goiter was observed in obese children. Conclusions: In 2023, children in Chongqing Municipality aged 8 to 10 years as a whole had adequate iodine nutrition and met the national standard for the eradication of iodine deficiency disorders.

Assessment of goiter and iodine deficiency among school children in North Kashmir: A cross-sectional study.

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) remain a significant public health challenge in developing countries, including India, where they contribute to goiter and other health impairments. Despite efforts to fortify salt with iodine, IDDs persist in regions like Kupwara, Kashmir, characterized by unique topography and socio-demographic diversity. To assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders among school-aged children in Kupwara district, Kashmir. To evaluate iodine content in household salt samples and urinary iodine concentration as markers of iodine deficiency. A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from March 22 to March 31, 2022, involving 2,700 children aged 6-12 years selected using population proportionate to size (PPS) sampling from 30 clusters in Kupwara. Clinical examination for goiter was performed following WHO guidelines. Household salt iodine content was assessed through iodometric titration, and urinary iodine concentration was analyzed using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Out of 2,700 children, 255 (9.44%) had Grade 1 goiter, and 17 (0.63%) had Grade 2 goiter, yielding a Total Goiter Rate (TGR) of 10.1%. Goiter prevalence was higher in females (11.2%) than males (9%). The highest TGR was observed in children aged 10 years (14.4%). Salt iodine content: 75% of samples contained 6.3 ppm iodine. Urinary iodine concentration: (1) 10.4% had mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. (2) 12.3% exhibited adequate iodine intake. (3) 31.4% showed excess iodine levels. The study highlights a moderate prevalence of goiter in Kupwara, with iodine deficiency remaining a significant concern despite fortified salt usage. The findings underscore the need for strengthened monitoring and public health interventions targeting iodine deficiency, especially among school-aged children.

Analysis of the current status and related factors of iodine nutrition levels among adults aged 18 years and above in Zhejiang Province in 2022

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status and its related factors among adults aged 18 years and above in Zhejiang Province in 2022. Methods: A multistage stratified sampling method was used to select 4 320 adults aged 18 years and above from 16 on-site survey sites in Zhejiang Province for the study. A questionnaire was used to investigate the general demographic information and personal dietary characteristics of the study participants. Household edible salt and urine samples were collected to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level by using direct titration and cerium arsenate-catalyzed spectrophotometry, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status according to the standard. The multiple-ordered logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing the urinary iodine concentration. Results: The age of the 4 320 study participants was (51.19±15.33) years, with males accounting for 44.44% (1 920). About 40.16% of adults (1 735) were from coastal areas and 56.37% (2 435) from urban areas. The salt iodine content, M (Q1, Q3), of the 4 320 household edible salt samples was 21.10 (0.00, 24.16) mg/kg, including 1 662 non-iodized salt samples, 182 unqualified iodized salt samples and 2 476 qualified iodized salt samples. The rate of iodized salt coverage was 61.53%, and the rate of qualified iodized salt consumption was 57.31%. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of qualified iodized salt in adult households among different regions (P<0.001), with the proportion of non-iodized salt gradually decreasing from coastal to inland areas (χ2trend=618.458, P<0.001). The urinary iodine concentration M (Q1, Q3) was 137.60 (86.85, 210.60) μg/L in 4 320 adult urine samples, with the urinary iodine levels of<100, 100-199, 200-299, and≥300 μg/L accounting for 31.64% (1 367), 40.56% (1 752), 17.66% (763), and 10.14% (438), respectively. There was a nonlinear positive correlation between household salt iodine content and urinary iodine level in adults aged 18 years and above by using the χ2 test for trend (χ2regression=231.10, P<0.001 and χ2skew=28.81, P<0.001). Urinary iodine concentrations were higher in men than in women (P=0.029) and higher in adults in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001). There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of iodine nutritional status among adults of different ages, regions, and urban and rural areas (all P<0.001). The proportion of those with urinary iodine levels<100 μg/L gradually increased with age (χ2trend=37.493, P<0.001), and gradually decreased from coastal areas to inland areas (χ2trend=71.381, P<0.001). The results of the multiple-ordered logistic regression model analysis showed that compared with adults aged 18 to 44 years and male adults, those aged 45 to 59 years and female adults had lower urinary iodine levels, with OR (95%CI) of 0.75 (0.68-0.83) and 0.85 (0.76-0.95), respectively. Compared with adults in coastal and urban adults, those in sub-coastal, inland and rural adults had higher levels of urinary iodine, with OR (95%CI) of 1.89 (1.63-2.19), 2.02 (1.72-2.37) and 1.46 (1.28-1.66), respectively. Conclusion: The overall iodine nutrition level of adults aged 18 years and above in Zhejiang Province in 2022 is generally appropriate. However, there is a potential risk of iodine deficiency among adults in coastal areas.

A Comparative Study on the Dietary Iodine Intake and the Contribution Rates of Various Foods to the Dietary Iodine Intake among Residents in Zhejiang in 2010 and 2022.

We aim to analyze the changes in dietary iodine intake and the contribution rates of various foods to it after the reduction in salt iodine concentration in Zhejiang. We used data from two cross-sectional nutrition surveillance surveys conducted by the Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2010 (9798 residents) and 2022 (5980 residents). In both surveys, multi-stage stratified and systematic sampling were adopted, and uniformly trained investigators conducted the dietary surveys using a 24 h dietary review and weighing record methods for 3 consecutive days. From 2010 to 2022, the median salt iodine concentration and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in Zhejiang households dropped from 28.80 to 22.08 mg/kg and from 76.65% to 64.20%, respectively. Moreover, the residents' median dietary iodine intake decreased from 277.48 to 142.05 μg/d. Significant interregional differences in dietary iodine intake were found in 2010 and 2022 (H = 639.175, p < 0.001; H = 588.592, p < 0.001, respectively); however, no significant differences existed between urban and rural areas (p > 0.05). From 2010 to 2022, the proportion of residents with dietary iodine intake below the estimated average requirement increased from 15.10% to 34.80%, while that of residents with intake above the tolerable upper limit decreased from 15.00% to 2.90%. The contribution rate of salt to dietary iodine intake among residents in Zhejiang decreased from 74.92% to 48.54%, showing an apparent overall downward trend despite the dietary intake being generally adequate (markedly inadequate in coastal regions). The salt iodine concentration and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in households in Zhejiang showed downward trends. Salt remained the main source of dietary iodine; however, its contribution decreased significantly. Zhejiang may need to reverse the trend of the continuous decline in the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt to protect the health of its residents.

Analysis of the structure of the information field of perception of risk factors for non-communicable diseases

When studying the attitude of the population to saving their own health, the question of the connection between abstract knowledge about the harm caused to health by risk factors and a real understanding of the harm caused by these factors to their own health remains poorly understood.The purpose of this work is to analyze the structure of the information field of the population’s attitude to the impact of FR on health.Materials and methods. The material for the analysis was the results of a sociological survey in three pilot regions of the Russian Federation – Tula Region, Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Crimea. The questionnaire consisted of 33 questions concerning risk factors and their impact on the human body and a block of questions concerning sources of medical information and trust in them. The sample size was 1,718 respondents. The following methods were used: descriptive statistics and the sociological method of questioning. Statistical data processing and reweighing were carried out in the statistical data processing package SPSS22.0. In general, the sampling error in the study does not exceed 1.99% for a confidence level of p&lt;0.1.Results. The study showed that abstract knowledge about the harm of a particular FR in almost all FR is quite high, since it is precisely on them that the efforts of the medical community have been directed in recent decades. Moreover, the highest values are expected to have such factors as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, elevated blood sugar (glucose) and high blood pressure. The level of knowledge of the harm of FR, to which the medical community paid less attention, was expected to be lower. The lowest value is such a FR as a low iodine content in salt, which is consumed in food. An assessment of the relationship of variables such as abstract knowledge of harm about FR and understanding of their harm to one’s body using a two-way T-criterion showed that these variables are completely independent of each other at the significance level p&lt;0.001. This result made us look more closely at the factor structure of the studied field of reality and put forward the assumption of independence of knowledge about the harm caused to the human body by FR and behavioral patterns in relation to FR. As a result of factor analysis of 73 variables, 9 factors were identified: the first and most powerful factor (10.33%) – knowledge of the effect of FR on one’s own health; the second most powerful factor (8.71%) – knowledge of the harm of FR; the third highlighted factor (5.46%) – trust in information sources, which included both trust in the media and trust in TV presenters, popular personalities and trust in the leaders of the region and the city; the fourth highlighted factor (4.67%) is the gender characteristics of the control of the FR by the population; the fifth highlighted factor (4.59%) is the sources of information about the FR; the sixth highlighted factor (4.30%) – age–related features of FR control; the seventh highlighted factor (3.32%) – the use of gadgets to control FR and exercise; the eighth highlighted factor (3.00%) – trust in health workers as a source of information; the ninth highlighted factor (2.59%) – smoking and alcohol consumption.Conclusion. The assessment of the effect of FR on the respondents’ own health in the framework of the conducted study turned out to be significantly lower than abstract knowledge about the harmful effects of these FR. The analysis of the factor structure of the studied field confirmed the validity of such a division of knowledge based on ideas about its various forms – «knowledge in itself» and «knowledge for oneself». The analysis made it possible to formulate a number of conditions for improving the effectiveness of preventive work with the population, including to increase the impact of population prevention: it is necessary to more actively involve the most important sources for the population – medical workers, scientific medical workers and health managers; more fully take into account the gender and age characteristics of audiences in preventive measures; the use of mass media should be preceded by an analysis of the level of trust in them from the target audience; the information messages themselves must first be checked for memorability. Preventive measures should change the personal meanings of specific people in relation to FR and HLS, and not be limited to stating general knowledge about them. The study also allows us to determine the directions for further research of the population’s attitude to the FR and their own health as an interdisciplinary task with the necessary involvement of specialists in medical and general psychology, personality psychology and motivation psychology, as well as sociologists.

Prevalence of goiter among school children and iodine content in edible salt and drinking water in Rampurhat Sub-division of Birbhum District in West Bengal, India

Background: A deficiency of iodine in the diet leads to many visible and invisible health consequences. The major consequences of iodine deficiency are enlargement of the thyroid gland, mental defects, deaf mutism, stillbirth, and miscarriage. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of goiter among schoolchildren in the Rampurhat Sub-division of Birbhum district in West Bengal. Methods: A total of 2712 school children (6–12 years) were clinically examined for goiter from eight CD Blocks and two Municipalities of the studied region. Iodine content in 350 salt samples and 80 drinking water samples were measured. Results: The overall goiter prevalence was found to be 13.13%. Most of the goiter is palpable, i.e., Grade 1 goiter, however visible, or grade 2 goiter also exists. Observation showed that 18.28% of samples had iodine levels less than the recommended value of 15 ppm. However, the iodine contents in the drinking water samples were adequate. Conclusion: Observation suggests a mild degree of goiter endemicity as a public health issue, though the study region’s people consume adequate iodine through edible salt and drinking water. Based on this observation, it may be concluded that to prevent and control this public health problem from the studied region, iodine nutritional status as evidenced by urinary iodine level and studies to find the etiological factors other than iodine deficiency are most urgent.

Heavy atom-induced quenching of fluorescent organosilicon nanoparticles for iodide sensing and total antioxidant capacity assessment.

We present a novel approach for iodide sensing based on the heavy-atom effect to quench the green fluorescent emission of organosilicon nanoparticles (OSiNPs). The fluorescence of OSiNPs was significantly quenched (up to 97.4% quenching efficiency) in the presence of iodide ions (I-) through oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, OSiNPs can serve as a fluorescent probe to detect I- with high selectivity and sensitivity. The highly selective response is attributed to the hydrophilic surface enabling good dispersion in aqueous solutions and the lipophilic core allowing the generated liposoluble I2 to approach and quench the fluorescence of OSiNPs. The linear working range for I- was from 0 to 50 μM, with a detection limit of 0.1 μM. We successfully applied this nanosensor to determine iodine content in edible salt. Furthermore, the fluorescent OSiNPs can be utilized for the determination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Antioxidants reduce I2 to I-, and the extent of quenching by the remaining I2 on the OSiNPs indicates the TAC level. The responses to ascorbic acid, pyrogallic acid, and glutathione were investigated, and the detection limit for ascorbic acid was as low as 0.03 μM. It was applied to the determination of TAC in ascorbic acid tablets and fruit juices, indicating the potential application of the OSiNP-based I2 sensing technique in the field of food analysis.

Assessment of Household Coverage of Iodized Salt and Measurement of Salt Iodine Content

Сравнительный анализ «ожидаемого» охвата населения йодированной солью (вторичные данные) и фактического охвата домохозяйств (первичные данные) показал, что ежегодный ожидаемый охват населения йодированной солью оставался стабильным в течение последнего десятилетия, при этом снижение внутреннего производства компенсировалось ростом импорта. Только 5,7% всех проб поваренной соли, взятых в 210 домохозяйствах на 7 полевых участках, были нейодированными и только 2% содержали &lt;15 мг/кг йода, в то время как более 92% были адекватно йодированы (&gt;15 мг/кг йода). Средняя концентрация йода в 198 пробах соли составила 32,8 мг/кг, то есть находилась в пределах национального стандарта. Принимая во внимание полученные на основе дополнительной информации данные, согласно которым наблюдается стабильно высокий «ожидаемый» охват населения йодированной солью, а также результаты статистически репрезентативных обследований охвата домохозяйств йодированной солью, можно сделать вывод, что установление факта охвата домохозяйств адекватно йодированной солью в Армении в 2023 году на уровне 92,3% является достаточно надежным результатом. Стоимость «пилотного» внедрения подхода FORTIMAS в качестве начального этапа «ежегодного» мониторинга и эпиднадзора за программой йодированной соли в Армении составила лишь часть стоимости общенационального репрезентативного исследования йодирования соли и статуса йодного питания населения. Поскольку в рамках этого проекта была разработана общая структура потенциальной «Системы FORTIMAS Армении», можно предположить, что в будущем в Армении можно будет проводить около 10 ежегодных раундов мо-ниторинга и эпиднадзора за программой йодирования соли, за ту же стоимость, что и одно национально репрезентативное исследование программы йодирования соли. Յոդացված աղով բնակչության «սպասվող» ծածկույթի (երկրորդային տվյալներ) և տնային տնտեսությունների փաստացի ընդգրկվածության (առաջնային տվյալներ) համեմատական վերլուծությունը ցույց է տվել, որ յոդացված աղով բնակչության սպասվող ծածկույթի տարեկան ցուցանիշը վերջին տասնամյակում մնացել է կայուն. ներքին արտադրության նվազումը փոխհատուցվել է ներկրման ավելացմամբ: 7 դետքային տեղամասերի 210 տնային տնտեսություններից վերցրած կերակրի աղի բոլոր նմուշների միայն 5,7%-ն է եղել չյոդացված, և միայն 2%-ն է պարունակել &lt;15 մգ/կգ յոդ, մինչդեռ 92%-ից ավելին եղել է համարժեք յոդացված (&gt;15 մգ/կգ յոդ): Աղի 198 նմուշներում յոդի միջին խտությունը կազ-մել է 32,8 մգ/կգ, այսինքն՝ գտնվել է ազգային ստանդարտի սահմաններում: Հաշվի առնելով լրացուցիչ ինֆորմացիայից ստացված տվյալները՝ համաձայն որոնց հետևողականորեն առկա է յոդացված աղով բնակչության «սպասվող» բարձր ծածկույթ, նկատի ունենալով նաև յոդացված աղով տնային տնտեսությունների ընդգրկվածության վիճակագրորեն ներկայացուցչական հետազոտությունների արդյունքները՝ կարելի է եզրակացնել, որ 2023 թվականին Հայաստանում որակյալ յոդացված աղով տնային տնտեսությունների 92,3% ընդգրկվածության բացահայտումը բավականին վստահելի արդյունք է: ՖՈՐՏԻՄԱՍ մոտեցման «պիլոտային» իրականացման արժեքը՝ որպես Հայաստանում յոդացված աղի ծրագրի «տարեկան» մոնիթորինգի և էպիդհսկողության սկզբնական փուլ, կազմել է աղի յոդացման և բնակչության յոդային սնուցման կարգավիճակի ազգային ներկայացուցչական հետազոտության արժեքի միայն մի մասը: Քանի որ «Հայաստանի ՖՈՐՏԻՄԱՍ համակարգի» ընդհանուր շրջանակը մշակվել է այս նախագծի շրջանակներում, կարելի է կանխատեսել, որ ապագայում Հայաստանում կարող է իրականացվել աղի յոդացման ծրագրի մոնիթորինգի և էպիդհսկողության առնվազն10 տարեկան փուլ մոտավորապես նույն գնով, ինչ աղի յոդացման ծրագրի ազգային ներկայացուցչական հետազոտությունը:

Pregnant women at risk for iodine deficiency but adequate iodine intake in school-aged children of Zhejiang Province, China

The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of school-aged children has been commonly used as a surrogate to assess iodine status of a population including pregnant women. However, pregnant women have higher iodine requirements than children due to increased production of thyroid hormones. The aim of the study was to evaluate the iodine status of pregnant women and children as well as their household salt iodine concentration (SIC) in Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Eligible pregnant women and children from all six counties of Quzhou in 2021 were recruited into the study. They were asked to complete a socio-demographic questionnaire and provide both a spot urine and a household table salt sample for the determination of UIC and SIC. A total of 629 pregnant women (mean age and gestation weeks of 29.6 years and 21.6 weeks, respectively) and 1273 school-aged children (mean age of 9 years and 49.8% of them were females) were included in the study. The overall median UIC of pregnant women and children in our sample was 127 (82, 193) μg/L and 222 (147, 327) μg/L, respectively, indicating sufficient iodine status in children but a risk of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in pregnant women. Distribution of iodine nutrition in children varied significantly according to their sex and age (P < 0.05). The rate of adequately household iodised salt samples (18–33 mg/kg) provided by pregnant women and children was 92.4% and 90.6%, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicated a risk of insufficient iodine status in pregnant population of China, but iodine sufficiency in school-aged children. Our data also suggested that median UIC of children may not be used as a surrogate to assess iodine status in pregnant women.

Indian Thyroid society expert consensus on salt Iodisation

ABSTRACT Iodine, an essential micronutrient, is crucial for the production of thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4). Thyroid hormones regulate the optimum mental development, physical growth and development, regulation of body metabolism, heat generation, and maintenance of body temperaturein an individual. Geological processes like flooding, soil erosion, deforestation, and rivers changing course, deplete the surface soil of iodine, as it is present in the top layers of soil and easily soluble in water. As a result, the population residing in the area with iodine-deficient soil, becomes susceptible to a spectrum of functional and developmental abnormalities due to dietary deficiency of iodine. Universal Salt Iodization (USI) for prevention of IDDs in India is a public health success story. The adoption of the salt iodization strategy serves as a textbook example of the journey of an intervention through the iterative loop of research to policy to programme. Salt iodization has proved to be a safe, accessible, available, affordable, and cost-effective strategy to address the burden of IDDs in India. India has been at the forefront of the efforts to control IDDs globally. India is on its way to achieving the target of &gt; 90 percent household coverage of adequately iodized salt. Revised Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulations released in 2019 introduced an upper limit for iodine concentration in salt, the adequate iodine level required at the production and consumer level, including the distribution channel at 15 – 30 ppm. Universal Salt Iodisation (USI) is India’s public health success story. There is a need to consolidate progress so far and focus on strategy to reach the “last mile”. Sustainable elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs) with Universal Salt Iodisation (USI) being the primary strategy needs to also factor in harmonisation with salt reduction strategy for control of non-communicable diseases.

A Clinico-epidemiological Study to Evaluate the Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder in North 24 Pargana District of West Bengal

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) being major public health problems in India, including WestBengal needs to be continuously monitored through recommended methods and indicators.Present study is aiming to assess the total goiter rate, urinary iodine excretion, iodine content of salts at households’ level among primary school children and to find association with the socio-demographic characteristics of the study population.Method: A school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted during March 2019 to August 2019 among 540schoolchildren of class three and four. Goiter was assessed by standard palpation technique, urinary iodineexcretion (UIE) was analyzed by wet digestion method and salt samples were tested by spot iodine testing kits.The total goiter rate (TGR) was 10.56 %. About 97.22 % of the salt samples tested were adequately iodized. Though consumption of iodized salt was adequate irrespective of socio demographic characteristics; goiter prevalence was significantly different with respect to mother’s education level. Median urinary iodine excretion was found to be with in normal range. Lastly, a comparison is made between indicators of IDD over years which showed significant fall of TGR % of North 24 Pgs and a significant increase of adequately iodized salt consumption from 2004 to 2019.Conclucion: 2019 resurvey of North 24 parganas indicates that the district achieved close to the goal of NIDDCP i.e. prevalence of IDD should be below 10%. It also proved that universal salt iodinization program has increased the household’s iodine consumption above national goal of 91.2%. Goiter prevalence is found to be less in children whose mother attend the education up to 12th standard and beyond.

Analysis of iodine nutritional status of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select non-residential children aged 8 to 10 years from 90 counties in Zhejiang Province. A total of 114 103 children were included in the study from 2016 to 2021. Direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry were used to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status of children. Ultrasound was used to detect thyroid volume and analyze the current prevalence of goiter in school-age children. Results: The age of 114 103 children was (9.04 ± 0.81) years old, with 50.0% of (57 083) boys. The median of iodine content M (Q1, Q3) in children's household salt was 23.00 (19.80, 25.20) mg/kg, including 17 242 non-iodized salt, 6 173 unqualified iodized salt, and 90 688 qualified iodized salt. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 84.89%, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 79.48%. The proportion of non-iodized salt increased from 11.85% in 2016 to 16.04% in 2021 (χ2trend=111.427, P<0.001). The median of urinary iodine concentration M (Q1, Q3) in children was 182.50 (121.00, 261.00) μg/L, among which the proportions of iodine deficiency, iodine suitability, iodine over suitability, and iodine excess were 17.25% (19 686 cases), 39.21% (44 745 cases), 26.85% (30 638 cases), and 16.68% (19 034 cases), respectively. The median of urinary iodine concentration in children in inland areas [M (Q1, Q3): 190.90 (128.80, 269.00) μg/L] was significantly higher than that in children in coastal areas [M (Q1, Q3): 173.00 (113.00, 250.30) μg/L] (P<0.001). From 2016 to 2021, a total of 39 134 ultrasound examinations were conducted, and 1 229 cases of thyroid enlargement were detected. The goiter rate was 3.14% (95%CI: 2.97%-3.32%). The incidence of goiter in children in coastal areas [3.45% (95%CI: 3.19%-3.72%), 641/18 604] was higher than that in children in inland areas [2.86% (95%CI: 2.64%-3.10%), 588/20 530] (P=0.001). Conclusion: From 2016 to 2021, the iodine nutrition level of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province is generally suitable, and the rate of goiter in children meets the limit of iodine deficiency disease elimination standards.

Comparison of Thyroglobulin and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women between Counties with a Median Urinary Iodine Concentration of 100–149 μg/L and 150–249 μg/L

Comparison of Thyroglobulin and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women between Counties with a Median Urinary Iodine Concentration of 100–149 μg/L and 150–249 μg/L

Iodium fortification on traditional salt with spray different potassium iodate

The purpose of this study was to increase the iodine content of traditional salt after fortification of iodine with potassium iodate spray. In addition, this study also aims to determine the NaCl content and water content of traditional salt after potassium iodate fortification is carried out. This research is also expected to provide an alternative solution to increase the iodine content of salt by fortification of potassium iodate. And hopefully this research can help the government in handling cases of Iodine Deficiency Disorder in Indonesia. The treatments used were the addition of KIO3 solution with different weight of traditional salt P1 (50 gram traditional salt : 3 ml KIO3 solution), P2 (33,33 gram traditional salt : 3 ml KIO3 solution) dan P3 (25 gram traditional salt : 3 ml KIO3 solution). Potassium iodate fortification in traditional salt affects iodine and NaCl levels. Fortification of 3 ml potassium iodate with a salt weight of 25 grams (P3) produced the highest iodine content with an average of 64.74 ppm, an average NaCl content of 86.14 %, and an average water content of 3.7%.

Iodine status of school-aged children in the changing context of universal salt iodization program during 1997–2018 in Chongqing, China

Iodine status of school-aged children in the changing context of universal salt iodization program during 1997–2018 in Chongqing, China

Iodine status, including breastmilk iodine content, of lactating mothers and their infants aged 0 to 6 months in Vhembe and Mopani districts of the Limpopo province, South Africa.

Background. Both iodine deficiency and excess may affect lactating women and their infants. In Limpopo Province, South Africa (SA), there are no data on the iodine status of individuals in these vulnerable groups.Objective. To determine the iodine status, including breastmilk iodine content, of lactating mothers and their infants aged 0 - 6 months in Vhembe and Mopani districts, Limpopo, SA.Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study in the quantitative domain was undertaken in Vhembe and Mopani districts. Mother-infant pairs were randomly selected. Breastmilk iodine content (BMIC), urinary iodine content (UIC) of infants, UIC of mothers, household (HH) salt iodine content (SIC) and water iodine content (WIC). The iodine nutrition knowledge of mothers was determined.Results. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) of BMIC among lactating mothers in Vhembe and Mopani was 102 (62 - 179.7) μg/Land 150.4 (89.4 - 201.7) μg/L, respectively. The median (IQR) UIC of mothers in Vhembe and Mopani was 96.3 (54.8 - 154.8) μg/L and137.9 (72 - 212.4) μg/L, respectively. The median UIC of infants was 217.7 (107.1 - 409.9) and 339.8 (162.9 - 490.3) μg/L in Vhembe andMopani, respectively. There was a significant difference between SIC of coarse and fine salt in both districts. Lactating mothers in both areas had limited iodine nutrition knowledge.Conclusion. The results suggest that iodised salt is a major contributor to iodine status in lactating mothers and their infants. Our results also show that the salt iodisation programme in SA supplies sufficient iodine for children, women of reproductive age, lactating mothers and breastfed infants.

Adjusting the Iodine Content of Iodized Salt to Meet the Recommended Intake for Females of Reproductive Age: A Simulation Study with a Reduced Sodium Scenario

Adjusting the Iodine Content of Iodized Salt to Meet the Recommended Intake for Females of Reproductive Age: A Simulation Study with a Reduced Sodium Scenario

Investigation of the effects of heat and light on iodine content of packaged and open salt brands collected from Jimma town

Investigation of the effects of heat and light on iodine content of packaged and open salt brands collected from Jimma town

Prevalence of goitre and iodine deficiency among school children (6-12 years) in rural areas of North Karnataka, India: A cross-sectional survey, 2016-19.

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have remained an unresolved public health problem in India. In this survey, we have estimated the prevalence of IDD among 6-12 years of school children in rural areas of north Karnataka, India and estimated the prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt at the household level and urine iodine excretion in this population. In this cross-sectional survey, we recruited 16,827 children between 6 and 12 years of age through multistage sampling from six districts. Goitre was examined clinically for all children. Household-level salt iodine estimation and urinary iodine estimation were carried out among a subset of the participants. Overall prevalence of goitre was 17.1% (95% CI: 16.5, 17.7). Out of this, 76.7% (n = 2116) had Grade-1 goitre, and 23.7% (n = 656) had Grade-2 goitre. The prevalence of goitre was higher among females (17.9%, vs. male 16.4%, P < 0.05). The prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt was 48.5% (95%CI: 46.7, 50.3). The overall median iodine excretion in urine was 85 μg/L (IQR: 60-150 μg/L). In total, 37.2% (n = 601) had mild iodine deficiency, 5.2% (n = 84) had moderate deficiency, and 10.1% (n = 163) had severe deficiency. All parameters showed high inter- and intradistrict variations. North Karnataka has a high goitre prevalence. Low use of iodized salt can be a major reason for the high prevalence of the condition. Ensuring the availability of iodized salt in this region and periodic surveillance to measure the impact of the programme should be the priority in this region.

Nearly one-in-five households utilized inadequate iodized salt in Nifas Silk Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundThere is no country in the developing world where iodine deficiency is not a public health problem including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess inadequate utilization of iodized salt and associated factors at household level in woreda 11 Nifas Silk Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with multistage sampling technique on 348 household respondents. The data were collected using interviewer-administered structured questionnaires and an iodine rapid test kit. The data were edited, cleaned, and entered using Epi-data version 4.6.2 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify associated factors for inadequate utilization of iodized salt. The statistical significance was declared at a p-value of less than 0.05 with 95% confidence interval.ResultsA total of 348 household respondents were participated. The amount of iodine content in salt 0 ppm, < 15ppm and > 15ppm were 11.8%, 7.2% and 81.0% respectively. Total inadequate utilization of iodized salt was 19%. Using unpacked salt [AOR; 0.50 (95%CI: 0.27, 0.93)], using a container without a lid [AOR; 0.29 (95%CI: 013, 0.63)], and having insufficient knowledge [AOR; 2.10 (95%CI: 1.14, 3.86)] were all significantly connected with using inadequate iodized salt.ConclusionsIodized salt utilization was inadequate. Using containers without a lid, unpacked salt, and poor knowledge were associated factors. There should be a provision of adequate knowledge about iodized salt, a proper storage and handling.