Introduction Of Antisepsis Research Articles

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY SHOWING MERITS AND DEMERITS OF HYSTERECTOMIES THROUGH VAGINALAND ABDOMINAL ROUTES FOR GYNAECOLOGICAL CONDITION WITHOUT UTERINE DESCENT

BACKGROUND: Hysterectomy is the most common gynaecological Surgery performed on women next to caesarean section. Hysterectomy remains one of the most frequently performed gynaecological operations. The introduction of antisepsis, anaesthesia, antibiotics and blood transfusion has made hysterectomy a safe procedure. METHODS: This study was an observational and cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Burdwan Medical College & Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal a tertiary teaching institute, from April 2019 – March 2020. 100 patients were included in the study after informed consent from the patient about being a part of this study. Of them 50 patients underwent vaginal and rest 50 patients underwent abdominal hysterectomy. Template was generated in MS excel sheet and analysis was done on SPSS software. RESULTS: Majority 50 (50%) patients belonged to age group 41-45 years. In group A(TAH) out of 50 patients 40 had no injury, 5 had bladder injury, 5 had bowel injury. In group B (VH) out 50 patients undergoing hysterectomy 48 patients had no injury 2 had bladder injury and none had bowel injury. In group A2 people had wound infection post operatively. In group B none had wound infection post operatively. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that NDVH is safe, more comfortable to the patient, is associated with lesser blood loss, lesser intraoperative injury, lesser duration of surgery, lesser post operative morbidity and should be conducted wherever feasible.

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Neurosurgery made a fascinating advancement in the last century. However, its historical development was somewhat slower than that of other surgical specialties due to the complexity of the central nervous system. Initial attempts to treat brain disease surgically have been related to high morbidity and mortality. Only the better understanding of brain structure and function localization and the introduction of antisepsis, anesthesia, and hemostasis at the end of the 19th century led to increased interest and rapid advancement in the field. The other development of neurosurgery was distributing the acquired knowledge and making this highly specialized care available to all patients around the world.
 Among all other surgical disciplines, global neurosurgery was the foundation of neurosurgical organizations around the world, and their close cooperation, few countries founded the WFNS in 1955. The first president was Jefferson, and the first WFNS congress was held in 1957 in Brussels (congress president professor A. Walder). WFNS initiated a world congress every four years to gather neurosurgeons for scientific exchange.

Learning from history: why we should remember the German University in Breslau (now Wrocław).

In its day (about 1830–1920), the medical school of the University of Breslau was one of the most famous in the world, yet today it is almost forgotten. In the Dictionary of Medical Eponyms ,1 we find 33 eponyms related to doctors working in Breslau. The university was founded in 1811 by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and eventually named the ‘Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University in Breslau’. Why did it become so important? When Germany was finally united in 1870, Breslau was the chief town of Silesia and Silesia was an immensely prosperous steel and coal mining area. The population of Silesia was ethnically diverse: Germans, Poles, and Jews. For the emancipated Jews, medicine was one of the few professions open that promised a possibility of social advancement. Entry to the university for Poles and Jews was reduced after the Kulturkampf of Bismarck (1871–1876) and completely stopped once the Nazis were in power (1933). In that period the German-speaking world was the acknowledged leader in the application of modern science to medicine. In contrast Britain’s only major contribution was Lister’s introduction of antisepsis, an advance that was widely accepted in the German world while Lister was still being ignored at home. Among the many German advances, we might mention Koch’s demonstration of the microbial origin of many diseases (Koch’s postulates) and Ehrlich’s development of histological stains — on the back of the German dye industry — and, following on from this, of antibiotic chemotherapy. In what areas did the University of Breslau excel? I would like to focus on two: surgery and neurology. The leading surgeon was Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905). He had a German father and a Polish mother. When asked what his nationality was, he would answer, ‘surgeon’. …

ANTONI CHRISTIAN BRYK (1820–1881) – PROFESSOR OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AT JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY (1852–1860), AND DIRECTOR OF THE SURGICAL CLINIC OF JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY IN CRACOW (1860–1881)

scientific discipline. In the 19th century two milestones revolutionised surgery: the development of narcosis, which enabled painless surgery, and the introduction of antisepsis and asepsis. The author presents the beginnings of academic surgery in Cracow. Its pioneer surgeons are presented. Extensive research was undertaken to collect the literature and documents in Polish, Austrian and German archives and libraries in order to prepare this study. Biographical details of the director of the Surgical Clinic, Prof. Antoni Bryk, are provided. He was the first person in Poland to introduce antisepsis and galvanocautery as routine procedures in the Cracow Clinic. The introduction of antisepsis contributed to a reduction in infection during surgery, and a reduction in postoperative mortality in Cracow Surgical Clinic. In this way Professor Bryk became the first Polish surgeon to apply Lister's antiseptic method in the treatment of wounds. Thus enlarged, the scope of surgery for intracranial, bone and other procedures became routine. Surgery is the oldest discipline in medicine. Poland's first university chair of surgery was established in the 18th century. Surgery, which until then had been the domain of barbers and bath house attendants, became a clinical,

FRII-06 FROM LISTER TO LAPAROSCOPY: 100 YEARS OF UROLOGY IN SOUTH EAST LONDON

You have accessJournal of UrologyHistory of Urology II (Moderated Poster)1 Apr 2014FRII-06 FROM LISTER TO LAPAROSCOPY: 100 YEARS OF UROLOGY IN SOUTH EAST LONDON jonathan Makanjuola, Ian Dickinson, Andrew Yates-Bell, John Philpott-Howard, and Peter Thompson jonathan Makanjuolajonathan Makanjuola More articles by this author , Ian DickinsonIan Dickinson More articles by this author , Andrew Yates-BellAndrew Yates-Bell More articles by this author , John Philpott-HowardJohn Philpott-Howard More articles by this author , and Peter ThompsonPeter Thompson More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.1744AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Introduction and Objectives In 1909 Edward the Seventh laid the foundation stone of the third King’s College Hospital and it opened in 1913 in Camberwell in south east London in the UK. It had moved from its site in central London as the population around the hospital was declining. The history of 100 years of urology at King’s uniquely captures the time and the evolution of the speciality Methods Primary and secondary sources were studied from documents, archives and interviews relating to the history of the urology department at King’s College Hospital. The results are presented. Results Lord Lister was appointed to King’s in 1877. It was his understanding and introduction of antisepsis that revolutionised surgical practice. This was continued at King’s by his disciples led famously by Sir William Watson Cheyne. The urology department was established by Sir John Thomson-Walker the most respected urologist of the day. He was an advocate for Sir Peter Freyer and further refined the transvesical prostatectomy. He also wrote the classic urological textbook of the day. John Everidge and Geoffrey Yates-Bell were junior colleagues and later went on to be instrumental in the establishment of the British Urological Association from the Royal Society of Medicine. Geoffrey Yates-Bell led in the introduction of the Millin’s prostatectomy and travelled to the west coast of America to demonstrate the procedure. He was succeeded by his son Andrew Yates-Bell, who was able to continue the links with the Royal Society of Medicine and tradition in teaching and training. The appointment of John Pryor led to the establishment of Andrology both at King’s and the Institute of Urology. Links were established with Professor Giles Brindley from the Department of Neurosciences which resulted in a number of new and novel treatments for erectile dysfunction.In 1994 the late Malcolm Coptcoat performed the first laparoscopic nephrectomy in Europe at King’s College Hospital. This has led to the establishment of a training programme in minimally invasive surgery, which still continues today. Conclusions This paper chronicles the history of the department of urology at King’s College Hospital, London in the UK and highlights the events and the surgeons who have helped develop urology into the speciality that we recognise today. © 2014FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 191Issue 4SApril 2014Page: e629 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2014MetricsAuthor Information jonathan Makanjuola More articles by this author Ian Dickinson More articles by this author Andrew Yates-Bell More articles by this author John Philpott-Howard More articles by this author Peter Thompson More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Surgical Site Infections: Time to Modify the Wound Classification System?

Significant progress has been made in the prevention of surgical site infections (SSI), since the introduction of antisepsis by Joseph Lister in the mid-nineteenth century. Nonetheless, SSI still represents a significant factor in perioperative morbidity, surgical outcome, and total healthcare expenditure. Infections affect 2%–5% of all surgical patients, which represents a significant burden to national healthcare costs [1]. Surgical site infections lead to increased length of hospital stay, increased mortality, and increased utilization of hospital resources [2].

Hysterectomy throughout history

Hysterectomy, which is one of the most common surgeries performed on women, dates back to ancient times. The history of hysterectomy comprises biographies of many humble men and the significant individual efforts that they made to fight the skepticism of the medical communities of their times. Many of the pioneers were ignored. Although there are a number of alternatives to hysterectomy available, it remains one of the most frequently performed gynaecological operations. The introduction of antisepsis, anaesthesia, antibiotics and blood transfusion made hysterectomy a safe procedure. Nowadays, we distinguish three different surgical approaches to hysterectomy: vaginal, abdominal and laparoscopic. The limitations of conventional laparoscopy have led to the development of robotic surgery, which has evolved over the past decade from simple adjustable arms to support cameras in laparoscopic surgery to more sophisticated four-armed machines now being in use worldwide.

Die Behandlung der Varikose zu Billroths Zeiten

SummaryTheodor Billroth was one of the founders of our modern surgery. He was trained at the Berliner Charité hospital and at the age of 30, was appointed Professor at Zürich University. In 1867 he moved to Vienna University as Director of the Second Surgical Hospital where he was a member of the famous Neuen Wiener Schule (New Vienna School). Among his scientific achievements were papers on wound infection, the introduction of medical statistics, the discovery of new methods of surgery and reform of the study of medicine.Many new editions of Billroth’s textbook „Die allgemeine chirurgische Pathologie und Therapie“ (General Surgical Pathology and Treatment) have appeared since 1863 and it has been translated into several languages. One of the 50 lectures dealt in great detail with varicose veins. Prior to the introduction of antisepsis, virtually all operations were at risk from the danger of wound fever and hence a fatal outcome. Although Billroth knew the suturing methods of the French School and also taught them in lectures, he nonetheless thought, “It’s a shame they are futile and not entirely without danger“. The possibilities of conservative treatment were exhaustively described.

A health transition: Birth weights, households and survival in an Australian working-class population sample born 1857–1900

There is increasing interest in life course epidemiology. In this article we investigated the relationship between characteristics at birth and survival and year of birth and survival. We have detailed information about birth characteristics and cause of death for 8584 subjects from a cohort of 16,272 registered live births to European Australians in a charity hospital in Melbourne between 1857 and 1900. Women giving birth at the hospital were among the poorest in Melbourne, with almost half unmarried. The adult death certificates of the subjects were traced until 1985. We found that infant mortality was substantially higher in babies who were illegitimate, firstborn, had younger mothers, a birth weight <6 lb or were a preterm birth. These factors had a weaker association with child mortality and were not associated with adult survival time. Infant mortality was substantially lower in the cohort born 1891–1900 (36%) than previously (58%), a major improvement not seen for child mortality or adult lifespan. Likely reasons for this improvement are the introduction of antisepsis in maternity wards, enforced registration and police supervision of persons other than their mother who cared for babies, strictly monitored feeding practices and a mandatory autopsy and coronial enquiry for such babies who died. We conclude that this is an early example of a successful public health intervention.

The history of peritonitis

Background: A systematic and effective treatment of peritonitis could only be achieved in the context of the development of modern medicine. Methods: A systematic historic review of the decisive developments in the field is given. Results: The prerequisite for the surgical treatment of peritonits and for abdominal surgery in general was the foundation of experimental physiology and medicine byFrancois Magendy andClaude Bernard, the development of cellular pathology byVirchow, the advent of the germ theory connected with the names ofPasteur andKoch, the introduction of antisepsis and asepsis byLister andSemmelweis, the introduction of the systemic physical examination and the correlation between clinical and pathological findings by the Paris clinical school, and the introduction of general anesthesia byWells andMorton. With this background the knowledge of pathophysiology and bacteriology of peritonitis as well as the surgical treatment of the disease developed rapidly around the turn of the century. The principles of the latter were summarized byKirschner in 1926. The most important are mandatory surgical exploration, secure elimination of the focus of infection, and an effective peritoneal toilet. Conclusions: Advances in the treatment of peritonitis during the last five decades were due to the advent of antibiotics and intensive care medicine, the better understanding of the synergism of bacteria in the peritoneal cavity, the systemic inflammatory response due to intraperitoneal infections, and the development of scoring systems and their application to patients with peritonitis.

Development of surgery in the South.

The South has probably contributed as much to the development of surgery as any other section of the nation. Before the introduction of antisepsis and asepsis and the availability of anesthetic agents, performance of surgical procedures was attended with considerable risk and tremendous suffering. Although the South cannot claim credit for the development of asepsis, ether anesthetization, use of which makes an operation painless, was first used in the South and marks one of the really great milestones in the progress of surgery. Although ether had been synthesized in 1540 and its effects were known to be similar to those of nitrous oxide, it was not until March 30, 1842, that ether was first used for surgical anesthesia when Crawford W. Long at Jefferson, Ga., in Jackson County, removed a tumor from the neck of James W. Venable. However, P. A. Wilhite, of Anderson, S. C., was the first to

THE TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS CANCER.

The treatment of cutaneous cancer has been one of the most serious and difficult problems with which the profession has had to deal. The remedies, which at one time have been highly extolled, at another, severely condemned, are exceedingly varied in nature and innumerable in number. Two remedies which are received with much favor to-day, zinc chlorid and white arsenic, have been extensively used, the one for scores of years, the other for centuries. The use of these two remedies, in the hands of certain specialists, was attended, at least in selected cases, by eminently successful results; in others there was absolute failure, if not death of the patient. Caustics were much in vogue in the treatment of cancer, until the recent advances in surgery were made possible by the introduction of antisepsis and anesthesia. Since then the knife has been freely employed, and its use was gladly welcomed, with