Investment In Training Research Articles

Sustainable Tourism: Factors Influencing Arab Tourists’ Intention to Revisit Turkish Destinations

This study explores the factors influencing Arab tourists’ intention to revisit Turkish destinations, contributing to the theoretical discourse on tourist behavior, destination loyalty, and sustainable tourism development. Over the past decade, Türkiye (Turkey) has experienced a steady increase in tourists, with Arab visitors forming a significant segment. This growing market segment presents unique opportunities and challenges that remain understudied in academic literature. Despite their prominence, limited research exists on Arab tourists’ behavior, needs, and experiences in Türkiye. This study employs a mixed-method approach, combining surveys and interviews conducted between July and December 2024. Data from 713 surveys and 14 interviews were analyzed, revealing that 72% of Arab tourists were satisfied with their current visit, 49% with previous visits, 57% indicated a strong intention to revisit, and 81% recommended Turkish destinations to others. The study identifies seven key dimensions of revisit intention through Exploratory Factor Analysis that collectively explain 79.841% of the variance in revisit intention. The regression analysis demonstrates how different factors contribute to revisit decisions, with overall satisfaction (β = 0.622), loyalty (β = 0.521), financial status (β = 0.507), behavior of staff and locals (β = 0.484), cultural and social appeal (β = 0.478), overall experiences (β = 0.329), educational level (β = 0.333), accessibility and convenience (β = 0.288), service quality (β = 0.216), and length of stay (β = 0.128) emerging as significant predictors. These findings underscore the complexity of the decision-making process, suggesting that no single theory can fully explain tourists’ behavior and the sustainability of their visits. The study recommends further exploration of the proposed model and investments in tourism staff training, particularly in foreign languages, to enhance service quality and encourage repeat visits. Addressing issues such as unprofessional behavior and language barriers can improve overall satisfaction and loyalty, increasing the likelihood of Arab tourists revisiting Türkiye. This research highlights the importance of sustainable tourism practices in fostering long-term economic and social benefits for Turkish destinations.

Educação Ambiental: análise da percepção dos docentes de uma escola pública de Ensino Médio em Quixadá (CE)

This article presents a case study of teachers' perceptions of environmental education (EE) in a public high school located in Quixadá (CE, Brazil). The research, which was qualitative and exploratory-descriptive, was based on the answers to a questionnaire applied to the teachers. The results showed that the teachers showed great interest in environmental issues and recognized the importance of teaching environmental education but faced difficulties in implementing it effectively. There is a need for greater investment both in the continuous training of teachers and in the provision of resources that enable the proper integration of environmental education in the school environment.

Systematization of Nursing Care for the Elderly in Primary Health Care: An Integrative Literature Review

Background: The global increase in life expectancy has intensified the demand for qualified health services aimed at the elderly, particularly within Primary Health Care (PHC). In this context, the Systematization of Nursing Care (SNC) emerges as a fundamental strategy to guide professional practice, ensuring comprehensive, individualized, and continuous care. SNC enables structured nursing actions through standardized methodologies, contributing to the promotion, prevention, and management of health conditions in older adults. Despite its recognized importance, challenges in its application persist, especially in PHC settings, where resource limitations and professional training gaps can hinder its full implementation. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the evidence available in the literature on the Systematization of Nursing Care (SNC) aimed at caring for the elderly in Primary Health Care (PHC). Methods: This is an integrative bibliographic review, with a qualitative approach, carried out between March and April 2025, with searches in the SciELO, LILACS, BDENF and PubMed databases, using descriptors such as “elderly”, “primary health care” and “systematization of nursing care”. Were included 14 articles published between 2019 and 2024, in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Results: The results were organized into three categories: (1) systematized approaches in nursing consultations for the elderly, highlighting the importance of multidimensional assessment and the construction of a care plan; (2) instruments and technologies applied to SNC, such as the use of Electronic Medical Records, CIPE® and mobile applications, which promote standardization and continuity of care; and (3) challenges faced in implementing SNC, such as work overload, lack of specific protocols and deficiencies in professional training. Conclusion: It is concluded that SNC is an essential strategy to qualify care for the elderly in PHC, but its effective implementation still depends on investments in training, infrastructure and valorization of the nursing process. Strengthening these practices is essential for the construction of comprehensive, effective and humanized care, especially in view of the aging population.

Sustainable budgeting and financial planning for SDG 4 on quality education in India

This research aims to identify what financial practices are followed in Indian educational institutions to promote SDG 4 for quality education. The study employed mixed methods approaches by looking into budget allocations and stakeholder perceptions, as well as the challenges faced in the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. The research presents both quantitative data extracted from an extensive review of budget documents and major education indicators, as well as qualitative insights from 200 stakeholders (administrators, teachers, and policymakers) representing all five states. The study shows a very high divergence in state effectiveness of the budget, with Kerala and Tamil Nadu leading most states. It mentions challenges such as official ineptitude, exploitation, and the inequitable allocation of resources, along with recommendations that include decentralized budgeting, improved transparency, and targeted investments in training and infrastructure for teachers. The study assesses that it would require systemic reforms and context-tailored approaches to align financial planning with SDG 4.

Bridging the Generational Gap in the Digital Age: Challenges and Strategies for Enhancing Workplace Cohesion and Performance

This study examined the generational digital divide in Nigerian workplaces, focusing on how differences in digital literacy impact communication, collaboration, and overall productivity. Grounded in Generational Cohort Theory and Human Capital Theory, the research explored the unique challenges faced by different generational groups and how their varying experiences with technology shape workplace dynamics. A descriptive survey design was employed, gathering data from 283 respondents across different industries. Findings revealed while most employees are comfortable with digital tools, generational differences create significant communication barriers in the workplace. Results also indicated that older employees face challenges such as fear of making mistakes, insufficient training, and workplace cultures that favour younger, tech-savvy workers. Respondents sampled for this study emphasized that strategies such as regular digital skills training, mentorship programs pairing younger and older employees, and fostering an inclusive, learning-oriented culture are essential for bridging the generational gap in the digital age. The study concluded that sustained investment in cross-generational training, empathetic leadership, and accessible technology is vital to enhancing workplace cohesion and productivity in Nigeria’s evolving digital landscape.

Countering Pharmaceutical Fraud: Analyzing Pharmacist Competence and Policy Interventions in Falsified Medicines in Shymkent

Background Falsified medicines pose a severe threat to global healthcare, contributing to treatment failures, adverse health outcomes, and economic burdens. Aims This study aims to assess the awareness, detection capabilities, and reporting behaviors of pharmacists in Shymkent, Kazakhstan, regarding falsified medicines. Method A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating a quantitative survey of 250 pharmacists and qualitative interviews with industry professionals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and inferential statistical methods. The findings indicate that weight-loss medications are the most frequently falsified drugs in Shymkent, followed by erectile dysfunction drugs, weight-loss medications, and antibiotics. Most pharmacists relied on visual inspection to identify falsified medicines, but only 31% reported using formal reporting mechanisms, such as the Yellow Card Scheme. Notably, 72.8% of pharmacists actively reported cases of falsified medicines, yet many expressed uncertainty about detection techniques. A significant proportion of respondents lacked formal training in falsified medicine identification, and over half (51.6%) showed reluctance to participate in future training programs. Results This study highlights critical gaps in pharmacist training and regulatory enforcement, emphasizing the need for advanced detection technologies, enhanced regulatory cooperation, and pharmacist education initiatives. Strengthening the role of pharmacists in early detection and reporting, combined with the implementation of AI-driven verification systems and blockchain tracking, could significantly reduce the circulation of falsified medicines. Conclusion Future policies should focus on cross-border collaboration, stricter legal frameworks, and investment in pharmacist training to safeguard public health. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 24 No. 02 April’25 Page : 514-525

Severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP): advances in management and future directions.

Severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP) is a major global health challenge, with high morbidity and mortality, especially among patients requiring intensive care. Despite advancements in antimicrobial therapies and supportive care, sCAP remains a significant threat, particularly for those needing invasive mechanical ventilation or vasopressor support. Recent progress in diagnostics, therapeutics and management strategies offers hope for improved outcomes. Pathogen-specific management is now central to sCAP care, with molecular diagnostics enhancing pathogen detection accuracy and enabling tailored antimicrobial therapy. These tools help combat antimicrobial resistance by reducing unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotic use.Host immune responses in sCAP vary widely and significantly impact outcomes. Some patients face an overwhelming pathogen burden, while others experience excessive immune responses, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. This distinction is vital for guiding immunomodulatory therapies, as immunosuppression may benefit hyperinflammatory states but harm those overwhelmed by infection. Corticosteroids, though controversial, show potential benefits in select populations but carry risks like secondary infections and hyperglycaemia, requiring a nuanced approach.Non-invasive respiratory support strategies, such as high-flow nasal oxygen, have transformed care by improving oxygenation and reducing the need for invasive ventilation. However, their efficacy depends on timing, patient tolerance and disease severity, necessitating careful monitoring.Global disparities in sCAP management, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, highlight the need for region-specific guidelines and scalable solutions. Limited access to advanced diagnostics and critical care resources exacerbates poor outcomes, underscoring the importance of investments in affordable diagnostics, infection control and multidisciplinary training. Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and advanced imaging, promise to revolutionise sCAP management by enabling precision medicine and real-time insights into disease severity. A holistic, multidisciplinary approach integrating these advancements is essential to improving outcomes and advancing personalised care for this life-threatening condition.

Bridging the gap between Education and Employment in Modern India

ABSTRACT: The youth population of the country occupies the bulk of its work force. India today experiences a “demographic dividend’ which most developed countries can’t enjoy because of their ageing population. Unfortunately, India has not been able to take the full advantage of the demographic dividend as a major part of its youth are not fit for employability. Lack of literacy, high dropout rates along with poor quality of education ensure that employment opportunities remain limited to a few. The curriculum taught in schools and colleges being too theoretical and outdated, there is a big gap between demand and supply of skilled workers. Moreover, in India, the highest enrolment takes place in the Arts stream whereas employers clearly prefer graduates with technical degrees. Most of the technical institutions which have cropped up in the recent years are managed privately and are quite expensive. These institutions thus happen to be outside the reach of the youth from low or middle-class backgrounds. These youth are therefore mostly absorbed in the informal sector with poor wages and limited social security. The net result is India is struggling today with unemployment and underemployment of its youth. The present paper takes an in-depth view of the Indian education diaspora and its connections with the job market. The paper analyses the data from various database and government reports to critically analyse the factors that are leading to the gap between education and employability. Lastly, the paper comes up with policy prescriptions such as investment in skill training and a shift from the old theoretical approach of learning to a more creative way of learning as some of the measures that can help India to bridge the gap between higher education and employability. Keywords- Education, Skills, Job opportunities, Vocational training, employability, youth unemployment.

Evaluating the impact of victim-centric, trauma-informed training on sexual violence case outcomes: a quasi-experimental study of a program for police investigators

Research questionDid specialist investigators trained in advanced trauma informed practices within the two-week Queensland Police Service (QPS) Investigating Sexual Assault, Corroborating and Understanding Relationship Evidence (ISACURE) course solve more sexual offence cases and have fewer withdrawn, unfounded and unsolved sexual offence cases than control investigators who had not received the ISACURE training? Were the training impacts short-lived or sustained?Data and methodsThis paper explores whether advanced specialist sexual offence training within the ISACURE course resulted in quantifiable changes in investigative practice. We compared official case outcomes (cases solved, withdrawn and unfounded) of 227 ISACURE course participants with an equivalent sample (gender, age, length of service, role, sexual offence case load) of 125 investigators across a four-year period to explore training impacts and whether these were short lived or sustained.ResultsISACURE investigators had a significantly (14.8%, p = .044) higher average solve rate for rape/attempted rape and significantly (14.4%, p = .002) higher solve rate for other sexual offence types compared to the comparison group. Additionally, ISACURE investigators had a significantly (14.0%, p = .015) lower rate of victim withdrawal and 6.8% lower rate of unfounded cases following completion of the ISACURE course compared to the control group. One of the most significant findings was the enduring impact of the ISACURE course. Investigators who undertook the training continued to solve serious sexual offence cases at statistically significantly higher levels than the control group up to four years following training. Solve rates for ISACURE investigators increased by 7.1% whereas the rate for control investigators declined by 16.9% across the same period (p = .002).ConclusionThis research demonstrates that trauma-informed training can improve investigative outcomes in the short and long term and lead to more solved cases. The paper also explicates how police organisations can measure the impact of their training investment by comparatively tracking training outcomes over time.

THE ROLE OF STAFFING IN THE REPRODUCTION OF HUMAN CAPITAL OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

The article examines the role of human resource management in the process of human capital reproduction at construction enterprises in the context of technological, demographic, and digital transformations. It emphasizes that in today’s post-industrial economy, human capital – employees’ knowledge, skills, experience, and health – has become the key factor in an enterprise’s competitiveness and efficiency. This issue is particularly relevant for the construction industry, which is labor-intensive and heavily reliant on workforce qualifications. The competitiveness of a construction company, the effectiveness of its activities in the short and long term, depends on the level of staffing. The paper emphasizes a systemic approach to the development of human resource management, which involves viewing the system not in isolation but as an integrated structure. This approach allows for the analysis of human resource management as a complex of interrelated elements – processes, functions, institutions, and resources – that are interconnected and mutually influential, forming a unified management environment. The structural model of the human resource management system is substantiated as a multi-level framework that includes educational, institutional, internal organizational, and resource subsystems, which interact to ensure a continuous cycle of personnel formation, renewal, and effective utilization. The article systematizes the challenges faced by the industry due to technological innovations (BIM, 3D printing, automation), aging labor forces, labor migration, and the digitalization of HR processes. It presents examples of effective international practices, such as the activities of corporate universities, including VINCI Academy in France, the implementation of dual education in Germany, and systematic staff training in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Statistical data reveal a significant lag in Ukrainian companies in terms of investment in employee training, posing a risk of skilled labor shortages and declining quality. In today’s environment, staffing is influenced by powerful factors of change – technological, demographic, and digital. Construction companies are forced to adapt their HR policies to the introduction of new technologies and appropriate training for them, to the ageing of the workforce and the retention of knowledge of senior employees, to attract young people, to digitalisation and the development of digital skills of staff. Those companies that respond to these challenges in a timely manner – investing in retraining, introducing modern methods of training and retaining talented employees – gain a competitive advantage in the market. By contrast, a passive HR policy quickly leads to a loss of human capital: an outflow of the best staff, a drain on innovation potential, and a decline in the quality of work. The reproduction of human capital in the construction industry directly depends on the quality of human resources. A scientifically sound and practically supported HR policy will allow construction companies in Ukraine to effectively reproduce their human capital and achieve their strategic goals, ensuring sustainable growth and competitive advantages for many years to come. The article concludes that strategic human capital management should become a priority for Ukrainian construction companies in the context of post-war economic recovery. Investing in personnel development is a necessary condition for building sustainable competitive advantages and ensuring long-term growth in the industry.

The Impact of Digitalization of Human Resources, Diversity, Inclusion, Knowledge Management and Organizational Structure on Power Company Competition

This study aims to determine the effect of HR digitalization, diversity, inclusion, knowledge management and organizational structure on the competitiveness of companies at PT. Toko Halo Indonesia. The method used in this study is the multiple regression analysis method with a quantitative descriptive research type. The population in this study were employees of PT. Toko Halo Indonesia totaling 177. Based on the proportional stratified random sampling method, the research sample to be taken from the population is 177 respondents. The data analysis technique used is quantitative descriptive statistical analysis, using IBM SPSS version 26. The results of this study indicate that the variables of HR digitalization, diversity, inclusion, knowledge management and organizational structure on company competitiveness (Y) are indicated by the Fcount>Ftable value of 739.017> 2.72 with a significant value of 0.000 <0.05. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the impact of HR digitalization, diversity, inclusion, knowledge management and organizational structure has a significant influence on company competitiveness. Companies that are able to integrate all these aspects will be better prepared to compete in an increasingly competitive market. These findings indicate that companies need to adopt a comprehensive digital strategy and create an inclusive work environment to increase competitiveness. Investment in digital skills training and the development of an organizational culture that supports diversity will be key to facing challenges in the digital era. Further research is recommended to explore the relationship between these factors in different industries.

Infectious Diseases and Public Health Challenges in Developing Countries: A Focus on Southeast Asia and Laos

This paper explores the persistent public health challenges facing Laos, with a particular focus on infectious diseases, inadequate sanitation, and underdeveloped healthcare infrastructure. It highlights how factors such as limited resources, economic instability, and uneven access to medical services contribute to high disease burdens, especially in rural and underserved areas. The study examines the critical role of international support in strengthening Laoss healthcare system, including efforts by organizations like WHO, USAID, and the Global Fund. It also reviews the structure and limitations of medical education in Laos, emphasizing the need for investment in training, modern resources, and language-accessible materials. The paper argues that comprehensive policy reforms, expanded global cooperation, improved disease surveillance, and targeted capacity-building are essential to improving health outcomes. By addressing systemic gaps in infrastructure, sanitation, and education, Laos can reduce vulnerability to infectious diseases and build a more resilient public health system.

Research on Safety Assessment in the Con-struction Process of RH Chemical Enter-prise's Pyridine Project

To effectively enhance the safety management level during the construction of the pyridine pro-ject at RH Chemical Enterprise, this study establishes a safety evaluation index system for chem-ical enterprise project construction from six dimensions: economic investment in safety man-agement, safety education and training, safety equipment and facility management, safety man-agement regulations, emergency safety management, and safety management effectiveness. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and entropy weight method are employed to determine the subjective and objective weights of each indicator attribute, which are then combined to form the final composite weights. A comprehensive evaluation method is applied to assess the safety management level across different project phases.The evaluation results indicate that the com-prehensive safety management scores of RH Chemical Enterprise from Q1 2023 to Q2 2024 are 0.2281, 0.4047, 0.3895, 0.6629, 0.6743, and 0.6961, respectively, demonstrating an overall up-ward trend. However, improvements are still required in areas such as safety education and training, safety facility management, emergency safety management, and safety management ef-fectiveness.

Cardiac prehabilitation Programs: indications, implications, challenges and future directions

Introduction: Cardiac prehabilitation programs have emerged as effective multimodal strategies in preparing patients for elective cardiac surgeries. These programs aim to optimize the clinical condition of patients, especially the most vulnerable, reducing risks and improving postoperative outcomes.Objective: To summarize cardiac prehabilitation programs, analyzing their main indications, clinical benefits, implementation challenges and prospects for future research.Method: This is a critical narrative analysis based on a review of the current scientific literature on cardiac prehabilitation, focusing on studies that address program components, evidence of effectiveness and implications for clinical practice.Results: Cardiac prehabilitation programs include aerobic and strength training, respiratory muscle strengthening, nutritional support and psychobehavioral interventions. Evidence highlights significant improvements in functional capacity, reduced length of hospital stay, lower incidence of pulmonary complications and increased quality of life, especially among frail elderly patients and patients with comorbidities. Implementation requires careful planning and interdisciplinary action, with emphasis on the central role of nursing.Conclusion: The integration of cardiac prehabilitation into perioperative protocols represents an opportunity to improve clinical outcomes and the efficiency of health care. Investments in team training, organizational structure and future research are essential to consolidate this approach in clinical practice.

Analysis of Occupational Safety Implementation on Pipeline Work on Ships

Occupational safety in the maritime industry, particularly in pipeline work on ships, is critical given the risks faced due to harsh working conditions and an uncertain environment. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to identify and analyze the safety practices implemented, including effective mitigation measures such as hazardous material replacement and the application of monitoring technologies. The results show that systematic risk identification and active involvement of workers in the safety process are key to building a strong safety culture. However, the challenges faced, such as environmental conditions and diverse worker backgrounds, can hinder the implementation of safety procedures. The conclusions of this study emphasize the importance of management's commitment to safety practices and the need for continuous evaluation and updating of procedures. Suggestions for further research include the development of a more structured training program and the exploration of the use of modern technology in safety management. Thus, investment in safety technology and proper training can improve the effectiveness of occupational safety and reduce the risk of accidents in the maritime industry.

The Role, Challenges, and Employment Characteristics of Disability Resource Professionals in Medical Education: A National Study

Background Disability disclosure and accommodation requests among US medical students have increased significantly, yet gaps in support persist. Disability resource professionals (DRPs) are one essential support in bridging these gaps, but only 9% of medical schools employ a dedicated DRP, leaving institutions potentially underprepared to address the needs of students with disabilities. Objective This study explored the roles, qualifications, and challenges of DRPs in US medical schools to identify barriers to job performance and inform strategies for strengthening and supporting this role in medical education. Methods An exploratory, cross-sectional survey was conducted in July to August 2023. A 27-question online survey was distributed through convenience and snowball strategy via social media and listservs. Questions addressed institutional structures, the size of DRP student caseloads, job satisfaction, mentorship, and barriers to managing caseloads. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and χ 2 tests, qualitative responses were thematically analyzed. The University of Michigan IRB approved this study. Results Seventy-nine DRPs from 72 US MD and 7 DO programs participated. Most respondents reported excessive workloads, with 30% managing caseloads exceeding 100 students. Less than half of DRPs (45.6%) indicated that their workload was manageable. Inadequate professional development, lack of mentorship, and low salary satisfaction emerged as common challenges. Respondents also reported institutional barriers, including stigma, faculty resistance to accommodations, and the complexity of coordinating disability accommodations across didactic, clinical, and testing environments. Discussion DRPs are critical to fostering accessible and inclusive medical education, yet systemic barriers undermine their effectiveness and place institutions at risk of increased student attrition, legal liability, and resource strain. Addressing these challenges requires investments in manageable caseloads, professional development for DRPs, faculty training, and institutional prioritization of the DRP role. Conclusions Systemic investments in staffing, training, and institutional culture are necessary to support DRPs and the growing population of US medical students with disabilities (MSWDs).

Maintien des compétences dans les Organismes d’inspection : évaluation du rôle pertinent de la formation continue selon les normes ISO 17020

This article focuses on the determining role of continuing education in the development of skills applied by accredited inspection bodies (IBs). Through theoretical analysis and studies, we demonstrate how a relevant investment in training helps maintain compliance with standards (ISO/IEC 17020), improve inspection performance and strengthen the credibility of IBs. The results reveal a high correlation rate between continuing education, the reduction of non-conformities and the optimization of operational performance. We identify the key mechanisms either in more explicit terms (skills monitoring, post-training evaluations, management involvement) and propose practices to maximize the impact of training schemes. The study also confirms that continuing education is not only a compliance tool, but an essential lever to sustain the excellence and competitiveness of IBs in a constantly evolving regulatory environment.

The Role of Word Processing Applications in Enhancing Administrative Efficiency in Business Education Departments in Tertiary Institutions in Bayelsa State

This study investigated the role of word processing applications in enhancing administrative efficiency in Business Education departments of tertiary institutions in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Using a descriptive survey design, the study aimed to answer two research questions: the types of word processing applications currently adopted and the effectiveness of these applications in improving administrative tasks. The target population consisted of lecturers and administrative staff from Business Education departments across selected tertiary institutions in the state. A sample of 101 respondents was chosen through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled "Word Processing Applications and Administrative Efficiency Questionnaire," which was validated by experts and had a reliability coefficient of 0.85, determined by Cronbach’s Alpha. Data analysis was conducted using mean and standard deviation. The findings revealed that Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and cloud-based applications were the primary tools used for administrative tasks such as document preparation, communication, and record-keeping. These tools were found to significantly enhance the speed, accuracy, and organization of administrative documentation, although some areas like decision-making and error reduction were less optimized. The study concluded that while word processing applications have positively impacted administrative tasks, sustained investment in ICT infrastructure, digital training, and software updates is necessary to fully realize their potential in enhancing administrative efficiency. Recommendations include improved institutional support for ICT infrastructure, regular professional development for administrative staff, and the integration of advanced digital tools into administrative processes.

Antecedents of Employee Retention: a Comparative Assessment of Public and Private Sector Banks in India

Employee retention has emerged as a pivotal concern for organizations seeking to maintain competitive advantage in an increasingly knowledge-driven global economy. While job changes often result from employees' perceptions of greater utility elsewhere, factors such as long working hours, limited growth opportunities, health concerns, and value misalignments also significantly contribute to turnover intentions. At the organizational level, turnover imposes substantial costs through lost training investments and disruptions in operational continuity. Understanding the reasons behind employee departures, and equally, why employees choose to stay, has become critical for developing effective retention strategies. Prior research emphasizes that turnover negatively impacts organizational performance, highlighting the necessity for organizations to proactively address retention. While much scholarly attention has focused on why employees leave, less has been directed at understanding the processes underpinning their decisions to stay. Effective retention efforts involve creating environments that meet the diverse needs of employees, ensuring satisfaction, commitment, and embeddedness. Financial rewards, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and non-financial factors such as job embeddedness have been extensively studied as key antecedents. Against this backdrop, the present paper undertakes a comprehensive review of the major literature on employee retention and proposes a conceptual framework linking employee engagement, job embeddedness, and social capital to employee retention. This framework is intended to guide future empirical validation, particularly within the context of public and private sector banks in India. The study aims to contribute to the deeper understanding of retention mechanisms and offer strategic insights for organizational leaders aiming to reduce turnover and foster long-term workforce stability.

Intervention in Students’ Performance in Basic Science and Technology Using Blended Learning Strategies

Purpose: This study investigated the efficacy of two blended learning approaches—Face-to-Face Learning (FFL) and the Online Laboratory Strategy (OLS)—in improving the academic performance of Basic Eight students in Basic Science and Technology in Benue State, Nigeria. Methodology: Employing a quasi-experimental design, the research sampled 210 students from a target population of 27,457 across six secondary schools. Data were collected using the Basic Science and Technology Performance Test (BSTPT), which demonstrated strong internal consistency with a reliability coefficient of 0.88. Findings: Analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean performance scores of students exposed to FFL and OLS compared to those taught using traditional demonstration methods, F(2, 206) = 131.395, p < 0.001. However, no statistically significant gender differences were observed in performance under either FFL (F(1, 71) = 1.685, p = 0.198) or OLS (F(1, 68) = 0.048, p = 0.828), suggesting that the effectiveness of both strategies was independent of gender. These findings underscore the pedagogical value of FFL and OLS in enhancing science learning outcomes. Significance: Consequently, the study recommends that educational policymakers and teacher education institutions adopt and institutionalize these blended learning strategies within curriculum frameworks. Moreover, sustained investment in teacher training and resource provision is essential to maximize the instructional benefits of these approaches and promote equitable, high-quality science education.