Introduction Of Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

Sustainable Energy Transition in Island Systems with substantial RES and Electricity Storage

A sustainable power system will require an extensive reliance on renewable energy sources (RES). Taking into account the fact that a significant share of RES has already been deployed, either on large or a small scale, today’s most crucial issue is their further participation in an extensive and secure power generation expansion to cover the large future energy demand. Although there is the needed capacity of RES that could cover the corresponding demand, the current power system structure and operation emerge limitations, which hold back their further exploitation. The introduction of energy storage systems, such as pump storage and batteries can help the further exploitation of the needed RES by balancing the current load demand and the intermittent power flow of photovoltaics and wind turbines. This paper analyses a recently interconnected island power system operation, as a representative case study, and demonstrates benefits, such as CO2 emissions reduction, and obstacles emerged by ultra-high penetration of RES. This ultra-high share of RES is technically feasible, through strong interconnections and electricity storage systems.

Design and Optimization of an Alkaline Electrolysis System for Small-Scale Hydropower Integration

Alkaline electrolysis systems are currently considered to be suitable for large-scale hydrogen production. Previous research has primarily focused on integrating renewable energy sources such as solar and wind into water electrolysis systems. However, intermittent issues stemming from the sporadic nature of renewable energy sources have led to the introduction of energy storage systems (ESSs) to address these intermittent challenges. Extensive research has been conducted on the efficiency and operational aspects of these systems. In contrast to other renewable energy sources, hydropower offers the advantages of stable output and high utilization, making it a promising solution for overcoming intermittent issues. In this study, we propose the design of an optimized alkaline electrolysis system tailored for small-scale hydropower generation. This approach allowed us to confirm the efficiency of a small-scale hydropower-based hydrogen production facility and the analysis of hydrogen production costs under diverse scenarios. Notably, the optimal selling price per kilogram of hydrogen was determined to be USD 15.6 when the operational time exceeded 20 h, albeit indicating a challenging market supply. Under the consideration of various scenarios and government subsidies, this study revealed that a USD 10/kgH2 subsidy or 24 h of continuous operation achieved break-even points in the sixth and eighth years, respectively. Ultimately, the findings underscore the necessity for essential measures, including government backing and technological advancements in small-scale hydropower facilities, to enhance the economic viability of the green hydrogen market in South Korea.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ СИСТЕМ ТРАНСПОРТА НЕФТИ НА ОБЪЕКТАХ НЕФТЕДОБЫЧИ

The article examines the most important aspect of improving the efficiency of power supply of oil transportation systems at oil production facilities, and also examines the existing infrastructure, identifies bottlenecks and areas of inefficiency. Various solutions are proposed to improve efficiency, including the integration of renewable energy sources, the introduction of energy storage systems, the introduction of smart grid technologies, the optimization of energy infrastructure design, the implementation of energy efficiency measures, and the digitalization and analysis of data. Ву implementing these solutions, oil companies can reduce energy wastage, improve reliability and improve overall operational efficiency. The article highlights the importance of implementing sustainable and efficient practices in the oil industry to optimize energy supply and ensure uninterrupted oil transportation.

Operating parameters of electric rolling stock on railway sections

The introduction of energy storage systems on motor rolling stock in order to improve the energy efficiency of the transportation process is not possible without performing preliminary calculations and experimental studies to determine the operating modes of the electric rolling stock. As a result of the work performed to process data on ED4M series electric trains on various sections of operation at different ambient temperatures, the dependences of electric power consumption for heating and auxiliary needs of the electric train were obtained. The average electricity consumption for traction and the return of electricity in case of regenerative braking is estimated. The main parameters of the energy storage device have been determined in the first approximation.

Coordinated operation and expansion planning for multiple microgrids and active distribution networks under uncertainties

Power systems have incorporated many new technologies in recent years and the introduction of energy storage systems and demand response provides additional challenges for their operation and expansion planning. Current distribution networks are complex active networks where many technologies are included, which must be considered and properly represented in expansion planning models. Thus, this paper proposes a robust model to solve the coordinated operation and expansion planning of active distribution networks with multiple microgrids, distributed energy resources (DERs), demand response, and N-1 generation contingency. The objective is to determine the best expansion planning proposals and the optimal daily operation (24-hour representation) for the DERs under the worst realization of uncertainties, using a contingency-constrained approach. Besides, the load is represented by non-controllable, controllable, and deferrable portions. The model is formulated as a tri-level problem that is solved using a two-stage robust optimization approach. The proposed method is illustrated using a modified version of the IEEE 123-bus test system. The results show that the coordinated operation and expansion planning decreases the total cost of the problem and provides more consistent results for demand response and DERs coordination. Simulations show a reduction of 13.8% in the total cost if the daily operation and demand response are represented, and the inclusion of contingencies provides a reduction of 70% in the EENS (expected energy not served) reliability index for the case study.

Algorithm with temperature-dependent maximum charging current of a supercapacitor module in a tram regenerative braking system

Increasing the energy efficiency of electric rail vehicles is an important measure to expand this means of transport. The introduction of energy storage systems in electric rail vehicles for the storage and subsequent reuse of regenerative braking energy is one of the methods for increasing energy efficiency. Supercapacitor modules are used in energy storage systems due to their high power density and long service life. Due to their use in high-performance applications, the temperature of the supercapacitors must be monitored and controlled to prevent permanent damage to the supercapacitors. In this paper an algorithm for charging supercapacitor modules is proposed which takes into account their temperature to regulate the maximum charge current. The proposed algorithm uses the temperature of the supercapacitors as input variable and regulates the maximum charge current. The temperature is calculated from the electro-thermal model of the supercapacitor module, also taking into account the temperature-related ESR fluctuations of the supercapacitors. The power dissipation in the electrical part of the model is used as an input variable for the thermal part of the model, which outputs the temperature of the supercapacitor module. The temperature is then used as a variable to calculate the maximum charge current in the algorithm, resulting in increased energy efficiency.

Renewable energy and green market development in Russia

The paper discusses the possibilities of green energy in improving the economic growth of regions, the development of the green market and its importance in implementing environmental protection policy. The author considers the premises for the formation of a market of renewable energy sources in developed countries, studying world trends, as well as the conditions and factors affecting the development of the ecological market of green goods and services in modern Russia. The paper analyzes legislative initiatives to develop an alternative energy market, taking into account Russia’s accession to the Paris climate agreement. The author gives examples of regional experience in Russia that are already implementing projects for the installation of alternative energy generators, wind and solar. The conditions and factors for the energy capacities development based on renewable sources in the Arctic territories are also considered. The author concludes that the development of renewable energy sources must be considered in the line of the energy strategy of Russia, as well as with issues of digitalization of the industry, microgeneration, the introduction of energy storage systems.

On Optimal Battery Sizing for Households Participating in Demand-Side Management Schemes

The smart grid with its two-way communication and bi-directional power layers is a cornerstone in the combat against global warming. It allows for the large-scale adoption of distributed (individually-owned) renewable energy resources such as solar photovoltaic systems. Their intermittency poses a threat to the stability of the grid, which can be addressed by the introduction of energy storage systems. Determining the optimal capacity of a battery has been an active area of research in recent years. In this research, an in-depth analysis of the relation between optimal capacity and demand and generation patterns is performed for households taking part in a community-wide demand-side management scheme. The scheme is based on a non-cooperative dynamic game approach in which participants compete for the lowest electricity bill by scheduling their energy storage systems. The results are evaluated based on self-consumption, the peak-to-average ratio of the aggregated load and potential cost reductions. Furthermore, the difference between individually-owned batteries and a centralised community energy storage system serving the whole community is investigated.

Modelling and optimisation of a hydrogen-based energy storage system in an autonomous electrical network

The European Union’s 2020 climate and energy package (known as “20–20–20” targets) requests, among other key objectives, 40% of the electricity production in Greece to be supplied from Renewable Energy Sources by 2020. The main barriers for reaching this target is the intermittency of renewable energy sources combined with the penetration limits in the local electrical grids and the high seasonal demand fluctuations. In this context, the introduction of energy storage systems, comprises one of the main solutions for coping with this situation. One of the most promising technologies for storing the excess energy, that would be otherwise lost, is the production and storage of hydrogen through water electrolysis. Hydrogen can be used for supporting the electricity grid during periods of high demand but also as transportation fuel for hydrogen-based automobiles (e.g. fuel cell vehicles). For this purpose, a simulation algorithm has been developed, able to assess the specifications of the optimum sizing of hydrogen production storage systems. For the application of the algorithm, the area of the Aegean Sea has been selected, owed to the considerable renewable energy sources curtailments recorded in the various non-interconnected islands in the region. More specifically, the developed algorithm is applied to an autonomous electricity network of 9 islands, located at the SE area of the Aegean Sea and known as the “Kos-Kalymnos” electricity system. The results obtained designate the optimum size of the hydrogen-based configuration, aiming to maximize the recovery of otherwise curtailed renewable energy production.

Analytical Hydrogen Production and Storage Simulation for the “Kos-Kalymnos” System

The European Union's 2020 climate and energy package (known as “20-20-20” targets) requests, among other key objectives, 40% of the electricity production in Greece to be supplied from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) by 2020. The main barriers for reaching this target is the intermittency of RES combined with the penetration limits in the local electrical grids and the high seasonal demand fluctuations. In this context, the introduction of energy storage systems (ESSs), comprises one of the main solutions for coping with this situation. One of the most promising technologies for storing the excess energy, that would be otherwise lost, is the production and storage of hydrogen through water electrolysis. Hydrogen can be used for supporting the electricity grid during periods of high demand and as transportation fuel for H2-based automobiles (e.g. fuel cell vehicles). For this purpose, a simulation algorithm has been developed, able to assess the specifications of the optimum sizing of hydrogen production storage systems. For the application of the algorithm, the area of the Aegean Sea has been selected, owed to the considerable RES curtailments recorded in the various non-interconnected islands in the region. More specifically, the developed algorithm is applied to an autonomous electricity network of 9 islands, located at the SE area of the Aegean Sea and known as the “Kos-Kalymnos” electricity system. The results obtained designate the optimum size of the hydrogen-based configuration, aiming to maximize the recovery of otherwise curtailed RES production.

연축전지와 리튬이온전지용 하이브리드 BMS 알고리즘 개발

Recently, the large scaled lead-acid battery is widely introduced to efficient operation of the photovoltaic system in many islands. but the demand of lithium-ion battery is getting increased by the operation of wind power and replacement of the lead-acid battery. And also, under the renewable portfolio standard(RPS) and energy efficiency resource standard(EERS) policy of Korea government, the introduction of energy storage system(ESS) has been actively increased. Therefore, this paper presents the operation algorithm of hybrid battery management system(BMS) using the lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, in order to maximize advantage of each battery. In other words, this paper proposed the algorithm of state of charge(SOC) and hybrid operation algorithm to calculate the optimal composition rate considering the fixed cost and operation cost of each battery. From the simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed algorithms are an effective tool to evaluate SOC and to optimally operate hybrid ESS.

An Optimization Scheduling Model for Wind Power and Thermal Power with Energy Storage System considering Carbon Emission Trading

Wind power has the characteristics of randomness and intermittence, which influences power system safety and stable operation. To alleviate the effect of wind power grid connection and improve power system’s wind power consumptive capability, this paper took emission trading and energy storage system into consideration and built an optimization model for thermal-wind power system and energy storage systems collaborative scheduling. A simulation based on 10 thermal units and wind farms with 2800 MW installed capacity verified the correctness of the models put forward by this paper. According to the simulation results, the introduction of carbon emission trading can improve wind power consumptive capability and cut down the average coal consumption per unit of power. The introduction of energy storage system can smooth wind power output curve and suppress power fluctuations. The optimization effects achieve the best when both of carbon emission trading and energy storage system work at the same time.

A probabilistic approach to size step-up transformers for grid connected PV plants

Abstract Step-up transformers are exploited to connect large PV plants to the utility network, their sizing being often accomplished only taking into account the PV plant peak power. In the present paper a general design methodology is proposed to optimally select the size of these transformers on the basis of the statistical distribution of the solar irradiation in the selected site and the mathematical model of the plant. It is based on a probabilistic approach based on the evaluation of the so called LPPP (Loss of Produced Power Probability) index. Taking into account full life costs the proposed approach is exploited to find the optimal transformer size for a grid connected 2 MW PV plant located in different geographical sites. Moreover, the effect of the introduction of energy storage systems in the PV plant is also evaluated.