Electric Telegraph Research Articles

The application of technical innovations in Bessarabia under tsarist rule

The study sums up a series of information regarding the application of technical innovations in Bessarabia under tsarist rule. On April 8, 1860, with the construction of the Odesa-Chisinau telegraph line, the Bender telegraph station began its activity, and on April 24, 1860 – the Chisinau telegraph station. In 1890, the Chisinau telephone exchange was put into use, being the first telephone exchange in Bessarabia. The implementation of the projects to create the telephone network in Bessarabia followed. Towards the end of the 19th century, another technical innovation began to be introduced in Bessarabia: electric lighting. At the beginning of the 20th century, in Bessarabia, bicycles and automobiles were used as means of transport.

The Telegraphic Body: Dyspepsia, Modern Life, and 'Gastric Time' in Nineteenth-Century Medicine and Culture.

From Italian physician Hieronymus Mercurialis's contention that the stomach was 'the king of the belly', to its promotion by the end of the nineteenth century to the 'monarch of humanity' in patent medicine, to Byron Robinson's discovery of the enteric nervous system in 1907 (a mesh of neural connectivity that led him to dub the gut 'the second brain'), there has historically been a longstanding awareness of the expansive reach of the gut in the functions of the body. In the nineteenth century, the authority of the gut and its allyship with the brain became a focus for writers thinking about the intersections of illness and 'modern life'. In medical texts, domestic health manuals, patent medicine, and fiction, the electric telegraph in particular became a way of envisaging what we would now call the 'gut-brain axis'. The telegraphic metaphor enabled a view of digestion as not simply a mechanical or chemical process, but one that was understood in terms of time, space, and communication. However, such a framework also suggested problems of connection that were common to both systems, emphasising not only the healthy body's quasi-telegraphic networks but also its vulnerability to delay, disruption, and pathological incoherence. This article will explore the use of telegraphic technologies as proxies for theorising gastric connection and more broadly the concept of 'gastric time' as a key conceit for understanding digestion as a process that was and is subject to the idiosyncrasies of bodily rhythms.

Diverse soliton solutions to the nonlinear partial differential equations related to electrical transmission line

This paper introduces novel traveling wave solutions for the (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear telegraph equation (NLTE) and the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear electrical transmission line equation (NETLE). These equations are pivotal in the transmission and propagation of electrical signals, with applications in telegraph lines, digital image processing, telecommunications, and network engineering. We applied the improved tanh technique combined with the Riccati equation to derive new solutions, showcasing various solitary wave patterns through 3D surface and 2D contour plots. These results provide more comprehensive solutions than previous studies and offer practical applications in communication systems utilizing solitons for data transmission. The proposed method demonstrates an efficient calculation process, aiding researchers in analyzing nonlinear partial differential equations in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering

The formation of invariant optical soliton structures to electric-signal in the telegraph lines on basis of the tunnel diode and chaos visualization, conserved quantities: Lie point symmetry approach

This study critically examines the nonlinear Lonngren wave model, a mathematical representation used to describe waves in shallow water environments such as beaches, lakes, and rivers, as well as electrical signals in semiconductor materials like tunnel diodes. The symmetry generators take into account the Lie invariance criteria. A three-dimensional Lie algebra can be obtained by using the suggested methodology. It links translation symmetries in space and time, respectively, with conservation of mass and energy. The third symmetry pertains to scaling or dilation. Recognizing the constraints of the inverse scattering transform in addressing the Cauchy problem for this equation, the investigation adopts new auxiliary equation approach to ordinary differential equations. This approach yields closed-form analytical solutions for the wave model. The obtained solutions include a plane solution, mixed hyperbolic solution, periodic and mixed periodic solutions, mixed trigonometric solution, smooth soliton, trigonometric solution, mixed singular solution, complex solitary and singular solution. Furthermore, the study develops the Hamiltonian function of the dynamical system to discuss the total energy of the system in terms of its position and momentum. Chaos analysis is performed to describe periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic behaviours, and a sensitivity analysis highlights the model’s sensitivity to different wave numbers. Graphical representations of selected solutions are presented in both 3-D and 2-D, illustrating the behaviour under specific physical conditions. The study concludes by identifying a comprehensive set of local conservation laws for the nonlinear Lonngren wave equation, applicable to arbitrary constant coefficients, using conservation laws multipliers.

Charles Todd and the Overland Telegraph Line

Adam Courtenay, an Australian author and journalist completed Mr Todd’s Marvel: How one man telegraphed Australia to the modern world, a recent book on Charles Todd and the Overland Telegraph Line (OTL), in time for it to be published around the 150th anniversary of the completion of the historic project. Although the book concentrates on the immense task and challenges of building the OTL from Port Augusta to Palmerston (now called Darwin), it does provide a focus on the people that participated and, especially, on the special role of Charles Todd. This book review concludes that the book is a useful introduction to the subject, with occasional inclusions of information that might not be well known, and permits the reader easy access to the subject through its narrative style and generous spread of illustrations. However, the book does have limitations. It lacks an index and citations detailed enough to be followed up. For the reader who might wish to pursue particular issues or events, these limitations are frustrating indeed. Overall, it is for the general reader, rather than for those seeking to gain an even deeper understanding of the times, the project, and the major participants and their motivations.

19. YÜZYILDA DOĞU AKDENİZ’DEN HİNT OKYANUSUNA ULUSLARARASI DENİZALTI TELEGRAF HABERLEŞMESİ: İNGİLİZ ARŞİV BELGELERİNE GÖRE

ABSTRACT
 The telegraph is a good example of the concretization of scientific and technical developments, which have been increasing since the beginning of the 19th century, and their transformation into technological devices. Thanks to the invention of the telegraph, communication over long distances became possible for short periods. Telegraph lines, which previously ran across the continents via copper cables laid on poles erected on the ground, provided the opportunity for communication on lands and under seas, with the addition of underwater telegraph lines to these lines in a short time, in parallel with technological transitions. However, the development and regular maintenance of the lines were vital to the global communication network. By the 1850s, a strong communication network consisting of telegraph lines and hundreds of telegraph stations had been established in many European countries such as England, France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, with telegraph lines of over 4000 km. This infrastructure, which was used effectively in both world wars, starting from the Crimean War, also formed the basis of military communication. Industrialized countries such as Great Britain have dramatically increased their influence in the world by using these technological developments, thus gaining a great military, political, and economic advantage by directing the logistical support provided by communication to the real political field. The brilliant ideas developed on telegraphy during this time would be very important for today's digital communication infrastructure.
 In this context, in our study, using British and Ottoman archive documents, we tried to reveal, in parallel with the technological development of telegraphy, scientific studies carried out to lay telegraph lines under seas, established submarine telegraph companies, and their activities, the process of laying submarine telegraph lines in the areas from the Eastern Mediterranean basin to the Indian Ocean and Australia during the 19th century and finally how this communication network infrastructure contributed to the construction of the contemporary today's world.
 Key Words: Submarine Telegraph Systems, Submarine Telegraph Companies, International Communication, Eastern Mediterranean, Late Ottoman Period

Bifurcation analysis, chaotic structures and wave propagation for nonlinear system arising in oceanography

This study focuses on the variant Boussinesq equation, which is used to model waves in shallow water and electrical signals in telegraph lines based on tunnel diodes. The aim of this study is to find closed-form wave solutions using the extended direct algebraic method. By employing this method, a range of wave solutions with distinct shapes, including shock, mixed-complex solitary-shock, singular,mixed-singular, mixed trigonometric, periodic, mixed-shock singular, mixed-periodic, and mixed-hyperbolic solutions, are attained. To illustrate the propagation of selected exact solutions, graphical representations in 2D, contour, and 3D are provided with various parametric values. The equation is transformed into a planar dynamical structure through the Galilean transformation. By utilizing bifurcation theory, the potential phase portraits of nonlinear and super-nonlinear traveling wave solutions are investigated. The Hamiltonian function of the dynamical system of differential equations is established, revealing the system’s conservative nature over time. The graphical representation of energy levels offers valuable insights and demonstrates that the model has closed-form solutions.

The trajectory of technological exchanges and modern communication technologies in the context of opening up to the outside world in the late Qing and early Republic of China

Abstract During the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the development of communication technology was closely correlated with societal progress. The social turmoil in the late Qing and early Republican periods, the social situation of “internal and external problems,” and the trend of “coming in” and “going out” of technological exchanges contributed to the introduction of modern communication technology, newspapers and magazines, and the establishment of the telegraph and the telephone. This led to the introduction of modern communication technology, represented by the telegraph and telephone, as well as the rise and establishment of newspapers and magazines. The national telegraph and the May Fourth Movement further enhanced the influence of the telegraph and communication technology on social development. The study analyzes the sources of funds, the number of subscribers, the number of telephone offices, the mileage of lines, the development of governmental telegraphs in each province, and the development of telegraphs in each country. It explores the development trend of communication technology in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, taking into account the interactions between the social conditions of the late Qing Dynasty and the development of telegraphs. Based on the monthly revenue of the telephone bureau, the Beijing Telephone Bureau’s installation fee in 1909 was approximately 1,799 yuan, with the telephone fee and the Electricity Bureau’s appropriation primarily financing its construction. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Beijing Telephone Bureau extended its telegraph lines and increased the number of users. By 1911, the telegraph lines’ mileage had reached about 99,979 miles, indicating a relatively rapid development. However, the telegraph business remained significantly behind that of other countries.

Regulating the New: Overland Telegraph to Generative AI

The Charles Todd Oration is an annual event run by TelSoc and is named for Charles Todd, the Postmaster-General of South Australia, who was responsible for completing the Overland Telegraph Line from Darwin to Adelaide in 1872. The 2023 Oration was delivered in Sydney on 12 October 2023 by the author, Rob Nicholls, and was introduced by Communications Minister Michelle Rowland MP. The Oration examined the challenge of novelty to regulators. It looked at history of regulating innovation, promotion of innovation in the context of consumer protection, how regulators can deal with innovation, and minimising consumer harm.

Model Problems on Oscillations of Mechanical and Biological Membranes

Various models of membrane oscillations emerging in the theory of elasticity of mechanical systems, biomechanics of the internal ear of vertebrata, and in the theory of electrical circuits are discussed in the article. The considered oscillations have different natures, but their mathematical models are described using similar initial boundary value problems for the second-order hyperbolic equation with the nontrivial boundary condition. The differential equations in these problems are the same. Thus, for example, the model of voltage distribution in the telegraph line emerges for the one-dimensional equation of oscillations. The model of oscillations of a circular homogeneous solid membrane, a membrane with a hole, and the model of gas oscillations in a sphere and spherical region emerge for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional operators, but take into account the radial symmetry of oscillations. The model problem on membrane oscillation can be considered as the problem on ear drum membrane oscillations. The unified approach to reducing the corresponding problems to the initial boundary value problem with zero boundary conditions is suggested. The technique of formulating the solution in the form of a Fourier series using eigenfunctions of the corresponding Sturm–Liouville problem is described.

Dynamical simulation of wave solutions for the M-fractional Lonngren-wave equation using two distinct methods

This study integrates the (1 + 1)-dimensional time M-fractional Lonngren-wave (tM-fLW) equation. This equation is useful to describe the phenomenon of the electric signals in telegraph lines at the source of the tunnel diode. To extract some soliton solutions, two reliable analytical techniques, the new form of modified Kudryashov’s and the simplest equation, are used to accomplish this job. By implementing these techniques, the obtained solutions are expressed as rational, exponential, trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions with some free constraints. For the special values of the constraints, we obtained w-shape wave, bell-shaped wave, linked rogue wave, and multi-bell wave solutions by the NMK method, and dark bell and bright bell-shaped wave, linked rogue wave, periodic rogue wave, and w-shape wave by the SE method. The graphical depiction analyzes these traits, demonstrating the validity and efficacy of the suggested techniques. The obtained solutions, which have never been done before and show a good balance between the nonlinear physical components, are what make this research novel. It is remarkable to perceive that the simplest equation technique and the new form of modified Kudryashov’s technique are relaxed, companionable, and authoritative mathematical tools to elucidate a non-linear model. The movement role of the waves is explored and the modulation instability analysis is used to discuss the stability analysis of the obtained solutions, confirming that all created solutions are accurate and stable.

Panic, False News, and the Roots of Colonial Fear

AbstractThis article offers a microhistory of a forgotten panic that engulfed the north Indian city of Allahabad in 1870, when the city's European residents began to anticipate a revolt by the native infantry. Rumors of this looming event, I argue, confirmed suspicions that ill-advised income tax legislation and military retrenchment had created a combustible situation. The apparent threat of insurrection was therefore symptomatic of a more systemic ailment: burgeoning distrust between the government of India, local officials, and British civilians. Rather than undertaking counterinsurgent action against dissident Indians or so-called Wahhabi agitators, the central administration attempted to tamp down European critique of its policies. I thereby foreground the government's confrontational relationship with the Anglo-Indian press and analyze its legalistic efforts to police the new telegraph lines that brought the false news of this fictitious mutiny to metropolitan notice.

GERMAN CAPITAL IN THE KOREAN ECONOMY IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE TRADING COMPANY "EDUARD MEYER & CO"

The purpose of the research. The article examines the history of the trade expansion of German capital in East Asia, and, in particular, in Korea in the late XIX - early XX centuries on the example of the activities of one of the largest European trading houses «Eduard Meyer & Co». Conclusions. Until the middle of the XIX century, the German bourgeoisie wasn’t able to actively participate in colonial and semi-colonial trade expansion in non-European countries, it has begun only with the development of capitalism in the country. The liberal bourgeoisie of the German Empire sought to open non-European markets and conduct business in the spirit of free trade and competition. This process is clearly visible on the example of the activities of the largest German trading company in East Asia called «Eduard Meyer &Co». Its trade expansion in Korea began in the 1880s, when P.G. von Möllendorf held influential posts in Korean government. The company has received numerous commercial projects from the Korean government, such as the supply of equipment for a new Korean coin, the sale of weapons, the construction of telegraph lines and the maritime transportation. After the resignation of P.G. von Möllendorff, «the Eduard Meyer & Co.» had to join the struggle for concessions and economically profitable projects along with other foreign companies in Korea, and this struggle did not always end in success. In difficult conditions of the company «Eduard Meyer & Co» managed to adapt its own trading model to the Korean realities, which has worked successfully for several decades.

The Steam Locomotive, the Electric Telegraph And the Demise of Distance: Opportunities and Threats in South Wales, 1845–56

The South Wales Railway was opened between Chepstow in Monmouthshire and Neyland on the Milford Haven estuary between 1850 and 1856, and in combination with the electric telegraph and ancillary railways established a transport and communications network that exercised a profound impact on society and identity in south Wales. By the narrowing of distance through speed, this network brought many urban communities and their nearby districts closer together and was instrumental in transforming the selfimage and identity of south Wales. Conversely, while the network compressed distance, it also forced excluded communities into relative isolation and consequently divided south Wales.

Evolution of Geotourism in Australia from Kanawinka Global Geopark and Australian National Landscapes to GeoRegions and Geotrails: A Review and Lessons Learned

The geological heritage of Australia’s landscapes and World Heritage areas has generally been underpromoted to the public by the tourism industry. However, in 2008, the fledgling world of geotourism in Australia received a significant boost with two events: the Inaugural Global Geotourism Conference ‘Discover the Earth beneath our Feet’ held in Fremantle, Western Australia, and the declaration of the UNESCO Kanawinka Global Geopark, which linked volcanic regions in South Australia and Victoria. Simultaneously the Australian Federal Government launched the ‘Australian National Landscapes’ (ANL) program. However, this impetus was not sustained when the Kanawinka Global Geopark was deregistered as a UNESCO-branded geopark in 2012, and the ANL program faded within a decade. Despite these setbacks, as an outcome of the 2008 Fremantle conference, several productive lines of geotourism have developed across Australia. This paper reviews the history of Australian geotourism since 2008. It examines the impacts of the experiences, lessons learned, problems for geology as perceived by National Parks and the Environment movement, geological communication problems, and the subsequent evolution of Australian geotourism. From these issues, new non-government bodies and initiatives have arisen, including the Australian Geoparks Network, the Australian Geoscience Council, and the recent development of a National Geotourism Strategy. Strong elements emerging from these initiatives are the increasing development of geotrails (which suit the large Australian continent) and the new Australian concept of ‘GeoRegions’. These are in response to an awareness that geotourism requires a flexible outlook to widen the appreciation and appeal of geological heritage and landscapes to the broader public. A further new direction is suggested: for Australian geotourism to combine with some elements of ICOMOS Cultural Routes. An outstanding example, the ICOMOS Overland Telegraph Line (OTL) Cultural Route that crosses Australia from south to north, is considered. For 2000 km, the construction of this line in the 1870s followed the regional geology and hydrology, relying upon the available biota but bringing about a clash of human cultures. The six colonies of Australia were finally linked to the world by wire, but the arrival of the OTL had a significant impact on the country’s Indigenous inhabitants. In Australia and globally, geotourism is incorporating the A–B–Cs (abiotic, biotic and cultural elements) to more effectively encourage the public to value their landscapes and the associated stories. The OTL provides an example of a newly introduced fourth dimension for geotourism, which gives consideration to the socio-political context of landscape adaptation.

History and Modernity in the Textbook by Professors A. V. Postnikov and M. V. Konstantinov

The textbook “History and Modernity” is a specific historical work devoted to topical problems of studying the history of Transbaikalia and the Far East in the XVIIth – early XXth centuries. There are two levels of coverage of the historical process. The section that reveals the history of the Trans-Baikal section of the state border between Russia and China (XVIIth – early XXth century) belongs to the first level. The second level includes sections on Russia’s geopolitical choice between Alaska and the Amur, on the history of the international project for construction of a telegraph line between Russia and America, on the little-known pages of Siberian studies of such a world-famous personality as P. A. Kropotkin. Sections of the second level cover the second half of the XIXth – early XXth centuries. The textbook consists of separate independent parts, but is not devoid of integrity, which is largely due to the coverage of the importance of cartographic and geographical research in solving border and geopolitical problems in all parts. In this regard, the history of the project for the construction of a telegraph line between Russian and America is revealed in a meaningful and new way. But the authors do not bypass the emergence and development of political ideas. In the part on the Alaska – Amur dilemma, a whole paragraph highlights the ideas of expanding the territory of the United States and its global influence. It should be emphasized that the textbook is written on the basis of archival studied not only in Russia but also abroad.The connection between history and modernity is determined by the relevance of historical work. The authors made a number of “exits” to the present. They show the historical roots of the current global dominance of the United States and the modern information revolution, give an answer to the question of legality of the sale of Alaska to the United States, highlighting the historical role of N. N. Muravyov-Amursky. The textbook teaches history and awakens in students a sense of pride in historical past of Russia.

Aboriginal Interactions with the Overland Telegraph Line, 1870–1880

Aboriginal interactions with the Overland Telegraph Line, along its 3000 kilometres, were never uniform. The Line passed through at least twenty Aboriginal territories; when construction commenced, fewer than half of those groups had met Europeans. Aboriginal people in the northern and southern sections had experienced some contact, while only Stuart and his small band had passed through the central section. Archival records concerning the Line’s construction and its first years of operation reveal a consistent pattern of engagement: an initial phase of avoidance and fear followed by direct confrontation and engagement, often by the same Aboriginal group. In both cases, the trigger was not necessarily the white man’s presence per se, but the unprecedented temptation of large amounts of a new and extraordinary resource, metal. Prudently, Charles Todd issued instructions minimising fraternisation, which repressed the growing appeal of European commodities and material; armed parties attacked three telegraph stations during the mid-1870s. A pax Britannica gradually ensued. This paper focuses upon the first ten years of Aboriginal interactions, proposing a sequence of dynamic engagement with Europeans, prefiguring the subsequent tightening control and dispossession of local Aboriginal groups along the length of the Line.

2022 Charles Todd Oration

The Charles Todd Oration is an annual event run by TelSoc and is named for Charles Todd, the Postmaster-General of South Australia, who was responsible for completing the Overland Telegraph Line from Darwin to Adelaide in 1874. The 2022 Oration was delivered in Sydney on 21 October 2022 by The Hon. Michelle Rowland, MP, Minister for Communications. At the time she had been in the role for about 5 months following the change of government at the Federal election on 21 May 2022. The Minister used her speech to set out the Government’s aims for the communications sector and its initial priorities, and to reflect on her appreciation of the circumstances and potential for the sector, its stakeholders and end-users of communications services. References and endnotes have been added by Jim Holmes, Chair of TelSoc, to enable further reference by interested readers on the matters noted, and for the accuracy and relevance of which TelSoc accepts complete responsibility.

New Cities in the State of Baghdad, the Late Ottoman Period, Fallujah, as a Model

The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed the administrational organization of the state with the issuance of the Ottoman states law during the reign of Sultan Abdul Aziz Khan (1861-1876) in 1864 and this law was applied in Iraq during the reign of the Governor of Baghdad, Medhat Pasha (1869 - 1872) and new cities were developed such as Nasiriya and Ramadi to form administrative centers, and after Ramadi became a district under the name of the Dulaim district, Fallujah belonged to it. Fallujah has an important strategic location, for this reason a number of human settlements appeared before Islam and they were mentioned in a number of historical documents in the Islamic ages and also during the Ottoman rule and indicated by travelers in the modern era starting from the sixteenth century being the last place on the Euphrates river route Birjik. Fallujah. It seems that this village ceased to exist in the eighteenth century because of the transform the transportation routes, but it returned in the nineteenth century after erecting a moving bridge across the Euphrates and taking it as a rural headquarters for a number of prominent Ottoman figures in Baghdad, such as the Governor of Baghdad, Suleiman Pasha Abu Leila (1749 - 1762) and the lieutenant general Kazem Pasha, leader of the Cavalry group. The research also examines the administrative situation in the city and its transformation to Nahyia in 1899, its military importance, tribal movements, its economic conditions, the importance of the boat bridge in the transportation line between Baghdad, Damascus and Aleppo, and the extension of the telegraph lines,

A tale of two telegraphs: Cooke and Wheatstone’s differing visions of electric telegraphy

A tale of two telegraphs: Cooke and Wheatstone’s differing visions of electric telegraphy