Intrinsic Motivation Research Articles

A Review Towards a Conceptual Model on Transactional Oriented Selling In High Involvement Purchases: Gem And Jewellery Industry in Sri Lanka

The aim of this review paper is to analyze the repercussion of transactional oriented selling in high involvement purchase situation pertaining to Sri Lanka gem and jewelry industry (SLGJ hereafter). A conceptual framework concerning the characteristics of transactional selling and the effect of these characteristics on high involvement purchase in relation to current stance of selling were developed. The characteristics of professional selling needed in a revamped stance of selling were constructed. The current stance of selling is based on right set of circumstance theory of selling (situation-response theory), which incorporates the scrutinization of typology of communication, mode of handling objections and motivational factors relating to sales people’s behavior. The relationship between the current stance of selling and sales people’s behavior entails communication foci: rational influence, emotional influence, coercive influence and relational influence tactics, handling objections: creating strife, offsetting the objection, clarifying the objection, using miscellaneous objections and motivational factors: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. The theoretical foundation of the revamped stance is the buying formula theory, which inquires the required nature of selling to raise the level of high involvement purchase situation. The revamped stance is in relation with possible approaches and of responsible industry best practices with execution of professional selling with a focus on customer orientation. The integration of characteristics of transactional selling in high involvement purchase situation in line with the situation-response theory with possible approaches and execution of industry best practices in accordance with buying formula theory leads to developing a conceptual model which underpins the current rippling of transactional oriented selling in SLGJ to practice and execute the industry best practices required to revamp and raise the selling standards of SLGJ industry. Authors adopted a systematic review of literature based on a deductive research approach in compiling this paper. A summarized version of discussion was developed towards the end together with the propositions to be considered in future research and the implications for practitioners.

Longitudinal relationships among perceived teacher support, intrinsic motivation for math, and math learning outcomes: focusing on gender differences among high-achieving adolescents

Longitudinal relationships among perceived teacher support, intrinsic motivation for math, and math learning outcomes: focusing on gender differences among high-achieving adolescents

Connecting the dots: exploring the role of ebullient supervision in fostering knowledge sharing through curiosity and informal learning

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine curiosity as a distal predictor of knowledge sharing facilitated by informal learning. It also probes the boundary conditions imposed by ebullient supervision in the influence of curiosity on knowledge sharing.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data through a two-wave survey of 349 knowledge workers in the IT sector and used structural equation modeling to analyze the data.FindingsThe results indicated a positive relationship between curiosity and knowledge sharing. In particular, informal learning was found to mediate the relationship between curiosity and knowledge sharing and ebullient supervision was identified as a significant condition that strengthens the effect of curiosity on informal learning.Practical implicationsOrganizations can promote knowledge sharing by harnessing curiosity as an intrinsic motivator for employees to engage in informal learning. Moreover, the findings identified ebullient supervision as an extrinsic motivator within the work environment, suggesting its potential to enhance the impact of curiosity on knowledge sharing.Originality/valueThis paper broadens the limited literature on ebullient leadership by revealing how it strengthens the effects of curiosity and informal learning on knowledge sharing.

From beginners to achievers: unlocking the late bloomers academic journey

This study investigates late bloomers—individuals who achieve academic success after initial struggles—in terms of setbacks, coping mechanisms, and support systems. Late bloomers commonly face challenges in subjects like mathematics and English due to conceptual gaps and insufficient foundational skills. Personalized tutoring and targeted educational strategies are crucial interventions for addressing these hurdles and fostering academic growth. Coping mechanisms focus on intrinsic motivation and resilience, including setting clear goals, cultivating supportive peer networks, and drawing inspiration from personal passions like animal enthusiasm, promoting perseverance in overcoming academic obstacles. Support systems from teachers and peers are essential in late bloomers' journeys, providing not only academic guidance but also crucial emotional support that influences their overall well-being. Enhancing teacher training and advocating for inclusive classroom practices are recommended to strengthen these support systems. Methodologically, this study synthesizes qualitative interviews and literature reviews to highlight effective strategies for empowering late bloomers to succeed academically and personally, emphasizing the importance of tailored support and fostering a positive learning environment.

Multi-agent, human–agent and beyond: A survey on cooperation in social dilemmas

The study of cooperation within social dilemmas has long been a fundamental topic across various disciplines, including computer science and social science. Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have significantly reshaped this field, offering fresh insights into understanding and enhancing cooperation. This survey examines three key areas at the intersection of AI and cooperation in social dilemmas. First, focusing on multi-agent cooperation, we review the intrinsic and external motivations that support cooperation among rational agents, and the methods employed to develop effective strategies against diverse opponents. Second, looking into human–agent cooperation, we discuss the current AI algorithms for cooperating with humans and the human biases towards AI agents. Third, we review the emergent field of leveraging AI agents to enhance cooperation among humans. We conclude by discussing future research avenues, such as using large language models, establishing unified theoretical frameworks, revisiting existing theories of human cooperation, and exploring multiple real-world applications.

Examining the Role of Transformational Leadership in Enhancing Employee Engagement and Organizational Effectiveness: Insights from Human Resource Management

This study explores the role of transformational leadership in enhancing employee engagement and organizational effectiveness through a human resource management perspective. Transformational leadership, characterized by its ability to inspire and motivate employees, has gained significant attention for its positive impact on organizational performance. By fostering a vision, encouraging innovation, and providing individualized support, transformational leaders create an environment where employees feel engaged, valued, and aligned with organizational goals. This literature review examines key studies that investigate the relationship between transformational leadership, employee engagement, and organizational outcomes. The findings demonstrate that transformational leadership significantly improves employee engagement by promoting intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, and a sense of purpose. Additionally, the research highlights how transformational leadership drives organizational effectiveness by enhancing productivity, fostering innovation, and promoting a positive organizational culture. The study also explores the mediating role of employee engagement in achieving these outcomes, indicating that engaged employees are more likely to contribute to organizational success. However, the effectiveness of transformational leadership varies depending on organizational context and cultural factors, suggesting that leadership strategies should be adapted to specific environments. This research contributes to the understanding of leadership in HRM and provides practical recommendations for leaders aiming to enhance both employee engagement and organizational performance.

Collaborative activities and flexible working

Digitalization and globalization have radically affected work organization and interaction between workers in the course of performing job duties. Co-creation activity on digital labour platforms is a new phenomenon that has been little studied. The paper aims to explore collaboration as a driving force in the evolution of work organization patterns and investigates its main effects on the labour market. Theory of cooperation and organizational theory constitute the methodological basis of the study. The research methods used are evolutionary analysis, statistical and regression analysis. The empirical evidence is comprised of open data from the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 10 (2020/23). The study identifies the directions for altering the forms of collaborative activities: the key ones are associated with the enhancement of individual value, accumulation of human capital and a rise in worker autonomy. It is shown that organization of work, which is also undergoing significant changes, promotes flexible working practices. The empirical analysis indicates that high-frequency Internet use among self-employed workers significantly increases the probability of engaging in co-creation activities, particularly as education levels rise. The growing intrinsic motivation of participants to such activities leads to higher labour productivity. The findings highlight a critical issue regarding the lack of human resource management practices in platform employment. Designing a new (flexible) model of work organization aligned with the characteristics and effects of co-creation activities can serve as a promising direction for further research.

Unmasking the Impact of First-Generation College Students’ Psychological Capital: A Person-Centered Approach

ABSTRACT FGC students’ determination engenders attitudes that empower them to become resilient academic learners. This study contextualized motivational goal orientations as a form of psychological capital that helped inform FGC students’ self-efficacy and persistence beliefs and fostered adaptive learning strategies. Latent profile analysis with a sample of 324 engineering FGC students was used. Over half of the FGC students sampled have a strong orientation toward developing their understanding of engineering concepts. Most FGC students’ motivational pursuits were driven by a desire to master their difficult engineering coursework. FGC students with high self-efficacy beliefs and intrinsic motivation reported applying deeper learning strategies more than their counterparts.

A Comparative Study Of The Meaning Of Life, Academic Motivation, Learning Styles, Study Habits, And Academic Achievement Between University And College Students In Different Educational Institutions

In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, understanding the factors that contribute to students' academic success is more critical than ever. This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of the meaning of life, academic motivation, learning styles, study habits, and academic achievement between university and college students across different educational institutions. Using a sample of 800 participants, equally divided between university and college students, data were collected through validated questionnaires, including the Purpose in Life Test, Academic Motivation Scale, VARK Learning Styles Questionnaire, and Study Habits Inventory. Academic achievement was assessed using students' GPA records and their most recent semester results. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and correlation analyses were employed to analyze the data. The results indicated that university students exhibited significantly higher levels of meaning of life, academic motivation, and study habits compared to college students. Positive correlations were identified between meaning of life and academic motivation, as well as between study habits and academic achievement, suggesting that these variables are interlinked in influencing student performance. Furthermore, regression analysis demonstrated that academic motivation, learning styles, and study habits significantly predicted the meaning of life in students, accounting for 62% of the variance. The study's findings underscore the importance of fostering educational practices that enhance intrinsic motivation, promote a sense of purpose, and support effective study strategies in students. These insights are crucial for educators, policymakers, and institutions aiming to create learning environments that facilitate both academic success and personal development. Limitations of the study include its reliance on self-reported data and the relatively homogenous sample, suggesting that future research should focus on more diverse populations and longitudinal approaches to understand the long-term effects of these educational factors on student outcomes.

Intellectual capital on organizational performance through the mediation of intrinsic motivation in Indonesian universities

Research aims: This research examines how intellectual capital affects organizational performance in Indonesian universities, focusing on the mediating role of intrinsic motivation. It highlights the importance of intrinsic motivation in enhancing the influence of human capital, structural capital, and relational capital in improving organizational effectiveness.Design/Methodology/Approach: This quantitative study used survey data from 123 employees at top-ranked Indonesian universities by webometrics, selected via simple random sampling. The data were analyzed using variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) with a Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach.Research findings: The findings of this study revealed a significant positive relationship between intellectual capital and organizational performance in Indonesian universities after being fully mediated by intrinsic motivation.Theoretical contribution/Originality: The novelty of this research exhibits how intrinsic motivation from well-organized Self Determination Theory (SDT) can mediate the influence of intellectual capital on organizational performance in higher education. The results of this study provide valuable insights for increasing intrinsic motivation in strengthening intellectual capital.Practitioner/Policy implication: This study's findings suggest that Indonesian university management and policymakers should focus on optimizing intellectual capital by fostering intrinsic motivation to enhance organizational performance.Research limitation/Implication: The limitation of this research is that there are no differences between private and state universities in examining the effect of intrinsic capital on organizational performance. It also only considers intrinsic motivation, ignoring extrinsic motivation. Future research should include extrinsic motivation and explore other intellectual capital indicators for a comprehensive understanding of organizational performance in Indonesian higher education.

Students’ Motivation To Learn English As Foreign Language (Efl): A Case Study

This research aims to understand the factors influencing students' motivation to learn English as a foreign language (EFL) and their impact on academic performance. The study uses qualitative methods, including interviews and questionnaires, with a sample of grade 7 junior high school students in West Jakarta. The results show that intrinsic factors, such as interest in learning English and self-desire to achieve high academic achievement, are more motivating. However, extrinsic factors, such as teacher praise or parental expectations, can also influence intrinsic motivation. Thus, intrinsic factors have a more significant influence on students' motivation, while extrinsic factors also play a role. Understanding these factors can help build learning independence and improve students' academic performance.

The interplay of rewards and competition in digital game-based learning: Effects on intrinsic motivation, game performance and behaviors, and computational thinking

Although there is controversy surrounding rewards and competition in education, they are key elements in digital game-based learning (DGBL). Research on the influence of rewards and competition in DGBL often yields mixed results, suggesting a need to investigate individual game elements and their interactions. This study implemented DGBL focusing on computational thinking (CT) in 7th-grade classes. Both quantitative and behavioral data were collected to understand the impact of rewards (power-up or customization) and competition (with or without) on students’ intrinsic motivation, game performance, behaviors, and CT skills. The findings uncovered significant interactions between rewards and competition. Students with both competition and power-up rewards achieved the highest game points but the lowest CT performance, whereas those exposed to the same power-up rewards without competition attained the lowest game points but the best CT performance. Implications are drawn for DGBL research and practice.

The Impact of Intrinsic Motivation on the Sustainable Extra-Role Performance with the Mediating Role of Job Engagement

Employee motivation and engagement are crucial in attaining optimum workplace productivity because when employees are driven and interested in their duties, they are more likely to give more of themselves, be more innovative, and actively contribute to the organization’s success. The goal of this study is to examine the effects of intrinsic motivation and staff engagement on extra-role performance. It also examines how employee engagement functions as a mediating factor between these factors. The research participants are workers of a Kosovo-based energy production firm. The data were gathered using the convenience sample approach, with 350 people working in various jobs and locations. To investigate the study’s hypotheses, we employed the PROCESS 4 macro model and multiple regression analysis. The study found that motivation from within improves job performance and has a positive relationship with work engagement. Similarly, when the influence of engagement on extra-role performance was investigated, the findings found that engagement had a very significant effect. Furthermore, there was evidence of a positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and extra-role performance, with work engagement serving as a moderator. This study makes an important contribution that sustainably motivated and engaged employees are essentially more likely to stay in the organization, reducing the cost of staff turnover. Good employee performance increases the organization’s ability to adapt to change and innovate, contributing to long-term sustainability.

Playing towards Motivation: Gamification and University Students in Physical Activity!

There is currently concern about the decrease in physical activity participation among university students. To address this issue, different pedagogical approaches have been developed to improve participants’ motivation, with gamification standing out among them. Gamification integrates game design elements into learning environments to increase responsibility, motivation, and engagement in physical activities in different educational stages through intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, although evidence is limited and diverse. Therefore, this study investigates how gamification affects the motivational profile of university students in the context of physical activity. The study was conducted with university students of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (n = 72), using an experimental design that included a gamified group (GG) and a control group (CG) without gamification. A questionnaire was used to measure motivation before and after the intervention. The results showed a significant increase in intrinsic motivation and a decrease in amotivation in the gamified group, while no significant changes were observed in the control group. However, there were increases in extrinsic motivation in both groups. These findings suggest that gamification can be effective in improving intrinsic motivation and reducing amotivation in university students for physical activity as well as enhancing extrinsic motivation considering the rewards used.

Exploration in 4-year-old children is guided by learning progress and novelty.

Humans are driven by an intrinsic motivation to learn, but the developmental origins of curiosity-driven exploration remain unclear. We investigated the computational principles guiding 4-year-old children's exploration during a touchscreen game (N = 102, F = 49, M = 53, primarily white and middle-class, data collected in the Netherlands from 2021-2023). Children guessed the location of characters that were hiding following predictable (yet noisy) patterns. Children could freely switch characters, which allowed us to quantify when they decided to explore something different and what they chose to explore. Bayesian modeling of their responses revealed that children selected activities that were more novel and offered greater learning progress (LP). Moreover, children's interest in making LP correlated with better learning performance. These findings highlight the importance of novelty and LP in guiding children's exploration.

From case study to general principle: An analysis of the development mechanism and policy optimization of mangrove carbon sinks

Mangroves, as a crucial coastal ecosystem, possess significant carbon sink functions and play a key role in mitigating global climate change. This paper, based on the Zhanjiang Mangrove Afforestation Project in Guangdong, explores the development mechanisms and economic and ecological benefits of mangrove carbon sink projects through the lens of collective action theory and system dynamics modeling. The study finds that the primary reason for the unsustainable progression of mangrove carbon sink projects is the lack of intrinsic motivation among local villagers to engage in collective action. By constructing a system dynamics model, this paper quantifies the long-term impacts of mangrove carbon sink projects on local socio-economic welfare and proposes policy optimization recommendations. These recommendations include expanding income sources for local villagers, establishing carbon trading and ecological compensation mechanisms, and involving international non-governmental organizations. The findings of this study not only provide guidance for mangrove carbon sink projects in China but also offer valuable insights for the promotion of similar projects globally.

Experience Fitness Anywhere! Developing an At-Home Virtual Fitness Program for Young Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

Physical fitness is a quality-of-life outcome that all adults can benefit from physically and mentally. Opportunities to develop and increase fitness levels can lead to positive mental and physical wellness. Unfortunately, young adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) may not have many opportunities to engage in physical fitness activities in their natural environments. Virtual fitness programs provide an online platform that incorporates features similar to in-person fitness programs, but make fitness activities accessible to people in their homes. This article examines the development of a virtual fitness program for young adults with ID. The authors also discuss ways to increase intrinsic motivation to maintain participation in virtual fitness for young adults with ID.

Gamification in The Teaching-Learning Process of History, to Optimize Pedagogical Strategies in Unified General High School Education

Objective: The study analyzes the gamification in the teaching of History to improve pedagogical strategies in students of second of high school. Its objectives include diagnosing the intrinsic motivation towards history, describing the theoretical and methodological foundations of gamification, and proposing motivational strategies aligned with curricular objectives. Theoretical reference: Gamification is presented as a didactic strategy that promotes motivating and interactive learning. Active methodologies based on constructivist theory favor active participation, cooperative work, problem solving and encourage creativity, reflection and criticism, although their use in classes is limited. Method: The methodology is quantitative descriptive, using a questionnaire applied to 40 students of second of baccalaureate of the Miguel Ángel Suárez Private School in Loja, Ecuador. Results and conclusion: The results indicate that gamification improves motivation and intrinsic participation in learning history. It is crucial that teachers integrate gamified strategies into teaching planning to develop critical and historical analysis skills in an attractive way. Originality/value: Research provides a solid foundation for implementing gamification as an effective tool for developing critical, historical and analytical skills, making learning more engaging and relevant. It combines constructivist theories with active methodologies, offering a valuable resource to adapt traditional pedagogical strategies to new educational demands through the integration of digital resources.

Healthcare professional motivation in Poland and Ukraine: The role of profession, gender, and country

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation among medical students, doctors, and nurses in two countries – Ukraine and Poland. As a secondary aim, gender differences were considered as well. During 2019, until the beginning of 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic started, healthcare professionals from two hospitals and medical students from one university in Poland and healthcare professionals from two hospitals and medical students from one university in Ukraine were recruited to participate in the study. The Wilcoxon test for paired samples was used to compare each participant’s score on the intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation sub-scales. Differences were examined by country, gender, profession, and combinations of these factors. In Poland, 142 doctors, nurses, and medical students were recruited. In Ukraine, 126 doctors, nurses, and medical students were recruited. Respondents completed an anonymous paper-and-pencil survey that required minimal socio-demographic information (age, gender, profession, and years of experience) so that the respondent would remain unidentifiable. The results show that male doctors were more extrinsically vs. intrinsically motivated (p=0.003), while female doctors and students were more intrinsically vs. extrinsically motivated in both Ukraine and Poland (p=0.023). Male students and nurses from both countries were equally motivated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Polish female doctors were more intrinsically vs. extrinsically motivated than Ukrainian ones (p=0.001), whereas Ukrainian and Polish male doctors were more extrinsically vs. intrinsically motivated (p=0.002). There were statistically different motivational patterns concerning gender, occupation, and nationality, which may have important implications for the construction of motivational systems in both organizational and healthcare systems.

Exploring how video conferencing impacts students' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement

Video conferencing has become an essential tool in the realm of education, offering educators a plethora of features to enhance student learning. This study delved into the comparative impact of video conferencing and Learning Management Systems (LMS) on student engagement in online education. The primary objective was to discern the most effective mode of communication for fostering student engagement in online learning, examining cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions of engagement. The researchers used a quasi-experimental design with a historical cohort control group to compare the effectiveness of Zoom and Moodle (LMS) on student engagement. The study involved English education students from a private university in Indonesia, with 20 students in each group. Data collection included recording online interactions, conducting semi-structured interviews, and administering a Likert-style survey. Data analysis involved content analysis, thematic analysis, and the Mann-Whitney U test. The findings underscored the advantages of utilizing Zoom, particularly in nurturing interpersonal relationships among students. Notably, the platform enhanced intimacy and interactivity within the learning environment, bolstering students' intrinsic motivation. Moreover, indicators such as creativity and idea exchange pointed towards heightened cognitive engagement facilitated by Zoom. Additionally, Zoom emerged as a practical tool for fostering social interaction and stimulating higher-order thinking during discussions. Consequently, these results provide compelling evidence supporting the integration of Zoom to enrich learning experiences and promote deeper engagement among students, both practically and theoretically.