This study examined the associations between different qualities of motivation and distinct forms of delay within the framework of Self-Determination Theory. A total of 155 effect sizes from 64 independent studies ( N = 28,019) were synthesized using meta-analytic techniques. Overall, the relationship between motivation and delay was multifaceted and depended on the quality of motivation as well as the specific form of delay examined. Intrinsic motivation was negatively associated with delay, whereas extrinsic motivation showed no significant association. Controlled motivation and amotivation were positively associated with delay, whereas autonomous motivation was negatively related to delay. Importantly, these associations varied across forms of delay. Academic procrastination and procrastination, maladaptive forms of delay shared similar patterns: negatively correlated with intrinsic and autonomous motivation, and positively correlated with controlled motivation. In contrast, strategic delay was positively associated with intrinsic and autonomous motivation and negatively associated with controlled motivation. General procrastination showed no significant relation to the extrinsic motivation or controlled motivation. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of motivational quality—particularly autonomy—and the distinction between forms of delay in understanding procrastination.

Children's motivational beliefs in math, verbal, and spatial domains: Relations to gender, grade level, and achievement.

Empowering leadership and employee innovation through knowledge sharing: The moderating role of psychological resources in South Korea's high-technology firms.

Structural obstacles and the mediated efficiency paradox: A DEA-Tobit exploration of the heterogeneous role of tourism intention in China's tourism enterprises.

Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis of Post-registration Education Program Evaluations for Pharmacists in Australia.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is associated with reduced physical activity, negatively affecting prognosis and quality of life. According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the quality of motivation plays a key role in sustaining active behavior, but evidence in COPD remains limited. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between different types of exercise motivation and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in individuals with COPD. This cross-sectional study included 50 community-dwelling individuals with COPD (GOLD stages 2-3; mean age 69.4 ± 7 years). Motivation was assessed using the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) and the Self-Determination Index (SDI). Physical activity was objectively measured with the ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer. Associations were examined using Spearman's correlations and hierarchical multiple linear regression models. Integrated regulation was positively correlated with light physical activity (rho = 0.43, p < 0.05), total physical activity (rho = 0.40, p < 0.05), and daily step count (rho = 0.43, p < 0.05). Intrinsic motivation was positively correlated with light physical activity (rho = 0.37, p < 0.05), total physical activity (rho = 0.37, p < 0.05), and daily step count (rho = 0.35, p < 0.05). The Self-Determination Index was positively associated with light physical activity (rho = 0.28, p < 0.05) and daily step count (rho = 0.33, p < 0.05), but showed no significant association with sedentary time. In hierarchical regression analyses, higher levels of integrated regulation were independently associated with higher daily step count, with each one-unit increase associated with 687 additional steps per day. For total physical activity, integrated regulation showed a borderline independent association with the outcome after adjustment for clinical covariates (β = 0.279, p = 0.054), whereas FEV1 (% predicted) remained independently associated with total physical activity (β = 0.304, p = 0.027). For sedentary behavior, higher self-determination was independently associated with lower sedentary time; specifically, each one-unit increase in the Self-Determination Index corresponded to approximately 13 fewer sedentary minutes per day (β = -0.327, p = 0.026). Self-determined motivation was associated with more favorable physical activity profiles in individuals with COPD. Integrated regulation was independently associated with daily step count, while higher self-determination was associated with lower sedentary time. These findings suggest that autonomous forms of motivation may be important factors to consider when promoting active lifestyles in people with COPD.

The effect of motivational interviewing-supported breastfeeding education on motivation and self-efficacy in mothers whose full-term infants are hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit: A randomized controlled trial.

An SDT-informed online intervention supporting children's home-based exercise: A randomized controlled trial.

Understanding how upper extremity (UE) robotic therapy (RT) affects efficiency and effectiveness of inpatient rehabilitation is important to advancing poststroke treatment and recovery. To determine whether UE RT delivered during inpatient rehabilitation improves strength, function, and mobility of the hemiplegic limb. Multisite open-label randomized controlled trial. Two inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Seventy-two adults were enrolled within 30 days poststroke onset, with fair minus or less muscle strength in shoulder, elbow, and wrist. Participants were randomly assigned to RT or non-RT groups. Therapies were delivered within standard daily rehabilitation (3 hr/day). The UE Motor Assessment Scale (UE-MAS), Modified Ashworth Scale, and Manual Muscle Test (MMT) were conducted at baseline and repeated 14 and 21 days after admission. Patients in the RT group completed the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory prior to discharge. Secondary outcomes included self-care and mobility physical function items. Both groups improved over time on the UE-MAS (p < .001), MMT (p ≤ .002), and physical function items (p < .001). RT allowed for 159% increase in repetitions per session but did not lead to greater improvement on the UE-MAS (p =. 639), MMT, or physical function measures compared with controls. Both participants and therapists perceived the intervention as valuable. Although RT facilitated a higher number of UE repetitions during therapy, outcomes were similar to conventional therapy. Nonetheless, RT was perceived as valuable and should be considered during inpatient rehabilitation for stroke. Plain-Language Summary: This study tested whether patients and clinicians found robotic-assisted therapy valuable and whether it was as effective as traditional therapies in restoring arm movements following stroke. Seventy-two adults with severe arm weakness following a recent stroke participated. Patients were randomly assigned to either robotic therapy or traditional therapy, both given as part of their usual daily inpatient rehabilitation program. Both groups showed improvement in arm strength and movement, as well as in daily activities like self-care and mobility. Patients and therapists enjoyed robotic therapy and found it valuable. Although robotic therapy did not result in better outcomes compared with traditional methods, it was a useful and effective option for inpatients in rehabilitation.

Developing entrepreneurial identity through entrepreneurship education: A configurational analysis

Social motivation diminishment is a core autism feature, yet prior research has been inconsistent, focusing on single dimensions and overlooking heterogeneity in motivational expressions among autistic individuals. This mixed-methods study compared social motivation in 104 individuals with autism (male: 74, Mage = 18.55 years) and 192 non-autistic peers (male: 101, Mage = 16.65 years), using eye-tracking and behavioral tasks, self-/parent-reports, and qualitative analysis of open-ended responses. Quantitative analyses revealed autistic participants had lower self-determined motivation, driven by reduced intrinsic motivation and identified regulation. Parent-report results corroborated lower perceived social motivation in the autistic group. The eye-tracking task showed decreased orientation to social stimuli, and behavioral task indicated reduced willingness to exert effort for social rewards, with no significant associations with age or autistic trait. Qualitative data highlighted that despite challenges, many autistic participants valued friendship and sought connection through shared activities, often preferring compact, stable social networks. The group-level quantitative findings align with social motivation theory but underscore heterogeneity, showing that diminished social motivation in autism may stem from contextual challenges rather than uniform amotivation. This study advances the understanding of social motivation dynamics, emphasizing the need for inclusive assessments that recognize diverse motivational expressions and prioritize subjective experiences.Lay AbstractSocial motivation refers to how much people want to engage with others, notice social cues, and seek connections. Researchers have long debated whether autistic people's social challenges stem from lower social motivation. However, past studies often focused on only one aspect of social motivation and ignored individual differences among autistic people. We recruited 104 autistic and 192 non-autistic adolescents and young adults. Participants and their caregivers completed questionnaires about social motivation from their own and caregivers' perspectives. We used two behavioral tasks to measure how much attention participants devoted to social content, and how willing they were to exert effort for social rewards. Open-ended questions captured autistic participants' perspectives on friendship dynamics, social inclusion, and the meaning of social connection. We found that autistic participants reported lower social motivation, a finding supported by parent reports. They spent less time looking at social content and exerted less effort to obtain social rewards than non-autistic peers. However, their open-ended responses showed that they sought social connection through shared activities, preferred small and stable social networks, and found joy and belonging in close friendships, despite challenges such as the strain of social interaction. Our results can help professionals avoid misinterpreting autistic people's social behaviors, and help families and peers recognize autistic individuals' expressions of social interest, reducing unfair judgments and promoting more respectful interactions. In addition, these findings support the development of assessments and social programs that reflect autistic perspectives.

This study aims to explain how perceived social support is associated with innovative behavior in sports professionals. The psychological processes explaining this relationship are not sufficiently explained in the literature; in particular, the roles played by intrinsic motivation and cognitive flexibility in this process need to be investigated in more detail. In this context, the sequential mediating roles of these two variables were tested within the framework of the Ecological Dynamics Approach, and a comprehensive model that could contribute to the development of innovative practices was proposed. This cross-sectional study was conducted using data collected from 243 sports professionals working in the province in Eastern Turkey. To examine the predictive role of perceived social support on innovative behavior, a series of mediation models were tested using the PROCESS macro. In this model, intrinsic motivation and cognitive flexibility were positioned as sequential mediators. The analysis revealed that perceived social support did not have a statistically significant direct link with innovative behavior; instead, this relationship was mediated entirely through intrinsic motivation and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, the sequential mediation pathway was found to be significant, in which perceived social support is positively associated with intrinsic motivation and then cognitive flexibility, which in turn relates to higher levels of innovative behavior. The findings support the Ecological Dynamics Approach, which posits that innovative behavior is a dynamic product of individual-environment interaction. Social support functions not only as a motivational factor but also as a contextual affordance that supports cognitive flexibility. This study provides a theoretical and practical framework for explaining the psychological mechanisms that support innovation in sports.

Karst regions render groundwater both invisible and vulnerable, raising the question of how autonomy-supportive governance relates to community stewardship. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, we examined whether Perceived Government Autonomy Support is associated with Public-Sphere Water Conservation Intentions indirectly via sequential associations with Autonomy Satisfaction and Intrinsic Motivation, and whether Self-Referencing conditions these associations. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in karst communities in Guangxi, China (N = 406) and estimated a moderated serial mediation model. Results showed a positive direct association between Perceived Government Autonomy Support and Public-Sphere Water Conservation Intentions and indirect associations through Autonomy Satisfaction and Intrinsic Motivation, consistent with the sequential path from Perceived Government Autonomy Support to Autonomy Satisfaction to Intrinsic Motivation to Public-Sphere Water Conservation Intentions. Self-Referencing positively moderated the association between Perceived Government Autonomy Support and Autonomy Satisfaction, such that the association was stronger at higher levels of Self-Referencing, and the corresponding conditional indirect associations through Autonomy Satisfactio, and through Autonomy Satisfaction followed by Intrinsic Motivation, increased with Self-Referencing. These findings extend Self-Determination Theory to the governance of invisible groundwater andsuggest that Self-Referencing may function as a boundary condition for autonomy-supportive communication. Practically, although the cross-sectional design and the use of self-reported measures limit conclusions about sustained water-conservation practices, autonomy-supportive, person-centred communication that signals choice and respect and leverages locally resonant narratives may support community participation and help foster water stewardship intentions.

Green Human Resource Management and Employee Mental Well-Being: The roles of Ethical Leadership and Green Intrinsic Motivation.

Hospitalized children experience educational disruption and reduced motivation during prolonged admissions. Despite the availability of in-hospital schools, many cannot participate due to illness severity or isolation precautions. This pragmatic, randomized crossover trial evaluated whether bedside virtual reality (VR) lessons improve intrinsic motivation among inpatients aged 5 to 25 years unable to attend the hospital school. Participants completed both VR-based educational sessions and standard of care (SOC) conditions on consecutive days. The primary outcome was intrinsic motivation, with secondary outcomes including educational self-efficacy, well-being, self-esteem, and parental experience. Of 156 enrolled patients, 100 were analyzed (mean age 11.5 [SD = 4.1 years]; 43.9% female). Intrinsic motivation scores were higher in the VR condition than SOC (P = .0048), and parental satisfaction was also greater (P = .0008). Bedside VR education represents a feasible, acceptable, and scalable adjunct to inpatient learning, supporting intrinsic motivation and caregiver satisfaction during hospitalization.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05725395, date first registered November 22, 2022.

This study aims to systematically examine and synthesize the theoretical foundations underlying contemporary coaching practices by integrating psychological, pedagogical, and managerial perspectives. Using a systematic literature review guided by the PRISMA framework, this study analyzed 44 national and international peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2020 and 2025. Data were selected through transparent inclusion and exclusion criteria and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify dominant theories and integrative patterns in coaching research. The findings reveal that psychological theories such as Self-Determination Theory, Psychological Safety, Positive Psychology, Cognitive-Behavioral approaches, and Transformative Learning emphasize intrinsic motivation, trust, and reflective change. Pedagogical frameworks, including Andragogy, Dialogic and Inclusive Pedagogy, and Technology-Enhanced Learning, highlight experiential, learner-centered, and culturally responsive coaching processes. From a managerial perspective, Systems Theory, Managerial Coaching, Organizational Change, Innovation Management, and Sustainable Leadership position coaching as a strategic mechanism for performance improvement and organizational sustainability. The synthesis proposes an Interdisciplinary Coaching Model grounded in evidence-based coaching, integrating motivation, learning, and organizational alignment. This study contributes theoretically by consolidating cross-disciplinary coaching frameworks and practically by offering a coherent foundation for designing adaptive, culturally sensitive, and sustainable coaching interventions. Keywords: change management, interdisciplinary coaching, PRISMA, positive psychology, systematic literature review

Integrating Media Affordance and Intrinsic Motivation in Understanding Social Media Adoption among Paddy Farmers: A Conceptual Perspective

ABSTRACT This study examines the motivational factors that influence accounting faculty’s engagement with professional practice in Turkiye, drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as the theoretical framework. Despite sustained international interest in the academic–practice gap in accounting education, the motivational dynamics that drive individual faculty to maintain or disengage from professional links remain underexplored. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 accounting faculty members drawn from six Turkish universities representing contrasting institutional types. Thematic analysis reveals that both intrinsic motivators and extrinsic motivators shape engagement decisions. The satisfaction of SDT's three basic psychological needs, autonomy, competence, and relatedness, distinguishes sustained, high-quality engagement from peripheral involvement, with a notable dual dynamic emerging in relatedness whereby practice engagement simultaneously connects faculty to professional communities while risking their distancing from academic peers. Structural barriers, particularly the overriding emphasis on publication metrics in promotion criteria, consistently undermine engagement regardless of individual motivation. This study contributes to theory by extending SDT to faculty professional practice engagement and identifying the internalisation trajectory as a mechanism for developing autonomous motivation. Practically, findings offer evidence-based guidance for administrators, faculty, and professional bodies seeking to align institutional conditions with the motivational needs that sustain meaningful academic–practice integration.

Students’ academic motivation depends not only on actual competence but also on how competence is perceived. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study examined how the alignment between perceived and actual competence relates to different forms of motivation. A sample of 967 French sixth-grade students (Mage = 11.22 years; 53.3% female) completed measures of perceived and actual mathematics competence as well as intrinsic, identified, introjected, and external regulation. Response Surface Analysis (RSA) was used to compare 37 polynomial model families and capture nonlinear effects of competence congruence and discrepancy. Results revealed distinct patterns across motivational regulations. Intrinsic motivation followed a non-parallel asymmetric congruence pattern, identified regulation was best explained by a symmetric quadratic surface, introjected regulation showed a level-dependent quadratic pattern, and external regulation was primarily associated with low perceived competence. Overall, competence alignment, particularly avoiding underestimation, appeared critical for fostering autonomous motivation.

Purpose To determine factors (patient, ward and hospital characteristics) associated with the prescription of self-management programs by occupational therapists and physiotherapists within rehabilitation settings. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study used data from a larger randomised controlled trial of a self-management program (‘My Therapy’) across eight rehabilitation wards in four metropolitan hospitals in Victoria, Australia. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with self-management prescription. Results Of 743 participants included, 68% (n = 505/743) were prescribed a self-management program. Participants with a higher total admission FIMTM score had a 2% higher odds (adjusted odds ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.01, 1.02) of being prescribed a self-management program. Post-hoc univariable analysis of the FIMTM subscales showed participants with a higher admission cognitive FIMTM score had an 8% higher odds of being prescribed a self-management program (odds ratio 1.08, 95% CI 1.06, 1.10). Conclusion Patients with higher function, specifically higher cognitive function, on admission to rehabilitation were more commonly prescribed a self-management program by an occupational therapist or physiotherapist. For patients with functional deficits or cognitive impairment, supporting strategies may be needed to increase self-management program prescription, including memory and comprehension supports, strategies to increase intrinsic motivation, and informal caregiver engagement.