Inventory Of Elements Research Articles

Statistical analysis of the genomic distribution and correlation of regulatory elements in the ENCODE regions

The comprehensive inventory of functional elements in 44 human genomic regions carried out by the ENCODE Project Consortium enables for the first time a global analysis of the genomic distribution of transcriptional regulatory elements. In this study we developed an intuitive and yet powerful approach to analyze the distribution of regulatory elements found in many different ChIP-chip experiments on a 10 approximately 100-kb scale. First, we focus on the overall chromosomal distribution of regulatory elements in the ENCODE regions and show that it is highly nonuniform. We demonstrate, in fact, that regulatory elements are associated with the location of known genes. Further examination on a local, single-gene scale shows an enrichment of regulatory elements near both transcription start and end sites. Our results indicate that overall these elements are clustered into regulatory rich "islands" and poor "deserts." Next, we examine how consistent the nonuniform distribution is between different transcription factors. We perform on all the factors a multivariate analysis in the framework of a biplot, which enhances biological signals in the experiments. This groups transcription factors into sequence-specific and sequence-nonspecific clusters. Moreover, with experimental variation carefully controlled, detailed correlations show that the distribution of sites was generally reproducible for a specific factor between different laboratories and microarray platforms. Data sets associated with histone modifications have particularly strong correlations. Finally, we show how the correlations between factors change when only regulatory elements far from the transcription start sites are considered.

Assessment of air quality of two metropolitan cities in Pakistan: Elemental analysis using INAA and AAS

Summary For the assessment of air quality of two cities in Pakistan, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) have been used. In all 26 elements were determined in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and soil samples. The SPM levels from different locations of Rawalpindi and Lahore indicate unhealthy to hazardous air quality much above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Metrological conditions and nature of soil that contains clay components mainly contribute to the inventory of the SPM elements of these cities. The calculated enrichment factors (EF) also indicate the dominance of the soil components. Contributions of inorganic elements due to heavy traffic with automotive exhaust and other commercial activities in this area have been identified. Areas of Qurtaba Chowk and Bank Square in Lahore in particular showed high EF for lead depicting burning of the automotive fuel and road dust. The accuracy and precision of the work has been maintained through the concurrent use of IAEA Reference Materials.

The influence of the explosion Mechanism on the Fe-group ejecta of core collapse supernovae

Core collapse supernovae are responsible for at least half of the galactic inventory of Fe-group elements and probably for most of the Fe-group abundances seen in metal poor stars. Recent simulations show the emergence of a proton-rich (Ye > 0.5) region in the innermost ejected mass zones due to the neutrino interaction with matter. We explore the nucleosynthesis implications of these findings that result in enhanced abundances of 45 Sc, 49 Ti, and 64 Zn, which

Linguistic sources of item bias for second generation immigrants in Dutch tests

This article reports the first results of a long-term research project focusing on the detection and possible linguistic causes of differential item functioning (DIF) for second generation immigrant students in the Final Test of Primary Education in the Netherlands. The main aim of the project is to provide test constructors with information which is as detailed as possible about sources of DIF in order to help them avoid item bias in future forms of the test. The project was carried out in three steps. First, DIF items were identified using two statistical procedures: IRT and Mantel-Haenszel. The second stage was an investigation of sources of DIF, beginning with an inventory of subject matter elements which can cause difficulty for immigrant students, according to previous educational research. This was followed by a careful evaluation of DIF items by the researchers and by external experts, and a think-aloud experiment with students. At the third stage, judges decided whether each DIF item was biased and thus reduced the construct validity of the test. The article concentrates on the classification of linguistic sources of DIF and a consideration of whether they work to the advantage or disadvantage of immigrant students.

Coherent He–Nd–Sr isotope trends in high 3He/ 4He basalts: implications for a common reservoir, mantle heterogeneity and convection

Early–mid-Tertiary picritic basalts associated with the proto-Iceland plume (PIP) show correlated He–Nd and He–Sr isotope trends. Other intraplate basalts with olivine phenocryst 3He/ 4He>10 R a either (1) fall on the PIP trends, (2) lie in triangular fields defined by the PIP trend and a depleted mantle field or (3) are displaced to low 143Nd/ 144Nd and high 87Sr/ 86Sr, indicating the involvement of an ancient enriched component, but are consistent with a high 3He/ 4He end-member similar to that required by the Baffin Island data. Neither end of the PIP trend represents isotope compositions that have previously been recognised as global geochemical components. A concentration of data around 143Nd/ 144Nd≈0.5128, with low 3He/ 4He suggests this may be an important composition and we speculate that it might represent an enriched mantle average (EMA) composition preferentially sampled at the melt fraction operating in ocean island basalt (OIB) generation. The high 3He/ 4He component has Nd and Sr isotope compositions that are indistinguishable from mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and more “depleted” than other common mantle components that have been postulated from the global OIB–MORB data base. We suggest that this composition is best explained as a mixture between depleted and (He-rich) primordial mantle and we therefore refer to this mixed composition as He-recharged depleted mantle (HRDM). Even the Baffin Island lavas require only a small proportion (<10%) of primordial mantle and most OIB demand <2%. If high 3He/ 4He is a lower mantle signal, then only limited lower mantle involvement in plumes is indicated. However, the low proportion of primordial material also removes the requirement for an extensive primordial reservoir. These observations can be reconciled with whole mantle convection provided (1) a small volume of relatively undegassed and undepleted mantle has survived intact and (2) an inventory of incompatible trace elements, similar to that housed in the continents, but probably very minor in volume (<5% of the mantle), resides in enriched domains in the mantle.

Chromian spinel–olivine phase chemistry and the origin of primitive basalts of the southern Washington Cascades

Geochemically diverse basalts occur in an ∼160-km-wide transect that stretches across the Quaternary southern Washington Cascades (SWC) volcanic arc. Two fundamental groups of SWC basalts can be identified on the basis of major and trace element chemistry. On primitive mantle-normalized “spidergrams”, Group I lavas resemble within-plate basalts, whereas Group II lavas exhibit chemical characteristics (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti depletions) typical of subduction-related magmas. The primitive nature of many SWC basalts is indicated by their high MgO (>6.5 wt.%, up to 9.5 wt.%), Ni (>85 ppm) and Cr (>180 ppm) contents. Electron microprobe analyses of olivine–spinel pairs in a diverse suite of SWC basalts are used to further evaluate the primitive nature of these magmas. Some of the observed variations in olivine–spinel compositions can be attributed to oxidation, fractionation, mixing, and/or pressure variations during magma evolution. To minimize these effects, we focus on olivine-hosted spinels in samples for which olivine-host rock equilibrium can be demonstrated. Spinels in such rocks have Fe 2O 3<16.5 wt.%, 100 Fe 3+/(Fe 3++Cr+Al)<22, and exhibit high Mg# [=100 Mg/(Mg+Fe 2+)>44] and low Cr# [=100 Cr/(Cr+Al) <58]. For the most primitive spinel–olivine pairs: (1) spinel Cr# ranges from 20 to 57; (2) spinel Cr# for Group I lavas are distinctly lower (< 41) than those (> 45) for Group II lavas; (3) spinel Mg# ranges from 45 to 71, and overlaps for Groups I and II. However, each group defines distinct trends on Mg# vs. Cr# and other variation diagrams, with Group II having more refractory characteristics. This observation is consistent with higher whole-rock Mg# and Fo contents of olivines for Group II lavas, and suggests that sources for those magmas are more refractory (i.e., more melt-depleted) than sources for Group I lavas. The “within-plate”-like chemistry of Group I lavas precludes significant slab-derived contributions and is consistent with their derivation by decompression melting of little modified and relatively fertile mantle wedge material upwelling beneath the arc. The fluid-mobile element-enriched nature of Group II lavas is consistent with melting of a mantle source(s) that has been modified by slab-derived fluids. However, the standard “flux melting” process invoked to explain formation of many arc magmas is problematic for the Cascades because (a) high temperatures inferred for the Cascadia subduction zone imply that the slab may be extensively dehydrated, in which case the inventory of volatiles and fluid-mobile elements is likely to be strongly depleted; and (b) Group I lavas occur at the volcanic front and appear to originate at depths proximal to the subducting slab. These geochemical and geometric constraints seem inconsistent with formation of Group II magmas by flux melting of the mantle wedge as commonly proposed for arcs. An alternative source for Group II lavas is chemically refractory lithospheric mantle that was previously metasomatized by earlier (40 Ma to present) Cascadia subduction and associated magmatism. Reheating and melting of such fluid-enriched domains could result from influx of hot decompression melts (Group I magmas). In either case, chemical and mineralogical evidence implicates two (or more) distinct processes of melt production and at least two distinct types of mantle source.

Formation of metal in the CH chondrites ALH 85085 and PCA 91467

Siderophile element distributions within individual metal grains in two CH chondrites, Allan Hills 85085 and Pecora Escarpment 91467, were measured by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Those metal grains that are zoned in Ni were also found to be zoned in other refractory siderophile elements, such as Ru, but not in Pd, which is not refractory but is highly siderophile. This pattern is consistent with an origin by condensation from a gas of approximately solar composition, but not with an origin by redox processes or fractional crystallization. The unzoned metal grains in CH chondrites were found to be frequently depleted in Ru but not in Pd, consistent with later stage condensation from a solar gas after removal of the zoned metal. Gold is inversely correlated with Ni in the unzoned metal grains, and mean Au abundances in zoned metal are always low. Both zoned and unzoned metal in CH chondrites could plausibly be produced from a thermostatically regulated nebula, followed by rapid removal of the zoned metal, and slower removal of the unzoned metal, both at temperatures near or above the condensation temperature of Au (∼1250 K). This is also consistent with the isolation temperatures inferred from silicate grains in CH chondrites by previous workers based on their volatile element inventories. The volatile siderophile Cu is enriched in the rims relative to the interiors of both zoned and unzoned grains, and is interpreted as the product of diffusion during low-grade thermal processing. The similarity of Cu distributions, and degree of kamacite/taenite exsolution, between zoned and unzoned metal in CH chondrites suggests that the two populations of metal experienced modest thermal metamorphism after they were brought together in the same environment, probably on the CH parent body. Fragmentation and size-sorting of the metal must have post-dated the Cu zoning, and may have occurred in a regolith on the CH parent body. The compositions of CH metal, like that of metal from QUE 94411 and HH 237, are consistent with a nebular origin, and may be the most primitive nebular materials (as distinct from presolar grains) sampled by chondrites.

Comparative geochemistry of cadmium, rhenium, uranium, and molybdenum in continental margin sediments

The concentrations of authigenic phases of Cd, Re, U, and Mo increase with depth in four 45-cm-long sediment box cores collected along the axis of the Laurentian Trough, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Average authigenic accumulation rates, estimated from element inventories, are similar to rates in other continental margin environments. Strong regional variations in sediment accumulation rate and sulfide concentration have little influence on the accumulation rates of Cd and Re. This suggests that slow precipitation kinetics controls the accumulation of Cd and Re in these sediments. The accumulation rate of authigenic U is more variable; it may be tied to the kinetics of microbially mediated U reduction and be controlled by the availability of reactive organic matter. Authigenic Mo is distinguished by a sharp subsurface concentration minimum, above which Mo cycles with manganese. Mo released to pore water upon reduction of Mn oxides diffuses downward and enriches the subsurface sediment. Mo accumulates most rapidly in the sediment with the highest sulfide content. Slow conversion of molybdate to thiomolybdate may explain the much slower Mo accumulation rate in the less sulfidic sediments. A component of authigenic Mo accumulates with pyrite in an approximately constant Mo:Fe ratio. The accumulation rate of pyrite and associated Mo is insensitive to AVS abundance. Pyrite formation may be limited by the reactivity of iron oxide minerals.

The timing of speech-accompanying gestures with respect to prosody

The question of how and whether the body movements that accompany speaking are timed with respect to the speech has often been studied, and investigators have reached different conclusions depending on the types of gestures and aspects of prosody attended to. The ToBI system for labeling pitch accents (phrase-level prosodic prominences) and intonational phrase boundaries, which provides a well-defined inventory of prosodic elements, was used to label several sound files from videotaped lectures in English. A particular type of gesture, i.e., discrete sharp rapid movements that reach a perceptually salient end point, was separately labeled for syllable location in the visual display of the same lecture samples. Preliminary analysis showed a strong correlation between this type of ‘‘stroke-like’’ gesture of the head or hands and pitch accented syllables. For example, for one speaker of Australian English, 168 of 195 strokelike gestures (86%) occurred with a pitch-accented syllable. If these observations from coarse-grained temporal labeling are confirmed by the frame-by-frame labeling now under way, it will suggest that the study of speech-accompanying gestures can provide evidence for the prosodic structure of spoken utterances, and raise the possibility that a complete model of speech production planning should include a gestural component.

Influence of roots and climate on mineral and trace element storage and flux in tropical mangrove soils

The storage and flux of various mineral and trace elements in soils (0-30 cm depth) were examined in relation to monsoonal rains and fine root biomass in four mangrove forests of different age and type in southern Thailand. The onset of the wet SW monsoon resulted in the percolation and dilution of porewater solutes by rainwater and by less saline tidal water, as indicated by shifts in Eh, pH and porewater SO4/Cl ratios. This is contrary to temperate intertidal environments where seasonal patterns of porewater constituents, and biological and biogeochemical activities, are strongly cued to temperature. Fluxes across the soil-water interface were most often not statistically significant. Concentration of dissolved porewater metals were dominated by Fe, Mn, Al, Mo and Zn. The decreasing order of solid- phase element inventories in these soils, on average, was: Al, S, Fe, Na, Mg, K, Ca, N, P, Mn, V, Zn, Cr, Ni, As, Co, Cu, Pb, Mo, Cd and Hg. There were no gradients in concentrations of dissolved or solid- phase elements with increasing soil depth. This phenomenon was attributed to physical and biological processes, including the presence and activities of roots and tidal recharge of soil water. Fine dead roots were storage sites for most mineral and trace elements, as some elements in roots composed a significant fraction (� 5%) of the total soil pool. Analysis of S and Fe concentration differences between live and dead roots suggested extensive formation of pyrite associated with dead roots; correlation analysis suggested that trace metals coprecipitated with pyrite. An analysis of inventories and release/uptake rates indicate turnover of the N, P, Na and Ca soil pools equivalent to other tropical forests; turnover was slow (decades to centuries) for S, Fe, K and trace elements. Our results indicate that mineral and trace element cycling in these soils are characterized by net storage, with net accumulation of most elements much greater than uptake and release by tree roots.

The Mental Health Policy Template: domains and elements for mental health policy formulation

Mental disorders are a major and rising cause of disease burden in all countries. Even when resources are available, many countries do not have the policy and planning frameworks in place to identify and deliver effective interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank have emphasized the need for ready access to the basic tools for mental health policy formulation, implementation and sustained development. The Analytical Studies on Mental Health Policy and Service Project, undertaken in 1999–2001 by the International Consortium for Mental Health Services and funded by the Global Forum for Health Research aims to address this need through the development of a template for mental health policy formulation. A mental health policy template has been developed based on an inventory of the key elements of a successful mental health policy. These elements have been validated against a review of international literature, a study of existing mental health policies and the results of extensive consultations with experts in the six WHO regions of the world. The Mental Health Policy Template has been revised and its applicability will be tested in a number of developing countries during 2001–2002. The Mental Health Policy Template and the work of the Consortium for Mental Health Services will be presented and the future role of the template in mental health policy development and reform in developing countries will be discussed.

Can marine anoxic events draw down the trace element inventory of seawater?

The trace element inventory of seawater is likely to have varied in the past owing to changes in the proportion of oxic-suboxic versus anoxic marine facies. Because only ∼0.3% of the modern global seafloor is subject to benthic anoxia, removal of redox- sensitive trace elements from seawater is largely mediated by oxic-suboxic facies. This results in higher concentrations and longer residence times for such elements in seawater compared with strongly anoxic paleoseas such as those of the Late Devonian. Reservoir modeling of Mo in Late Devonian seawater suggests that its concentration could have been reduced to ∼30%–50% of the present-day value. Chemostratigraphic data from Upper Devonian black shales of the Central Appalachian Basin provide empirical evidence of such depletion: sedimentary Mo concentrations decline within the Cleveland Shale despite intensified benthic anoxia, as proxied by degree of pyritization. Mo may have been depleted in penecontemporaneous seawater as a consequence of elevated burial fluxes associated with black shale deposition at time scales of 105 to >106 yr.

Humic colloid mediated transport of tetravalent actinides and technetium

Abstract The humic colloid mediated transport of tetravalent actinide and technetium ions is discussed. Numerous published and new results are used from comparable experimental systems and conditions. The results originate from investigations on two humic rich Gorleben groundwater/sediment systems under near-natural conditions. The conditioning time between groundwater and radionuclides vary from few minutes to four years. The migration time (residence time in the column) is varied from four hours to three days. The concentration of radionuclides added is varied between about 10-12 and 10-4mol/L. Humic colloids in natural groundwater contain trace metal ions in varying concentrations. In addition to studying the behavior of radionuclides added to the groundwater in the laboratory, the dissociation behavior of these natural tetravalent trace metal ions is studied by scavenging dissociating ions with a cation exchanger. The results show a kinetic behavior of the trace metal ion interaction as frequently reported in the literature, i.e. with increasing contact time, slow dissociation modes are progressively populated resulting in an enhanced radionuclide transport. The strong dependency of the radionuclide transport on the radionuclide concentration shows that humic colloid mediated transport may be overestimated if radionuclide concentrations used in laboratory studies are too high. Dissociation of the natural inventory of humic associated tetravalent trace metal ions proceeds with a kinetics comparable to the radionuclides added. This, however, is only observed for a small portion of the inventory and extrapolation beyond the observation range is not permissible. Therefore, the key question for application to predictive modeling of the mobility of tetravalent radionuclides in natural groundwater is if the behavior of the natural trace element inventory is applicable or the behavior of radionuclides added in laboratory studies.

Accumulation of trace elements on the surface soil around the Trail smelter, British Columbia, Canada

The quantities of six elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) were determined in surface soil from 21 stations around the zinc–lead smelter in Trail, British Columbia, Canada. The flux of elements into a unit of soil was then calculated by extrapolating aerial deposition monitoring data obtained from flat square moss bags, which act as traps for airborne particles/elements. The net increase in the quantity of elements in a 10 cm deep by 1 hectare soil unit over a 3-month time interval was estimated as 0.02, 0.65, 0.07, 0.29, 0.22, and 0.65% for As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The results of this study can be used for elemental inventory of soil in the Trail area and to predict the long-term degree of accumulation of trace elements in the soil. The significant correlation between the deposition rate of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu as registered by moss monitoring stations and the quantity of these elements in surface soil indicate the possible effect of airborne material on the geochemistry of the soils in the study area. In contrast, the poor correlation for Hg and As indicates that the variations of these elements in soil samples are likely related to soil chemistry rather than atmospheric deposition. This demonstrates the importance of monitoring for atmospheric deposition of elements since soil is not always a good indicator of the spatial influence of a point source in the study area.

Cometary Delivery of Biogenic Elements to Europa

Jupiter's moon Europa may harbor an ocean beneath its ice cover, but the composition of that ocean and the overlying ice is nearly entirely unknown. Regardless of uncertainties in models for Europa's formation, we estimate lower limits for Europa's inventory of biogenic elements (such as C, N, O, and P) by investigating the contribution to the inventory of impact events over Europa's geologic history. A series of high-resolution hydrocode simulations were carried out over a range of comet densities (1.1, 0.8, and 0.6 g/cm 3, corresponding to porosities between 0 and 45%) and impact velocities (16, 21.5, 26.5, and 30.5 km/s). We found that at typical impact velocities on Europa most impactor material reaches escape velocity, and it is assumed to be lost from Europa. For a nonporous comet, some fraction (20% or higher) of the projectile is retained by Europa even at the highest impact velocity modeled, 30.5 km/s. For porous comets, however, a significant fraction of the projectile (above 25%) is retained only for the lowest impact velocity modeled, 16 km/s. Integrated over solar system history, this suggests that 1 to 10 Gt of carbon could have been successfully delivered to Europa's surface by impacts of large comets (around 1 km in diameter). This is a few times more carbon than is contained in the procaryotic biomass of the upper 200 meters of the Earth's oceans, but about 2 orders of magnitude less if the whole depth of the oceans is considered. Therefore, regardless of its initial formation conditions, Europa should have a substantial inventory of “biogenic” elements, with implications for the chemistry of its oceans, ice cover, and the possibility of life.

The Prompt Inventory from Very Massive Stars and Elemental Abundances in L[CLC]y[/CLC]α Systems

It has been proposed that very massive stars (VMSs) dominated heavy-element production until a threshold corresponding to [Fe/H] ≈ -3 was reached. This results in a prompt (P) inventory of elements, the abundances of which were determined from observations of Galactic halo stars with [Fe/H] ≈ -3. We calculate Ω_P(E) from the P inventory for a large number of elements in the intergalactic medium (IGM). Using the available data on Ω(E_(ion)) for C IV, O VI, and Si IV in Lyα systems, we find that the ionization fractions calculated from Ω(E_(ion))/Ω_P(E) are, within reasonable uncertainties, compatible with the values estimated from ionization models for Lyα systems. This agreement appears to hold from z ~ 0.09 to ~4.6, indicating that the bulk of the baryonic matter remains dispersed with a fixed chemical composition. We conclude that the P inventory was established in the epoch prior to z ~ 4.6. The dispersal of processed baryonic matter to the general IGM is considered to be the result of energetic VMS explosions that disrupted baryonic aggregates until the threshold was reached to permit normal astration. The formation of most galaxies is considered to have occurred subsequent to the achievement of this metallicity threshold in the IGM.

Formation and early evolution of the atmosphere

Abstract The tectonic activity of the Earth allowed exchange of volatile elements (H, C, N, rare gases) between the surface of the Earth (atmosphere, crust, sediments, oceans) and the mantle. However, some of these elements still present elemental and isotopic heterogeneities that allow us to reconstruct the volatile composition of the terrestrial mantle. The protosolar nebula supplied a significant fraction of helium and neon, which were presumably trapped during the major phase of the Earth’s accretion and were possibly hosted by accreting dust and/or small porous planetesimals. Surprisingly, volatile elements are in chondritic proportion despite their drastic (10 −3 ) depletion in the mantle relative to chondrites, in a way that recalls the case of highly siderophile elements. From stable isotope systematics, we find that the contribution of comets to the volatile inventory of the Earth was very limited. The integrated flux of chondritic-like material necessary to provide water, carbon and nitrogen is consistent with that required for the formation of the lunar craters as well as that necessary to account for the inventory of siderophile elements in the mantle. A consequence of this scenario is that the Earth’s surface was oxidized very early. Alternatively, volatile and siderophile elements of the mantle could be the remnant of small patches of chondritic material that did not equilibrate with the core nor drastically degas.

Europa as an abode of life.

Life as we know it on Earth depends on liquid water, a suite of 'biogenic' elements (most famously carbon) and a useful source of free energy. Here we review Europa's suitability for life from the perspective of these three requirements. It is likely, though not yet certain, that Europa harbors a subsurface ocean of liquid water whose volume is about twice that of Earth's oceans. Little is known about Europa's inventory of carbon, nitrogen, and other biogenic elements, but lower bounds on these can be placed by considering the role of commentary delivery over Europa's history. Sources of free energy are challenging for a world covered with an ice layer kilometers thick, but it is possible that hydrothermal activity and/or organics and oxidants provided by the action of radiation chemistry at Europa's surface and subsequent mixing into Europa's ocean could provide the electron donors and acceptors needed to power a Europan ecosystem. It is not premature to draw lessons from the search for life on Mars with the Viking spacecraft for planning exobiological missions to Europa.

Patient evaluation of psychosocial treatment interventions in Swedish methadone maintenance programmes

This is the first study on patient evaluation of the psychosocial treatment interventions in the four methadone maintenance programmes (MMPs) in Sweden, i.e. in Uppsala, Stockholm, Lund and Malmö. The study was performed in two phases. An inventory of psychosocial treatment elements was conducted through interviews with managers or responsible staff members. The Stockholm MMP offers many psychosocial activities and interventions within its own organisation, while the other programmes are highly dependent on co-operation with municipal social welfare services. The Uppsala and Lund MMPs run remote MMP-services in co-operation with local psychiatrists in other parts of the country. A questionnaire based on the inventory was completed by 190 patients, rating the importance of different elements and to what extent their respective needs had been met. In general, the psychosocial elements were regarded as important by patients in all programmes. Female patients rated daily activities and co-operation with municipal social services as more important than men did. Patients in early phases of treatment rated relapse prevention support, daily activities and involvement of relatives as more important than did patients in late phases. There were also differences between the four programmes in evaluations of how needs were met. In conclusion, psychosocial treatment elements were regarded as highly important by patients in MMPs, and there is a demand for more emphasis on such elements.

A Model for Abundances in Metal‐poor Stars

A model is presented that seeks to explain quantitatively the stellar abundances of r-process elements and other elements associated with the r-process sites. It is argued that the abundances of all these elements in stars with -3 ≾[Fe/H] 130) r-elements but no Fe (presumably leaving behind black holes). The L events are of low frequency and produce Fe and dominantly light (A ≾ 130) r-elements (essentially none above Ba). By using the observed abundances in two ultra-metal-poor stars and the solar r-abundances, the initial or prompt inventory of elements produced by the first generations of very massive stars and the yields of H and L events can be determined. The abundances of a large number of elements in a star can then be calculated from the model by using only the observed Eu and Fe abundances. To match the model results and the observational data for stars with -3 < [Fe/H] < -1 requires that the solar r-abundances for Sr, Y, Zr, and Ba must be significantly increased from the standard values. No such changes appear to be required for all other elements. If the changes in the solar r-abundances for Sr, Y, Zr, and Ba are not permitted, the model fails at -3 < [Fe/H] < -1 but still works at [Fe/H] ≈ -3 for these four elements. By using the corrected solar r-abundances for these elements, good agreement is obtained between the model results and data over the range -3 < [Fe/H] < -1. No evidence of s-process contributions is found in this region, but all the observational data in this region now show regular increases of Ba/Eu above the standard solar r-process value. Whether the solar r-components of Sr, Y, Zr, and Ba used here to obtain a fit to the stellar data can be reconciled with those obtained from solar abundances by subtracting the s-components calculated from models is not clear.