Introduction. The problem of preserving cultural continuity and the mechanisms of translation of spiritual and moral ideals and value orientations of Russian society remains an urgent task of social and humanitarian cognition. Based on the analysis of materials from the foreign Russian-language periodical press, the article attempts to reconstruct the vision of religious life and religious practices of Soviet society during the period of N.S. Khrushchev’s sociocultural transformations by representatives of various waves of Russian emigration. Results. The authors have researched journalistic and analytical articles by representatives of the Russian Diaspora published in various Russian-language periodicals. In the introductory part of the article, the author pays attention to the conceptual understanding of the term «Russian Abroad» and the mechanisms of preserving the continuity of traditional values of the Russian world in the diaspora by representatives of Russian emigration. Religion, in particular Russian Orthodoxy, was the most important foundation for the preservation and transmission of cultural and civic identity. The studied materials indicate that the transformations of N.S. Khrushchev was greeted with optimism and hope by representatives of the Russian Diaspora, but as the anti-religious campaign grew and the repressive policy of the Soviet state towards the church, believers, and religious institutions intensified, distrust of the Soviet leader and disillusionment with his political course grew. Conclusion. From the pages of periodicals, representatives of emigration not only introduced the foreign public to the anti-religious practices of the Soviet regime, but also called on various religious organizations of the Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant worlds to exert all possible pressure on the party organizations of the USSR in order to end anti-religious persecution.

Unfinished Nursing Care (UNC) refers to necessary patient care interventions that are delayed or omitted. Although several instruments exist to measure UNC, none are specifically designed for patients at risk of or experiencing delirium. These patients often have difficulty communicating their needs, making it harder for nurses to identify and prioritize appropriate care. A seven-round Delphi study, based on the Conducting and Reporting Delphi Studies (CREDES) framework, was conducted to develop the Unfinished Nursing Care Survey for Patients at Risk of and with Delirium (UNCSD) as an adaptation of the Unfinished Nursing Care Survey, composed of Part A and Part B. A multidisciplinary group evaluated the items using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) scale, which assigns scores from 1 to 9. The group reached consensus on the inclusion of items (70% agreement), with final consensus exceeding 90%. The Delphi process included three rounds for Part A, three for Part B, and one for the introduction section online, while one round was conducted in interactive mode to revise items and provide changes, mergers, additions, and exclusions. The final UNCSD instrument consists of an introduction Section(31 items), Part A (39 essential nursing interventions, selected from an original set of 63), and Part B (23 reasons for UNC, reduced from 48). The UNCSD measures UNC and its reasons among patients at risk of or with delirium. Its use helps nurses identify gaps in care, improve decision-making, define care priorities, and ensure patient safety.

The article attempts to answer the questions: can Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophy be considered a spiritual science? What can be called a spiritual science in general? What criteria for scientificity shape this assessment? What are the current criteria for scientificity? How does anthroposophy correspond to them? What can be done for there to truly be a spiritual science in the world that expands human knowledge beyond the horizons of earthly life? The relevance of the article is due to the lack of comprehensive research on anthroposophy as a spiritual science based on advanced scientific criteria, especially regarding the methodology of science, as well as the fact that a comprehensive philosophical understanding of the role of anthroposophy for current, not ephemeral, spiritual scientific research has yet to be produced. The research method chosen in the article is the comparison of anthroposophy with current criteria for scientificity, determining its degree of correspondence to them, and identifying its strengths and weaknesses based on the scientific standards developed to date. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the phenomenological examination of anthroposophy to identify the signs of a true spiritual science within it and in the attempt to develop an understanding of how to elevate it to the status of a complete and holistic science of the spirit. In the introductory part of the article, assessments of anthroposophy in Russia from its inception to the present day are reviewed. The main body defines the current criteria for scientificity, after which anthroposophy is analyzed for its correspondence to them. In the concluding part, based on the conducted analysis, conclusions are made regarding the degree of scientificity of anthroposophy, its strengths and weaknesses are highlighted, the prospects for its development as a spiritual science are outlined, and possible alternatives are indicated. The outcome of the research conducted is the understanding that anthroposophy can be called the first attempt in history to create a spiritual science; however, it requires serious refinement in the aspects of: a) verification of the sources it uses; b) methodological reproducibility of the conditions, process, and results of spiritual scientific experiments by researchers other than the founder of the spiritual science; c) purity of the continuity of spiritual scientific research; d) full institutionalization of spiritual science. The formation and development of a true spiritual science is still ahead.

The philosophy of art is richly developed in ancient China.The historical record of art in ancient China provides a clear evidence of this beautification of arts through the literary works of pursuing the spiritual life through artistic means.The artistic tapestry in the Chinese traditional phenomenon also highlights the importance of a higher life state, which emphasizes the pursuit of an artistic state as an awareness of life through the Chinese philosophy of life.The book Philosophy of Chinese Art by ZHU Zhirong embodies the perception of the artistic values, asserting that artistic life in the ancient Chinese context was supposed to be the best life one could try to reach.The book has six chapters, and each chapter is richly and profoundly devoted to the artistic values of attaining the spiritual life.The consistent claim of this volume lies in the ideal soul, which is embodied and aligned with the artistic state, union with heaven and earth's stylistic beings, moving beyond sensual life, and attaining "the soul of the self-actualized subject" (2).The study argues that the richness and profundity of art theories in ancient Chinese art were improved and enriched through the pre-Qin school of Confucianism and Taoism.Both schools of thought interpreted human life in the pursuit of artistic life as an aesthetic state of life, which Zhirong asserts was later formulated into art theories in the form of long-standing art traditions.Zhirong's systematic construction of the philosophy of art is grounded in the ancient Chinese arts.His conception of these ancient artistic values as "Philosophy of Chinese Art" views philosophy of art as the acme and an organic part of philosophy of life.Throughout the volume, Zhirong's systematic thought conforms to the ancient Chinese philosophy that examines the aesthetic rules of art production, appreciating and emphasizing the importance of the subject's mind in the creative process (2-3).In short, the panoramic view of this book is in the form of systematically conceptualizing the ancient Chinese art, theoretically categorizing them into calligraphy, painting, poetry, literature, and music.The introductory part of the volume delves deeper into the consideration of the philosophy of ancient Chinese art, adopting it as a research methodology, integrating with Western art theories as a framework for finding traditional Chinese art thinking, and validating its evidence.One may question here why this practice is necessary, as the philosophy of art in ancient China is as old as China itself.Zhirong's answer to these investigations lies, on the one hand, in a current philosophy of Chinese art that is

The article investigates the heuristic potential of the network approach in the context of reconstructing latent structures of digital identity. The authors conduct a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and methodological status of network theory in modern sociological science. The introductory part reconstructs the key historical stages of the formation of network theories and the basic principles that determined the shift of research focus from the attributes of objects to the structure of their interactions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of connections between actors and the role of the category of “social capital”, the use of which provides a significant increase in the explanatory capabilities of network methodology. The paper examines in detail the theoretical contribution of scientists such as Manuel Castells and Barry Wellman, whose concepts laid the foundation for the theory of the network society and became the basis for the empirical analysis of various types of digital communications. The main part of the article analyzes Actor-Network Theory (ANT), which represents a significant resource for understanding the specifics of social interactions in a modern hybrid society. The authors identify a number of promising directions for future research, including the need for in-depth detection of structural patterns in social networks and the development of universal algorithms for empirical analysis. Critical rethinking of traditional sociological approaches through the prism of the network paradigm is also discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the status of network theory as a powerful tool for interdisciplinary synthesis necessary for diagnosing complexly organized social structures and processes.

In the treatise ‘On the Eternity of the World’, translated below, Philo appears not only as a key figure in the history of the interpretation of the biblical books, but also as a crucial witness to the development of Platonism in the first century BCE. This philosophic work of the Alexandrian exegete can be subdivided into two unequal parts. In an introductory part (sec. 1-19) Philo speaks for the most part on his own behalf, making comparison between Aristotelian, Stoic, Epicurean, and Platonic approaches to the problem of the elemental status of the world and the question of its everlasting existence; the reader will find it published in the previous issue of the journal (Schole 19.2 (2025) 1243-1257). A section of the doxographic part of the treatise (sec. 20–73), translated in this publication, systematically presents the positions of other philosophers, most notably curious arguments of the Peripatetic Critolaus and the Stoic Chrysippus for whom Philo is a unique witness. He also discusses the original Platonic arguments based on the idea of the closed nature of the world and its immunity to disease, the integrity of its composition, its transformation and the impossibility of its complete disintegration, moving from the Peripatetic idea of natural movements to teleological considerations and criticising the Stoic theory of the cosmic cycle from various angles. The treatise not only provides a wealth of important information about the philosophical discussions on the eternity of the world that preceded Philo, but also allows us to better understand his own theological position, which is not always clearly stated in his exegetical works.

The article is devoted to evaluating the quality of the content of the career track of a retail pharmacy enterprise, comparing it with the current regulatory framework, and determining the conformity of key positions with professional standards regarding the boundaries of career development within the pharmaceutical profession. In the introductory part, the relevance of forming transparent and manageable trajectories of career growth is justified under conditions of staffing shortages and stringent regulatory pressure. Within the framework of the method, causal analysis, logical method, and a systems approach were applied to analyze the content of the track using the example of a federal chain of pharmacies in Nizhny Novgorod (more than 1,200 pharmacies in 100 cities across 36 regions of the Russian Federation). The study was conducted in three stages: assessment of the alignment of positions with the nomenclature of pharmaceutical workers; analysis of internal career development; consideration of transitions between levels and constraints. The results show that of seven career positions, three roles — pharmacist, dispenser, and pharmacy manager — consistently align with professional standards and provide a clear vertical within the pharmaceutical profession. The other positions either require renaming and redefinition of functions or are not codified in the nomenclature. Constraints on transitions between levels were identified, related to education, experience, and regulatory requirements. Based on the data obtained, it was proposed to supplement the career track with two innovative roles: mentor and shift leader. The mentor provides systematic knowledge sharing and competency development; the shift leader is responsible for operational management, service quality, and adherence to standards during the shift. These roles expand growth opportunities without violating the regulatory logic of the industry and allow balancing individual employee needs with effective teamwork. Practical implementation requires formalizing these roles in HR policy, defining selection criteria and training for shift leaders, and tying any changes to current legislation.

The reviewed volume consists of an introduction, On Szymon Rundstein’s Understanding of Law and a selection of writings by this Polish lawyer active in the first half of the 20th century. The article considers both parts of the publication, highlighting the significance of the biographical information provided in the introductory part and the high quality of the in-depth discussions regarding Rundstein’s understanding of law. Additionally, the selection of texts is deemed exemplary and representative of the author’s oeuvre. It is also noted that the well-written and detailed footnotes enhance the reader’s understanding of the writings included in the volume.

The first part of the paper Design, research and development of a collection of women's high-heeled shoes using polylactide 3D printing presents the design research of the author's collection, and this second part describes and visually documents the process of developing and producing prototypes of women's high-heeled shoes. The introductory part of the paper briefly describes the process of fused deposition modelling (FDM), the characteristics of desktop 3D printers and the application of additive manufacturing (AM) in shoe design. The experimental part of the paper describes the process of designing CAD models of heels and their production on a desktop 3D printer made of polylactide (PLA) using the example of two realised prototypes of women's shoes as well as the construction of shoe uppers using traditional techniques and processes in shoe production. By using 3D printing, the author's idea should be quickly and easily translated into the production of more complex shapes of heels. The paper also aims to show how modern technologies are impacting all areas of human endeavour, including the footwear industry. The need for fast and innovative solutions on the market is emphasised by the constantly growing number of fashion models and the shortened product life cycle. In this context, additive manufacturing (3D printing) enables the production of products in a short time directly from a computer model (e.g. Computer Aided Design - CAD) without additional tools, as the results of the work on examples of prototypes of women's high heels show.

The present study analyses the stages of human rights development in Georgia. The introductory part of the work focuses on the legal environment after Georgia gained independence in the early 20th century, a period that was short-lived as Georgia soon lost its independence and became part of the Soviet Union. After the Soviet Union established its regime in Georgia, the protection of human rights was virtually non-existent for nearly 70 years. The next component of the study involves a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between Georgia and the Council of Europe (CoE) from a human rights perspective. Additionally, it examines Georgia's participation as a state party to CoE human rights conventions and the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on Georgia, based on legal literature. The study also analyses the process and timeline of Georgia's accession, succession, and ratification of the ECHR, as well as the human rights protection obligations arising from the ECHR and their effect on the Constitution of Georgia. Furthermore, a significant portion of the work is dedicated to the major legislative developments in Georgia influenced by the ECHR, along with an examination of the most important cases in which Georgia was the respondent and that were adjudicated by the ECHR.

The Altai heroic epic “Alyp-Manash” belongs to older periods than its other variants formed in Central Asia. There are enough traces of the ancient worldview of the Altai Turks in the epic. The aim of the article is to reveal the ritual-performative formulas used in the epic “Alyp-Manash”. Ritual-performative formulas appear in various forms. As examples of these formulas, we can cite “greeting”, “farewell”, “going on a journey”, “prayer”, “applause”, “dialogues”, etc. They also make it possible to analyze the behavior of heroes in various psychological situations. Uncovering common ritual formulas used in Turkish epics can also contribute to the discovery of common cultural values. The article also examines the “master-student” relations in the process of telling epics in the Altai tradition. The article uses a comparative-historical method. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the examination and systematization of ritual-performative formulas functioning within the text of the epic. Performative features in Turkic epic tradition constitute a fundamental component of the narrative structure and manifest themselves both in the dialogues of the heroes and in the depiction of various ritual practices. Special attention is given to the reflection of archaic representations, sacred cults, and beliefs characteristic of the traditional worldview of the Altai people. In the epic “Alyp Manash”, the hero is conceptualized as an integral part of the natural world. All metaphors, hyperboles and similes employed by the storyteller (kaychi) are directly related to natural phenomena and imagery. A distinctive feature of the Altai epic tradition is the storyteller’s obligatory invocation of nature spirits before beginning the performance of the epic. The praise of nature and the reception of sacred blessing constitute a stable ritual formula in the introductory part of the narrative. The analysis shows that the plot structure and imagery of the “Alyp-Manash” epic possess a high degree of originality and significantly differ from the Central Asian and Anatolian variants of the cycle. This study may be of scholarly interest to researchers specializing in Turkic epic tradition, ethnography, mythology, and performative practices.

The introductory part of the paper focuses on the relevance of the child’s social and pro-social upbringing in the family and school environment. In order to explore the pro-social and emotional potential of thosewho began their studies with the specialisation of early childhood education teacher, a diagnostic study was conducted. The study targeted female students of the first year of Pre-school and Early Childhood Pedagogy at the University of Opole and the Pro-social Behaviour Questionnaire (PBQ) as well as the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – INTE were used as research tools. The materials included in the article come from research carried out in the academic year 2024/2025; they provide data on the level of frequency of pro-social behaviours in showing help, support and involvement in volunteer activities.

Words recorded in contemporary general Polish dictionaries as expressions of stigmatization and discrimination against LGBT+ people include, most notably, the nouns lesba (‘dyke’), ciota (‘queer’), pedał (‘faggot’), and pedzio (pedał-dim), all of which function as derogatory and/or contemptuous terms. An analysis of their meanings constitutes the introductory part of the article. Subsequent sections examine additional labels used to refer to LGBT+ individuals, such as sodomita (‘sodomite’), zwyrodnialcy (‘degenerates’), and dziwacy (‘freaks’), as well as expressions with figurative meanings, including chwasty (‘weeds’) and zaraza (‘plague’). The analysis also encompasses lexical items denoting behaviours and traits attributed to LGBT+ people, such as dewiacja (‘deviation’), wynaturzenie (‘degeneration’), and zboczenie (‘perversion’), along with terms referring to actions, for example obrzydlistwa/obrzydliwości (‘abominations’) and prowokacja (‘provocation’). Special attention is given to neologisms circulating in public discourse, including homopropaganda (‘homosexual propaganda’) and homoterror (‘homosexual terror’). The analyzed lexical items occur in a variety of public texts, such as songs, sermons, speeches, press and online articles, interviews, conversations, and television debates. They appear predominantly in utterances produced by speakers representing right-wing ideological positions, including a rapper, an archbishop, journalists, and politicians affiliated with the Law and Justice party. The article also addresses multi-word expressions that function as vehicles of contemptuous or exclusionary discourse, for instance promowanie homoseksualizmu/ideologii LGBT/pedofilii (‘promoting homosexuality/LGBT ideology/paedophilia’), propagowanie ideologii LGBT/pedofilii (‘propagating LGBT ideology/paedophilia’), obnoszenie się z seksualnością (‘flaunting sexuality’), as well as the phrase LGBT to ideologia (‘LGBT is an ideology’). The analysis focuses primarily on the semantic properties of linguistic means used to construct negative representations of minorities referred to by the acronym LGBT+.

The introductory part of the article argues for the relevance of the need to develop a system of methods that would allow for a comprehensive, multi-vector analysis of the efficiency of the forestry sector of the Republic of Belarus, taking into account both the economic and environmental aspects of the use of forest resources. The main section of the article presents algorithms for calculating individual indicators of the forestry sector's performance developed by the author, and analyzes their dynamics in the Republic of Belarus. In particular, the relationship between indicators of environmental and economic efficiency, the influence of significant exogenous factors on their dynamics are analyzed, and the author's approach is presented for smoothing the levels of a series of dynamics from the influence of specific factors in order to form an objective assessment of the efficiency of forest management. In conclusion, the author draws attention to the need for a comprehensive approach to the analysis of forest resource use and provides a brief description of the developed methodological approaches.

This article explores the symbolism of the term “wedding feast” (γάμος) as an image of the kingdom of heaven in the Gospel of Matthew. In the introductory part, the author emphasizes that the theme of the kingdom of heaven is one of the central topics in the First Gospel. One of the terms used to explain its nature is γάμος, which appears in the parables of the invitation to the royal wedding feast (Matt 22:1–14) and of the ten virgins (Matt 25:1–13). In the next section the terminology related to feasting in the Synoptic Gospels is investigated. Subsequently, the author examines the two parables, focusing on the meaning attributed to the “wedding feast” within them. In the conclusion, the eschatological significance of the term γάμος is underlined in the broader context of the whole of the Gospel of Matthew.

The article discusses life in Solčava, the remotest area of the Upper Savinja Valley. By presenting the village of Solčava and the selected aspects of the local way of life, the introductory part etsablishes the context for the central discussion concerning the Gradišnik farm in Matk Cirque. Writing about this farm presents a unique challenge for the author, as it is her native homestead. The author’s research approach is thus interwoven with personal memories and family tradition, and the study draws on a combination of archival and oral sources. The discussion centres on generations, whose memory still forms part of the homesteaders’ oral tradition. The period under examination spans the emergence of the farm in the seventeenth century and 1993.

This publication continues the Ukrainian translation of the historical novel “Li Qingzhao” (“李清照”) written by the Hong Kong writer Nan Gongbo (南宮搏, 1924–1983). It presents Chapter IХ (episodes 101–118) published from August 11 to 28, 1960 in the Central Daily News (中央日報), the dominant newspaper in Taiwan at that time. The events depicted in this part of the novel took place in the spring of 1129. The author describes the last days of Zhao Mingcheng’s life focusing on the emotions and feelings of all the characters. Li Qingzhao’s mental state is depicted according to gender stereotypes (a depressed, helpless, and emotionally unstable woman), while Zhao Mingcheng’s emotions are more complex and have various combinations. The emotional state of the characters is not only shown through facial expressions and gestures, but also conveyed through dialogues that play a key role in revealing their behaviors, actions and reactions. In this chapter, Nan Gongbo uses two ci to the tune “Waves Washing the Sand” (“浪淘沙”) attributed to Li Qingzhao. However, most modern researchers doubt her authorship. The introductory part examines the problem of attribution of Song ci. The main ways of validating researchers’ assumptions about the authorship of poetic works are considered. The main differences between depicting events in this chapter and Li Qingzhao’s autobiography “Afterword to ‘Records of Inscriptions on Metal and Stone’ ” (“金石錄後序”, 1135 p.) are revealed. The notes provide explanations of terms and realities as well as brief information about historical characters mentioned in the text.

Abstract In recent global practice, innovations in language teaching / learning go hand in hand not only with the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), but also with the development of Emotional Intelligence (EI), with an emphasis on the integration of Social Emotional Learning (SEL) into the language teaching/learning process, and a shift from a four-skill model of language skills (listening, reading, speaking, and writing) to a four-communication mode model (reception, production, interaction, and mediation) (Council of Europe, 2020). SEL encompasses five broad and interconnected domains of competences: self-knowledge, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills and responsible decision-making, which can be learned in a variety of subject areas, with students of different ages and in different cultural contexts (Durlak et al., 2024). Various methodologies can be used for developing SEL competences, for example the innovative and increasingly popular teaching method – mediation, which the CEFR defines as the ability to help people understand each other, a complex text, an idea, or a cultural aspect when they cannot communicate or understand for various reasons. In order to investigate how mediation strategies in the English language classes can facilitate socially and emotionally enhanced language learning, the present research focuses primarily on the concept of SEL and the analysis of previous research on the enhancement of SEL competences in the educational settings, presenting a large-scale study of emotional intelligence among the Lithuanian youth. The introductory part also introduces the concept of mediation, the main mediation activities and strategies, and their potential application in language teaching / learning. In order to analyse the attitudes of students (N = 58) of Vytautas Magnus University Institute of Foreign Languages (VMU UKI) towards the use of mediation as a new method in the English language classroom and to improve their mediation and SEL competences, a study was conducted. The sample consisted of 58 students, 20 of whom were studying General English at B1 level and 38 of whom were studying Academic English at C1/C2 level according to CEFR. This study also presents a self-assessment analysis of the English language learners to assess their improvement in mediation and SEL competences. A quantitative research methodology and short semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the needs, experiences and improved competences of the research participants. The results showed a positive correlation between the use of mediation strategies in the English language classes and the learners’ improved mediation and SEL competences. Based on the insights gained from the study, the paper provides practical recommendations for the use of mediation strategies in the English language classes and the development of learners’ socio-emotional competences.

The paper carried out a comprehensive analysis of the selection of propulsion systems for small aircraft, with the possibility of their use in military applications. The introductory part presents an overview of modern solutions of combustion, electric and hybrid propulsion, indicating their advantages depending on the profile of the air mission. A concept for the selection of the propulsion unit for the characteristics of the propeller was developed and the results of rough comparative calculations of various configurations of piston engines and hybrid systems were presented. These calculations are indicative and provide guidance for designers in the process of selecting a propulsion system for the requirements of long-range missions. Analyses have shown that a hybrid system combining an internal combustion engine with an additional electric motor allows for a significant increase in range, improved take-off and climb dynamics, and reduced noise during operational phases. The innovativeness of the work lies in the comparison of literature and experimental data in terms of energy and in proposing a universal method of rough assessment of the suitability of the propulsion for long-term flight missions. Another novelty is the indication of the criteria for the selection of the propeller and the method of integrating the diesel-electric system in small aircraft, which may form the basis for further design work on a new generation of military drones. The results confirm the validity of the assumptions made – hybrid propulsion systems are the optimal solution for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for long-range reconnaissance and combat missions.

Introduction: In this paper, the current state of tourist attractions (values), facilities, and their potential in the territory of the city of Niš is analyzed, as well as their projected potential state in case of undertaking measures and activities that would result in greater attractiveness of the city area of Niš. The introductory part of the paper deals with the presentation and description of chosen natural and cultural tourist values and accompanying facilities (traffic infrastructure, hotels, tourist information centers) in GIS software, which can provide a clear visual representation of tourist values. Aim: The aim of this research is to use Geographic Information System (GIS) methods to analyze tourist attractions, facilities, and their potential within the territory of the city, identify spatial patterns, and visualize tourist resources, which can provide information on the accessibility of tourist assets and define recommendations for improving the tourist offer. Materials and Methods: The analytical–synthetic, cartographic, and geospatial analysis methods were applied in the paper. As a relevant parameter in mapping tourist facilities, the directions of tourist movement during visits to attractions and sites were taken into account. Results: The results of the research should give us an insight into the identification of less accessible attractions, the density of facilities, and spatial distribution, and the measures and activities that should be taken to improve the overall tourist offer of the city of Niš. Conclusion: The research confirms that GIS methodology has significant application in the analysis of tourism potential and facilities and provides an effective tool for the cartographic visualization of tourist assets and the creation of tourist routes, while the research results can contribute to further strategic tourism planning in the city of Niš.