This article analyzes the real estate boom in Mazatlán, Sinaloa, highlighting the key factors that have driven the city’s recent urban and tourism development. The study examines the impact of national and foreign investment, infrastructure improvements, and public policies that have encouraged market expansion. It also explores the most effective marketing strategies used by real estate companies, emphasizing digital transformation, brand building, and personalized customer experiences. The findings suggest that competitiveness in Mazatlán’s real estate market largely depends on technological innovation, professional service standards, and adaptation to emerging consumer trends. Mazatlán is projected to remain one of the most promising real estate investment destinations on Mexico’s Pacific coast.

“E- Governance” has emerged as an integral instrument for attaining efficiency, accountability, and transparency in governance as a result of the quick development of information technologies (ICT), which has completely changed the government’s operational environment. With an emphasis on the State of Assam and the Northeastern area, this piece of literature examines the conceptual underpinnings, implementation frameworks, and real- world applications of e-governance in India. It investigates at how national programs like the National e- Government Plan and the Digital India campaign have improved service delivery through e- District, Sadhbhavana, Kritagyata and Darpan and enabled the digital transformation of government institutions. The research study identifies enduring issues such as poor ICT infrastructure, digital illiteracy, and connectivity gaps in rural and distant locations, while also highlighting the benefits of e-governance, such as increased accessibility, public participation and administrative efficiency. This study highlights the significance of capacity- building, infrastructure investment and inclusive policy design in achieving the full potential of e- governance by examining Assam’s advancements and technological limitations. In the culmination, the study concludes that in Northeast India, efficient e-governance can act as a stimulant for long- term socioeconomic growth and democratic participation.

This study examines how three monetary policy instruments affect capacity utilization rate (CUR) in Türkiye between 2007 and 2023. We divide the sample into three policy regimes: the global financial crisis (2007-2010), macroprudential (2010-2018), and post-2018 exchange rate-intensive policy regimes. We attribute transmission to the CUR, a high-frequency real activity margin that reflects firms' investment appetite and policy outcomes. The results show that transmission is context-dependent and largely indirect. Across all regimes, the expectations channel, represented by the real sector confidence index, provides the fastest and most persistent effects. The credit/interest-rate channel is powerful only under stress (2007-2010), weak under relative stability and macroprudential control (2010-2018), and contractionary but modest thereafter. After 2018, liquidity (M2) and reserve/exchange-rate dynamics gained salience, indicating that capacity decisions became more sensitive to liquidity availability and FX stabilization policies. Overall, monetary policy alone is unlikely to sustain capacity utilization without reliable communication, exchange rate and reserve management, and macrofinancial underpinnings that stabilize expectations. Policy design should combine transparent guidance with calibrated liquidity and reserve tools and be supported by targeted real sector measures to support sustained improvements in industrial capacity utilization during periods of stress.

Italy has established itself as a major player in the field of biomedical and health research, through an evolving system combining scientific excellence, technological innovation, international collaboration, strategic investment policies and a commitment to a model of sustainable and inclusive development. This paper aims to analyse the transformation of the public health system into a model of responsible innovation and excellence, capable of responding to the challenges of a rapidly changing world

Purpose: This study examines the impact of public investment and infrastructure development on the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the context of Vietnam’s recent fiscal expansion. Methodology: The study employs a quantitative approach using panel data from Vietnamese provinces over the period 2015 - 2023. Data are collected from official sources, including the General Statistics Office, the Ministry of Planning and Investment, and the World Bank. Fixed-effects regression models are applied to estimate the relationship between public investment, infrastructure, and SME competitiveness while controlling for firm- and region-specific factors. Findings: The results indicate that public investment and infrastructure development have a positive and statistically significant effect on SME competitiveness. In particular, investment in transport and digital infrastructure shows the strongest impact on productivity growth, market expansion, and export participation of SMEs. Implications: The findings suggest that policymakers should prioritize efficient allocation of public investment toward infrastructure sectors that directly support business activities, especially transport and digital connectivity, to enhance regional competitiveness and SME performance Originality: This study provides new empirical evidence from an emerging economy by linking fiscal expansion, infrastructure investment, and firm-level competitiveness. It contributes to the literature by offering a regional-level analysis of how public investment policies shape SME performance in developing countries. Limitations and directions for future research: This study is limited by the use of secondary data at the provincial level and the focus on a single country context. Future research could employ firm-level microdata, explore causal mechanisms using quasi-experimental methods, and extend the analysis to cross-country comparisons.

China's successful implementation of its outward-looking policies and its acceptance into the WTO after the Cold War have led to a reduction in trade barriers. China has thereby accelerated its economic rise and developed its methods of cooperation with regional institutions. China, which initiated official and commercial relations with the EU in the 1970s, took a holistic approach to Europe until the 2010s due to its concerns about attracting investment and export concern. However, the rise of voices calling for preventing increasing dependence on China in the mid-2000s and the loss of income and employment suffered by European countries during 2008 economic crisis marked an important turning point. On the other hand, China's success during this period and its substitution of Central and Eastern European countries played an active role in the establishment of the 17+1 platform. China's promise to increase its global investments under the BRI has also increased interest in China across Europe. This has also raised suspicions that China is involved in a new initiative to divide the EU from within through its 17+1 platform in Europe. The main objective of this study is to reveal what China aims to achieve through its multifaceted cooperation in Europe and to determine how realistic the growing suspicions about China are. This study applies a qualitative research method, utilizing fieldwork, pre-interviews, and comprehensive data analysis. The findings of the study indicate that there has been no significant change in China's traditional perspective toward Europe, and investments in the 17+1 countries are not large enough to divide the EU. China's trade and investment policies continue to focus heavily on Western European countries. On the other hand, China's projects, acquisitions, and construction activities in different parts of Europe show that it is seeking to advance its national interests across the continent.

This study models the broiler chicken supply chain in East Java Province using a dynamic system modeling approach to improve food security. The research focuses on the broiler chicken supply chain system, which, despite increasing production, still faces challenges of availability and price volatility. The main problem addressed is the lack of dynamic model capable of capturing the complex and non-linear relationships within this system, which hinders the development of proactive strategic insights. The dynamic model was successfully validated with a high degree of accuracy, with the E1 error value being less than 2.59% and E2 less than 2.09%. Simulation results demonstrate that the adoption of industrial technology has a significant and measurable impact. The automated cage technology (closed-house) scenario can increase average production by 5.5% in the long term, with projected production reaching 633,684 tons by 2034. This is explained by a decrease in mortality rates from 4–5% to 2–3%, which creates a positive reinforcing loop. Meanwhile, the big data scenario can increase the accuracy of demand predictions by 3.7%, enabling better and more stable supply adjustments and consequently reducing the gap between production and consumption. The key advantage of these findings is their ability to predict long-term system behavior and integrate the cumulative impact of technological changes, a feature that conventional static methods lack. The solution can be used by policymakers and industry players to design proactive, data-driven strategies. The results can be applied to formulate investment policies, resource allocation, and supply chain management strategies to ensure a stable supply of animal protein in East Java, directly contributing to the achievement of sustainable food security goals

India has made many changes in its foreign investment policies since the 1990s to attract more foreign companies, and the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in July 2017 is one of the most important steps toward improving the business environment. GST replaced many complicated State and Central taxes with a single, transparent system—CGST, SGST, IGST, and UTGST—making it easier for companies to operate across India. The objectives of this study are to understand the GST system, analyse its impact on foreign investment policies, and examine whether GST increases the confidence of foreign investors. This research is based on secondary data from government reports, RBI publications, economic surveys, and previous studies. The findings show that GST simplifies the tax structure, reduces barriers, and improves transparency, which helps attract foreign investors, although challenges such as multiple tax rates and frequent rule changes still exist. The conclusion of the study is that GST positively supports long-term growth in FDI by creating a unified national market. The recommendations include simplifying GST rates, ensuring stable rules, improving digital GST systems, and spreading awareness among foreign investors so that they better understand the benefits of the GST reform.

Climate change stands as a critical issue for global sustainable development, prompting nations worldwide to enact climate governance policies in response to this challenge. However, the ambiguous delineation of host countries' regulatory authority under International Investment Agreements (IIAs), coupled with arbitration tribunals' tendency to prioritize protecting investors' legitimate expectations, creates practical dilemmas. This, combined with the sudden and differentiated nature of host country’s regulatory measures, frequently leads to frequent climate-related investment disputes. The conflict between host states and investors over the duty of reasonable expectations arising from the fair and equitable treatment standard under IIAs is increasingly prominent. Harmonizing investor rights protection with climate objectives has become a critical issue requiring urgent resolution. This study finds that to advance global climate governance objectives, IIA reform must establish a multi-stakeholder responsibility framework balancing public and private interests of host countries and investors. Arbitration practice should incorporate review mechanisms and clarify reasonable expectations standards to promote equitable adjudication. Host countries must maintain stability in domestic investment policy and safeguard international investors' legitimate rights to ensure sustainable development. Ultimately, efforts should strive to achieve a balance between investors' reasonable expectations and host countries' climate regulatory authority.

Improving Kazakhstan’s pension system is a strategic task that ensures financial stability and social protection for citizens. Effective and secure investment of the assets of the Unified Accumulative Pension Fund is of particular importance in this process, as the stability of the economy and the security of future payments depend on it. However, problems remain in this area due to insufficient maturity of legal regulation, low transparency and management efficiency.The aim of the study is to identify legal problems and contradictions in the regulation of pension asset investment, as well as to propose effective mechanisms based on international experience. The study analyses the regulatory framework, state control mechanisms, investment policy principles, as well as recommendations from international organisations and the experience of countries with developed pension systems. The study was conducted in three areas: analysis of the legal basis for investment, comparative study of international experience, and legal assessment of transparency, accountability, and risk management. Comparative legal, systemic-structural, and empirical methods were used. The results showed inconsistencies in legislation, weak independent oversight and limited accountability. The predominance of investments in government securities reduces diversification and asset returns. The recommendations of the study are aimed at improving legal regulation, increasing transparency and efficiency in the management of pension assets, which contributes to strengthening public confidence and the sustainability of Kazakhstan’s pension system.

Under financial constraints, the formulation of structural and investment policies in the Arctic regions must account for investment flows between industries. This highlights the importance of analyzing structural shifts within economic systems resulting from the spillover of investment demand across industries. The objective of this study is to develop economic tools for assessing structural shifts in economic systems arising from interactions between industries. The research is based on the hypothesis that increased investment activity in an initiating industry generates additional investment demand in related industries, thereby driving structural shifts in investment. The study employs the input–output model, which provides detailed information on the relationships among industries, as its primary methodological framework. The main outcome is the development of a methodological toolkit for evaluating investment-driven structural shifts, enabling the prediction of structural transformations in the economies of Arctic regions. The novelty of the research lies in the creation of a system of original indicators for assessing investment-induced structural shifts, the clarification of their economic meaning, and the presentation of a corresponding calculation algorithm. A new classification of fixed assets has been proposed based on the degree of their involvement in producing the final outputs of interconnected industries. The proposed methodology was tested using data from the Arkhangelsk Region, one of Russia’s Arctic territories. The study examines the influence of investment spillover effects on the structure of final outputs across various economic activities. It substantiates the patterns and causal relationships underlying structural shifts driven by the spillover of investment demand between industries and assesses the resulting economic consequences. The developed toolkit makes it possible to forecast structural changes within economic systems. A promising direction for future research is to evaluate the impact of investment interactions between industries on investment activity in Arctic regions using a multiplier-based approach.

Under the growing pressure of environmental protection, green logistics is an unavoidable trend of development within the context of globalization and the commitment of enterprises towards sustainable development. In Vietnam, green logistics has been increasingly adopted by enterprises and, although there has been some positive initial progress, it still exposes numerous shortcomings, particularly in the case of small and medium enterprises that still face numerous challenges. With a literature review and preliminary surveys in several enterprises in Hanoi, the study has identified five key groups of factors that affect the extent of green logistics adoption from an enterprise perspective: (1) Managers’ awareness of the environment; (2) Financial capacity; (3) Logistics infrastructure and technology; (4) Government’s supportive policies; and (5) Capability of digital technology adoption. Among them, the prominent obstacles include high initial investment, inadequate infrastructure, and poor-oriented policies. However, some enterprises have started their positive transition by using clean vehicles and digitizing their supply chains that shows both potential and internal motivation for green transformation in logistics industry. From findings of the study, the article gives a number of recommendations to promote the development of green logistics in Vietnam, including completion of a legal framework, increase of financial support, investment in infrastructure, and enhancement of technological capability for enterprises. The group of authors expects to provide a practical foundation for policymaking as well as to orient Vietnamese small and medium enterprises in specific actions in their transition toward environmentally friendly logistics models.

Purpose The paper aims to recommend that developing countries, such as Vietnam, should review and modernize bilateral investment treaties (BITs), strengthen their domestic legal frameworks, develop impact assessment mechanisms and enhance their capacity for dispute prevention to respond effectively to unforeseen changes in circumstances. Design/methodology/approach First, primary sources include the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), BITs, free trade agreements (FTAs) and arbitration awards from significant investment disputes. Secondary sources, including academic articles and commentaries from leading international law experts, are systematically analyzed to build a theoretical framework. The analysis of arbitration decisions focuses particularly on landmark cases, concentrating on cases concerning economic crises, political transitions and environmental policy changes to identify trends in the application of the doctrine. The paper provides a comparative analysis, contrasting Vietnam’s old BITs with newer agreements such as CPTPP and EVFTA to assess the development of treaty language related to exceptions and regulatory space. Findings The disparity between old-generation BITs and new ones (e.g. CPTPP, EVFTA) creates challenges in striking a balance between investment protection and policy space for environmental, health and sustainable development. Research limitations/implications The research mostly combines analysis of Vietnam’s specific economic, environmental and political context for future application of the rebus sic stantibus doctrine. Practical implications Understanding and effectively applying the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus is crucial. From this approach, countries can develop effective mechanisms to respond to economic and social changes without violating their international obligations. Besides, developing countries may require emergency measures affecting foreign investment, such as the temporary requisition of private property, restrictions on the export of essential medical supplies or the imposition of new safety and environmental regulations. Social implications Implementing policies to protect public interests and sustainable development; the general trend in investment law worldwide is a shift toward a sustainable approach linked to governance and environmental objectives. Originality/value For developing countries like Vietnam, studying this doctrine holds significant and practical importance.

Global trade and investment integration play a pivotal role in advancing sustainabledevelopment. As environmental challenges intensify, it is increasingly important toalign trade and investment policies with sustainability objectives. This paperexamines how multilateral agreements, international financial institutions (IFIs),and legal frameworks contribute to fostering a more inclusive and sustainable globaleconomy. It highlights the impact of agreements such as the Paris Agreement 2015and regional trade pacts in promoting both environmental and economiccooperation. Furthermore, the paper explores the role of IFIs, such as the WorldBank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in supporting sustainableinvestments, particularlyin developing nationslikeNigeria.However, strengtheningglobal cooperation faces significant challenges, including conflicting nationalinterests driven by differing economic priorities and political agendas, which oftenhinder consensus. Global inequality creates power imbalances, leaving developingnations at a disadvantage. Complex multilateral agreements can be slow andinconsistent, making it difficult to balance trade with environmental sustainability.Weak legal frameworks, enforcement challenges, financial instability, and socialresistance add further barriers. Additionally, technological gaps and fragmentedglobal governance compound these issues. Furthermore, managing debt andensuring sustainable financing for development are critical challengesfor developingnations. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing globalcooperation, focusing on inclusive agreements, environmental sustainability, robustlegal structures, financial support for developing countries, and addressing thedigital divide.

As the deep integration of sports and tourism continues, sports tourism projects are emerging as an important driver of regional economic transformation and consumption upgrading. However, these projects typically exhibit strong revenue seasonality, long construction cycles, and high market uncertainty, which makes traditional static evaluation methods inadequate for capturing investment feasibility and risk structures. Based on the theory of investment under uncertainty, this study develops a dual-stochastic real options model that couples an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with exogenous seasonality (ES-OU) for revenues and a Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) for construction costs, to characterize the dynamic investment boundary and optimal entry timing under multiple risk constraints. The model is solved using a hybrid numerical framework that combines the Crank–Nicolson–ADI finite-difference scheme with Monte Carlo simulation, ensuring both accuracy and stability. Using the Fanjingshan Mountain Sports Experience Base in Guizhou as a comparable case, parameters are calibrated and simulations conducted with Guiyang’s tourism income and the CSI 300 Building Materials Index. The results show an optimal investment boundary of approximately CNY 196 million per quarter, an investment trigger probability of 62.4%, and a median trigger time of about 3.75 years, indicating a pronounced “delay-and-time-the-entry” decision pattern. Further analysis identifies construction cost and the long-run mean of revenues as the key economic drivers of entry timing: higher costs significantly postpone investment triggers, whereas improved revenue expectations advance entry. These findings validate the feasibility and explanatory power of the real options model in the sports tourism context, reveal the dynamic mechanism of investment behavior under joint revenue–cost uncertainty, and provide quantitative guidance for investment timing, risk identification, and policy design in sports tourism projects.

The primary aim of this study is to rigorously explore the dynamic relationship between climate-related shocks and real per capita GDP growth across 43 Asian economies from 1994 to 2023. This research decisively examines the connections between climatic shocks and economic growth, utilizing critical factors such as money supply, government capital formation and inflation as control variables. By employing the Hamilton filter to extract climatic shocks, specifically temperature and precipitation, this study integrates these variables within a local projection framework to effectively assess their impact on growth trajectories. The analysis uses panel feasible generalized least squares and Driscoll–Kraay standard errors, effectively addressing potential issues of heteroscedasticity, cross-sectional dependence and endogeneity. The results unequivocally demonstrate that climatic shocks have a noteworthy negative impact on economic growth in Asia, with temperature shocks emerging as the most harmful climatic factor that can significantly undermine long-term economic performance in the region. Our findings highlight that government capital formation, money supply and inflation mechanisms are capable of absorbing the effects of temperature and precipitation shocks, creating vital pathways through which targeted policy interventions can effectively mitigate these adverse impacts. Furthermore, this research emphasizes the urgent need for climate-resilient fiscal and monetary frameworks, as well as adaptive investment policies, to safeguard economic stability. Thus, the study provides essential insights into the macroeconomic transmission channels of climate change and outlines clear directions for future research aimed at strengthening resilience through strategic policy measures.

The article discusses the investment policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. An analysis of macroeconomic indicators over the past 4 years was carried out. The purpose of the article is to determine the necessary measures to attract more active foreign investment in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan and their regions. The relevance of the article lies in the consideration and disclosure of the significance of investment processes among world economic phenomena based on the experience of two countries. An in-depth and comprehensive study of the conditions and dynamic changes occurring in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in recent years was carried out. A review of the state's investment policy was carried out on a set of activities carried out in each area. Among them, the main attention was paid to the policy of foreign direct investment and its legislative framework, ways to stimulate investment in the industrial sector. When analyzing investment processes, a list of several proposals related to the development of the economies of states was considered.

Background: This study examines how national innovation performance shapes the diffusion of advanced diagnostic technologies across European healthcare systems. Strengthening technological capacity through innovation is increasingly essential for resilient and efficient health services. The analysis quantifies the influence of innovation capacity on the availability of medical imaging technologies in 26 EU Member States between 2018 and 2024. Methods: A balanced panel dataset was assembled from Eurostat, the European Innovation Scoreboard, and World Bank indicators. Dynamic relationships between innovation performance and the adoption of CT, MRI, gamma cameras, and PET scanners were estimated using a two-step approach combining General-to-Specific (GETS) outlier detection with Robust Least Squares regression to address heterogeneity and specification uncertainty. Results: Higher innovation scores significantly increase the diffusion of R&D-intensive technologies such as MRI and PET, while CT availability shows limited responsiveness due to market maturity. Public health expenditure supports frontier technologies when strategically targeted, whereas GDP growth has no significant effect. Population size consistently enhances technological capacity through scale and system-integration effects. Conclusions: The findings show that innovation ecosystems, rather than economic growth alone, drive the modernization of diagnostic infrastructure in the EU. Integrating innovation metrics into health-technology assessments offers a more accurate basis for designing innovation-oriented investment policies in European healthcare.

This study aims to analyze the implications of investment policy on the legal certainty of people's land rights in Indonesia. Although investment is seen as a strategic instrument to encourage economic growth, government policies such as the Investment Law Number 25 of 2007 and the Job Creation Law often cause disharmony with the Basic Agrarian Law Number 5 of 1960. Through a normative juridical approach, this study examines the relationship between investment regulation and land rights protection, particularly in the context of agrarian conflicts that arise from overlapping authority, weak recognition of customary rights, and the unclear status of land law. The findings indicate that investment policy implementation often prioritizes the interests of investors over those of local communities, thereby increasing the potential for evictions, land disputes, and legal uncertainty. The case of Rempang Island and plantations in West Kalimantan confirms that inconsistent regulations contribute to the marginalization of society. This study recommends harmonizing regulations, strengthening conflict resolution mechanisms, and reforming land law to ensure a balance between economic interests and the protection of people's rights.

This study examines the effects of inflation (X1), global crude oil prices (X2), and the rupiah exchange rate (X3) on sectoral stock index returns (Y) in the energy sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research employs a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from Bank Indonesia, the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and Investing.com over a five-year period. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using SPSS to evaluate both partial and simultaneous effects of the independent variables on stock index returns. The results show that inflation has a negative but statistically insignificant effect on sectoral stock index returns, while global crude oil prices exhibit a positive yet insignificant influence. In contrast, the rupiah exchange rate has a positive and statistically significant effect on sectoral stock index returns. These findings indicate that exchange rate movements play a dominant role in explaining return variability in the energy sector. Therefore, investors and policymakers should pay close attention to exchange rate stability when making investment and economic policy decisions.