Iodine Battery Research Articles

Controlling Solid–Liquid Conversion Reactions for a Highly Reversible Aqueous Zinc–Iodine Battery

Aqueous rechargeable batteries are desirable for energy storage because of their low cost and high safety. However, low capacity and short cyclic life are significant obstacles to their practical applications. Here, we demonstrate a highly reversible aqueous zinc–iodine battery using encapsulated iodine in microporous carbon as the cathode material by controlling solid–liquid conversion reactions. We identified the factors influencing solid–liquid conversion reactions, e.g., the pore size, surface chemistry of carbon host, and solvent effect. Rational manipulation of the competition between the adsorption in carbon and solvation in electrolytes for iodine species is responsible for the high reversibility and cyclic stability. The zinc–iodine battery delivers a high capacity of 174.4 mAh g–1 at 1C, stable cyclic life over 3000 cycles with ∼90% capacity retention, and negligible self-discharge. We believe that the principles for stabilizing the zinc–iodine system could provide new insight for other conversi...

Anchoring Iodine to N-Doped Hollow Carbon Fold-Hemisphere: Toward a Fast and Stable Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium-Iodine Batteries.

Rechargeable lithium-iodine batteries with abundant raw materials and low cost are promising electrochemical energy storage systems. Herein, we demonstrate that anchoring iodine to N-doped hollow carbon fold-hemisphere (N-FHS) is highly efficient to overcome slow kinetics and low stability of iodine cathode in lithium-iodine batteries. For the first time, significant effects of carbon framework architecture on the lithium storage performance of iodine cathode are studied in detail. Notably, the fold-hemisphere (N-FHS) is more effective than the similar architectures, such as hollow sphere (N-S) or hemisphere (N-HS), in modifying slow ion transport capability and fast structure deterioration. The superior property of iodine@N-FHS is associated with its highly porous structure and strong interconnection to iodine. The iodine deterioration mechanism in lithium-iodine battery is analyzed, and the deterioration processes of iodine in different carbon frameworks during cycling are investigated. This work opens a new avenue to solve the key problems in lithium-iodine batteries, allowing it an important candidate for energy storage.

Encapsulating a high content of iodine into an active graphene substrate as a cathode material for high-rate lithium–iodine batteries

Iodine-active graphene composites as cathode materials for rechargeable Li–I2 batteries are fabricated. Soluble iodine redox species can be confined in the porous active graphene substrate, making the composites promising materials for high-rate energy storage devices.

Understanding the effects of 3D porous architectures on promoting lithium or sodium intercalation in iodine/C cathodes synthesized via a biochemistry-enabled strategy.

Rechargeable sodium-iodine and lithium-iodine batteries have been demonstrated to be promising and scalable energy-storage devices, but their development has been seriously limited by challenges such as their inferior stability and the poor kinetics of iodine. Anchoring iodine to 3D porous carbon is an effective strategy to overcome these defects; however, both the external architecture and internal microstructure of the 3D porous carbon host can greatly affect the ion intercalation of iodine/C electrodes. To realize the full potential of iodine electrodes, a biochemistry-enabled route was developed to enable the controllable design of different 3D porous architectures, from hollow microspheres to 3D foam, for use in iodine/C cathodes. Two types of spores with spherical cells, i.e. Cibotium Barometz (C. Barometz) and Oetes Sinesis (O. Sinesis), are employed as bio-precursors. By carefully controlling the degree of damage on the bio-precursors, different targeted carbon hosts were fabricated. Systematic studies were carried out to clarify the structural effects on modifying the ion-intercalation capabilities of the iodine/C cathodes in lithium-iodine and sodium-iodine batteries. Our results demonstrate the profound performance improvements of both 3D bio-foam and hollow sphere because their hierarchically porous structures can strongly immobilize iodine. Notably, the 3D bio-foam based iodine composites achieve faster ion kinetics and enhanced rate capability than their hollow sphere based counterparts. This was attributed to their higher micro/mesopore volume, larger surface area and improved packing density, which result in the highly efficient adsorption of iodine species. By virtue of the thinnest slices, the iodine/bio-foam derived from C. Barometz spores achieves the best high-rate long-term cycling capability, which retains 94% and 91% of their capacities in lithium-iodine and sodium-iodine batteries after 500 cycles, respectively. With the help of the biochemistry-assisted technique, our study provides a much-needed fundamental insight for the rational design of 3D porous iodine/C composites, which will promote a significant research direction for the practical application of lithium/sodium-iodine batteries.

An Iodine Quantum Dots Based Rechargeable Sodium–Iodine Battery

Rechargeable sodium–iodine batteries represent a promising scalable electrochemical energy storage alternative as sodium and iodine are both low cost and widely abundant elements. Here, the authors demonstrate a rechargeable sodium–iodine battery that employs free‐standing iodine quantum dots (IQDs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (IQDs@RGO) as the cathode. Consistent with the density functional theory the authors find the Na+ ions to intercalate into the I unit cell forming stable NaI, and the battery exhibits high capacity, outstanding cycle stability (with a reversible specific capacity of 141 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at current density of 100 mA g−1), and high rate performance (170, 146, 127, 112, and 95 mA h g−1 at current densities of 100, 200, 400, 600, and 1000 mA g−1, respectively). The reversible reactions, I2/I3 − and I3 −/I− redox couples on insertion of Na+ ions, are confirmed via in situ Raman spectroscopy. Notably, even after 500 cycles the morphology and structure of the IQDs exhibit no noticeable change implying their use as a stable cathode material for sodium–iodine batteries. Moreover, the IQDs based flexible full‐cells also exhibit high capacity and long cycle life (the capacity with 123 mA h g−1 at current density of 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles).

Implanted cardiac devices are reliably detected by commercially available metal detectors

Objective. Explosions of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) (pacemakers, defibrillators, and loop recorders) are a well-recognized problem during cremation, due to lithium–iodine batteries. In addition, burial of the deceased with a CIED can present a potential risk for environmental contamination. Therefore, detection of CIEDs in the deceased would be of value. This study evaluated a commercially available metal detector for detecting CIEDs. Design. Observational study including pacemaker patients (n = 70) and a control group without pacemaker (n = 95). The investigational device was a hand-held metal detector for detecting metal or electricity wiring. Results. The metal detector detected the pacemaker in all pacemaker patients and thus exhibited a sensitivity of 100%. The specificity of the metal detector was 86%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. Thirteen individuals without pacemakers were falsely identified as having an implanted device due to implanted prosthetic material or elements of clothing. Conclusion. A simple hand-held metal detector may detect CIEDs with a high sensitivity. It may be of value in detecting CIEDs in deceased persons before burial or cremation. Any signal detected by the metal detector should prompt further investigation of the body and patient files.

Electrical properties of fast ion conducting silver based borate glasses: Application in solid battery

The electrical properties of the ternary ionic conducting glass system xAgI–(1 – x)[0.67Ag2O–0.33B2O3], where x=0.4 , 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8, were studied for emphasizing the influence of silver iodide concentration on the transport properties in the based borate glasses. The glasses were prepared by melt quenching technique and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectra and differential thermal analysis (DTA). XRD confirmed a glassy nature for all investigated compositions. Electrical conductivity (σ), dielectric constant (ɛ′), dielectric loss (ε″) and impedance spectra (Z′–Z′′) were studied for all samples at a frequency range of 0–106Hz and over a temperature range of 303–413K. Changes of conductivity and dielectric properties with composition, temperature and frequency were analyzed and discussed. A silver iodine battery using glassy electrolyte sample with the highest ionic conductivity (x=0.6) was studied.

Reduction of iodine complexed with sulfoxides and organophosphorus esters near 4.0 V vs. Li/Li+

It is accepted that the reduction of iodine species in non-aqueous solvents occurs through one-electron or two-electron processes below roughly 3.5 V vs. Li/Li+. In some iodine solutions, the molecular complexation of iodine with the organic solvent proceeded via a charge–transfer interaction. Reduction of iodine in non-aqueous solvents having SO or PO groups, as well as interactions of iodine molecules with these solvents, were studied. Iodine molecules associated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tetramethylene sulfoxide (TMSO), and trimethyl phosphate (TMP) showed anomalous reduction above+1.0 V vs. NHE. We demonstrated the operation of lithium–iodine batteries using DMSO, TMSO and TMP near 4.0 V vs. Li/Li+.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Electrochemically Self-Assembled Lithium–Iodine Batteries

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of self-assembled lithium–iodine batteries was performed in both two and three-electrode configurations. The in situ EIS spectrum of the cell transitioned from that associated with an initial ideal ionic conductor for the LiI-based composite in the unformed state to that of three depressed semicircles as the cell formed. The assignments of these spectral features were made empirically using various techniques. Three-electrode measurements using a reference electrode and dynamic impedance measurements were used to confirm these assignments. The charge-transfer process at the positive electrode is the main kinetically limiting factor, especially toward the end of the lithiation cycle. In situ Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the polyiodide anions and in the positive electrode region during cell formation.

Transport properties of solid-electrolyte layers in lithium iodine batteries

Transport properties of solid-electrolyte layers (SEL) formed in lithium-iodine batteries have been studied by the method of single galvanostatic pulses. It was found that the rate of the anodic process depends on the formation of the ionic space charge of lithium cations injected into SEL. The values of the concentration of lithium ions and their mobility in SEL have been determined at different stages of discharge.

Problems of manufacturing a magnesium—iodine battery

The present paper deals with problems of manufacturing a magnesium—iodine battery, based on experiences drawn from the lithium-iodine battery. Initial results are outlined, taking into account activation and coating of the magnesium surface.

A modified lithium—iodine battery

The present paper deals with the problem of coating the lithium anode for the lithium—iodine battery. It has been found that addition of anthracene to the commonly used poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) as coating material produces a positive effect on the discharge behavior of the battery. To interpret this influence modeling reactions outside the battery were carried out. As result it has been stated that at first lithium anthracene adducts are formed which react with P2VP to yield higher molecular products by coupling via the pyridine rings.

Application of Silver Conducting Glasses to Solid State Batteries and Sensors

Fast silver ion conducting glasses as electrochemical devices have been tested. A silver iodine battery using a silver ionic conducting glass (AgPO3-Ag2S-AgI) has been studied. The interaction of some gases (O2CI2, H2S) with the electrochemical chains: Pt/Sb2S3-AgI (glass)/Ag and Pt/AgCl (thin film)/Sb2S3- AgI (glass)/Ag has been investigated. Finally, the behavior of thin films of Ag2S3-Ag2S-CdS glasses as sensitive membranes for Cd detection in solution has been tested on MIS structures Au/Si/SiO2/ Membrane/Cd in solution/Reference electrode.

2. On an Iodine Battery

This is a one fluid battery. The two plates are zinc and carbon. The solution is a solution of iodide of potassium in water, in which iodine is dissolved. The usual strength I use is 1 oz. of iodide of potassium in 2 oz. of water. In this dissolve ½ oz. of iodine, but the strength of the iodine and of the iodide of potassium can be considerably varied without affecting the electromotive force.The iodine is meant to prevent polarization by uniting with the nascent hydrogen to form hydriodic acid, which will then unite with the caustic potash, to form iodide of potassium and water. In this way the iodide of potassium acts as a carrier of iodine, from the iodine in solution, to the zinc plate.