Intrinsic Enrichment Research Articles

S-Process Enriched Evolved Binaries in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds

Abstract Post-asymptotic giant branch stars (post-AGB) in binary systems, with typical orbital periods between $\sim\!100$ to $\sim$ 1 000 days, result from a poorly understood interaction that terminates their precursory AGB phase. The majority of these binaries display a photospheric anomaly called ‘chemical depletion’, thought to arise from an interaction between the circumbinary disc and the post-AGB star, leading to the reaccretion of pure gas onto the star, devoid of refractory elements due to dust formation. In this paper, we focus on a subset of chemically peculiar binary post-AGBs in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds (MCs). Our detailed stellar parameter and chemical abundance analysis utilising high-resolution optical spectra from VLT+UVES revealed that our targets span a $T_{\rm eff}$ of 4 900–7 250 K and [Fe/H] of −0.5 - −1.57 dex. Interestingly, these targets exhibit a carbon ([C/Fe] ranging from 0.5 - 1.0 dex, dependant on metallicity) and s-process enrichment ( $\textrm{[s/Fe]}\,\geq\!1$ dex) contrary to the commonly observed chemical depletion pattern. Using spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting and period–luminosity–colour (PLC) relation methods, we determine the luminosity of the targets (2 700–8 300 $\rm L_{\odot}$ ), which enables confirmation of their evolutionary phase and estimation of initial masses (as a function of metallicity) (1–2.5 $\textrm{M}_{\odot}$ ). In conjunction with predictions from dedicated ATON stellar evolutionary models, our results indicate a predominant intrinsic enrichment of carbon and s-process elements in our binary post-AGB targets. We qualitatively rule out extrinsic enrichment and inherited s-process enrichment from the host galaxy as plausible explanations for the observed overabundances. Our chemically peculiar subset of intrinsic carbon and s-process enriched binary post-AGBs also hints at potential variation in the efficiency of chemical depletion between stars with C-rich and O-rich circumbinary disc chemistries. However, critical observational studies of circumbinary disc chemistry, along with specific condensation temperature estimates in C-rich environments, are necessary to address gaps in our current understanding of disc-binary interactions inducing chemical depletion in binary post-AGB systems.

Numerical Investigation of Thermoelastic Crack Interactions in Various Materials using a Novel Enrichment Approach

Crack interaction studies play a crucial role in understanding and predicting the fracture behaviour of various engineering components subjected to thermomechanical loads. The present work investigates the interaction effect of multiple cracks in different types of material subjected to thermoelastic loadings using Element free Galerkin method (EFGM). These materials include isotropic material, orthotropic material, functionally graded material, and layered material. These all materials are subjected to thermoelastic loads in presence of multiple cracks to investigate the effect of crack interactions. A novel modified Intrinsic enrichment has been proposed to precisely capture the interaction effect and stress fields in the presence of multiple cracks. The proposed algorithm has been tested for a benchmark problem and it produced better stress fields in comparison to the conventional EFGM procedure. Stress intensity factors corresponding to variations in crack parameters have been evaluated concerning with the primary crack. Results reveal that presence of multiple cracks alters the crack tip stress fields owing to the interaction effect i.e shielding or amplification. Additionally, parameters such as crack length, crack orientation, distance between cracks, and domain properties greatly influence the stress intensity factor of the primary crack. These parameters exhibit varying behaviour under distinct circumstances, and their effects have been thoroughly analysed. Current work provides valuable insights into the effects of crack interactions in different media under thermoelastic loadings, thereby ensuring the structural integrity and durability of these materials for practical applications.

Corona-Type Textures in Ultrabasic Complexes of the Serpentinite Belt, Kola Peninsula, Russia

For the first time, corona-type textures are described in ultrabasic rocks in three complexes of the Serpentinite Belt on the Kola Peninsula in the northeastern Fennoscandian Shield. Three variants of the corona texture formed at different stages during the crystallization of a komatiitic, Al-undepleted melt emplaced in a subvolcanic setting. The first type crystallized at an early stage (Mg# Ol = 87) in a fine-grained harzburgite of the Chapesvara-I sill, with the following order in the corona: Ol → Opx → Cpx → Pl → Amp (aluminous sodic-calcic). The second type displays the sequence Opx → Cpx → Amp → Pl → Qz, which is observed in the orthopyroxenite zone in the Lotmvara-I sill. The third type involves a symplectitic corona in a plagioclase-bearing orthopyroxenite in the Lyavaraka complex, in which the inferred order is: Cpx → Amp (aluminous hornblende) + symplectitic Qz, formed in direct contact with grains of Pl. The corona-type textures occur in fresh rocks and are not related to regional metamorphism. They likely formed as consequences of two important factors: (1) rapid cooling, leading to unsteady conditions of crystallization in a shallow setting; and (2) an intrinsic enrichment in H2O and other volatiles in the parental magma, giving rise to fluid-saturated environments at advanced stages of crystallization. This was followed by a deuteric deposition of Amp rims as a result of the accumulation of H2O and reaction of H2O-bearing fluid with early grains of pyroxene and late plagioclase. The likely existence of a close relationship is suggested by the drusites of the Belomorian complex, which are coeval. In addition, unusual occurrences of lamellar inclusions of phlogopite and Al2SiO5 are documented, hosted by interstitial grains of plagioclase in the orthopyroxenite zone of the Lotmvara-I sill. These are attributed to crystallization from late portions of remaining melt enriched in Al, K, Na, H2O, and Cl, which is indicated by the recorded occurrence of chlorapatite in this association. Thus, our findings indicate the presence and abundance of intrinsic volatiles, Cl, F, CO2, and especially magmatic H2O, which were important to lower the liquidus, decrease the density and viscosity of the highly magnesian melt of Al-undepleted komatiite, thus enabling its transport from the mantle to a shallow level in the crust.

A linear smoothed meshfree method with intrinsic enrichment functions for 2D crack analysis

PurposeThis article aims to develop an accurate and efficient meshfree Galerkin method based on the strain smoothing technique for linear elastic continuous and fracture problems.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposed a generalized linear smoothed meshfree method (LSMM), in which the compatible strain is reconstructed by the linear smoothed strains. Based on the idea of the weighted residual method and employing three linearly independent weight functions, the linear smoothed strains can be created easily in a smoothing domain. Using various types of basic functions, LSMM can solve the linear elastic continuous and fracture problems in a unified way.FindingsOn the one hand, the LSMM inherits the properties of high efficiency and stability from the stabilized conforming nodal integration (SCNI). On the other hand, the LSMM is more accurate than the SCNI, because it can produce continuous strains instead of the piece-wise strains obtained by SCNI. Those excellent performances ensure that the LSMM has the capability to precisely track the crack propagation problems. Several numerical examples are investigated to verify the accurate, convergence rate and robustness of the present LSMM.Originality/valueThis study provides an accurate and efficient meshfree method for simulating crack growth.

Characteristics and threats of particulate matter from zinc electrolysis manufacturing facilities

Electrolysis process in hydrometallurgy could generate particulate matter (PM) that contains hazardous inorganic acids and heavy metals. This PM generally poses more health risks than conventional atmospheric PM. Here, we investigated the PM characteristics in two representative zinc hydrometallurgy manufacturing facilities in China. The concentrations of the total suspended particles (TSP), PM < 10 μm (PM10), and PM < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were found to exceed the relevant standards of China and the WHO. Sulfuric acid, sulfate ion, and heavy metal elements predominated in the components of PM. Maximum concentrations of sulfuric acid mist in TSP and PM10 were 6.78 and 14.4 times higher than the respective occupational exposure limits (OELs), respectively. High heavy metal concentrations could lead to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Furthermore, with the newly developed source apportionment method, the dominant source of PM and components in PM was found to be the zinc electrolysis process. Some heavy metals, such as Pb, As, Sb, and Cr, presented higher enrichment in PM2.5 due to the intrinsic electrolysis process (e.g., the intrinsic enrichment factors of As, Sb, and Cr > 103). The results suggest that effective cleaner production technologies should be developed in hydrometallurgical industries and stringent regulations on PM, heavy metals, and sulfuric acid mist should be imposed to reduce the health risk in metal electrolysis workplaces.

Influence of feed flow rate, temperature and feed concentration on concentration polarization effects during separation of water-methyl acetate solutions with high permeable hydrophobic pervaporation PDMS membrane

A novel and efficient method is proposed to evaluate the concentration polarization (CP) effect in pervaporation process. The novelty of the method results from the approach towards the CP phenomenon, that proposes the calculation algorithm on the basis of permeate fluxes and feed/permeate compositions as a function of the feed flow velocity only. The main advantage of the method over the approaches available in the literature is that the intrinsic enrichment factor is calculated directly from the experimental data instead of being found as one of the regression parameters. To prove this approach, pervaporation experiments were carried out using commercial hydrophobic composite PDMS based membrane Pervatech for the recovery of methyl acetate (MeAc) from diluted aqueous solutions (0–1.5 wt% MeAc in feed mixture). Pervaporation performance of PDMS membrane was investigated at various feed flow rates in the range 4.8–70 dm3 h−1 and at three different temperatures of feed mixture (i.e. 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C). It was shown that the intrinsic enrichment factor changes noticeably when the process parameters are altered and this change is one of the key factors affecting the concentration polarization modulus value during pervaporative removal of organic compounds from diluted aqueous solutions. With increasing temperature and feed flow rate, the concentration polarization modulus increases, reaching the value close to 1 at temperature of 50 °C and at the average feed flow rate equal to 1.34 cm s−1. Moreover, under these conditions, the thickness of the boundary layer tends to zero.

Abstract P5-06-01: Proteomic analysis of conserved kinases between PDX tumors and corresponding PDX-derived cell lines

Abstract (Background) Patient-derived xenograft (PDX)s are valuable models for precision oncology as they are thought to recapitulate the biological and genomic characteristics of the human tumors they were derived from. Even though this model is widely used, it is still difficult to manipulate genes in this system and it is not as convenient as in vitro cell culture for drug sensitivity screening. On the other hand in vitro cell cultures have a highly artificial microenvironment and also have undergone selection which might generate misleading data. To address these issues cell lines from PDX tumors with different intrinsic subtypes were characterized by kinobead precipitation/mass spectrometry analysis (KiP/MS) to profile each PDX line in vivo and ex vivo for therapeutic targets. (Materials and Methods)Washington University Human in Mice (WHIM) tumors and Hutsman Cancer Institute (HCI) tumors were transplanted into mammary fat pads of female severe combined immunodeficiency/beige (SCID/beige) mice. PDXs tumors were harvested when they reached 1˜1.5cm. PDX tumor-derived ex vivo cells/organoids were routinely cultured with Rock inhibitor support. Estradiol was applied only for the tumors originating from E2 supplementation in vivo. Cells and tumors were harvested and lysed by sonication. Kinases in soluble lysates are enriched with drug-bound beads (kinobead) and digested with trypsin. Digested peptides are analyzed by mass spectrometry. (Results) 5 of WHIM tumors and 4 of HCI tumors were successfully dissociated and cultured ex vivo for further analysis and experiments. Hierarchical clustering of tumors and corresponding cells showed ex vivo cultured cells cluster together with their original PDX tumors. Tumors/ex vivo cultured cells clustered by intrinsic subtype and enrichment analysis identified specific kinases for each PDX tumor/cell line. The WHIM 4 tumor-cell pair showed high level of PIM kinase and EGFR and other PDX tumors such as WHIM18, WHIM 20 (Luminal subtypes), WHIM 35(HER2 enriched subtype) also showed model unique intrinsic kinases, such as JAK2 for WHIM18, EPHB4 for WHIM20. (Conclusion) PDX tumor-derived ex vivo lines could be routinely cultured with Rock inhibitor support. Each PDX tumor and cell line pair were cluster together in hierarchical clustering and categorized into the same intrinsic subtype based on kinome profiling, suggesting these cells maintain their tumor specific intrinsic kinase signaling. A subset of kinases exhibit activity/expression that is conserved after ex vivo culture, we hypothesize these are intrinsic kinases might be promising target for treatment, because they are tumor intrinsic, i.e. their high expression is maintained despite the strong contrast in the microenvironment of in vitro versus in vitro growth. Ongoing studies with drugs and knock down reagents are examining whether the in vivo/ex vivo comparative KIP analysis indeed identifies therapeutic targets, which will be presented at the meeting more in detail. Citation Format: Han A, Kim B-J, Chan DW, Matsunuma R, Singh P, Ellis MJ. Proteomic analysis of conserved kinases between PDX tumors and corresponding PDX-derived cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-06-01.

The effects of intrinsic enrichment on captive felids.

Environmental enrichment is a well-known technique, which has been used to enhance the welfare of captive animals. The aim of this study is to investigate how three different forms of intrinsic enrichment, namely, a hay ball without scent, a hay ball with catnip, and a hay ball with cinnamon, influenced the behavior of six cheetah and two Sumatran tigers at Fota Wildlife Park, Ireland. Enrichment-directed behaviors, as well as pacing, locomotion, inactive, and exploratory behaviors were investigated. The results indicated that the three forms of enrichment had similar effects, in terms of enrichment-directed behavior, with cinnamon resulting in the highest levels of enrichment-directed behaviors. The cinnamon treatment resulted in a significant decrease in pacing behavior when compared with baseline observations. No evidence of habituation (i.e., a significant reduction in enrichment-directed behaviors) was observed for any of the three enrichments. This means that these low cost, easy to apply, practical forms of enrichment could be frequently applied for these species as part of an enrichment regime.

Numerical simulation of adiabatic and isothermal cracks in functionally graded materials using optimized element-free Galerkin method

ABSTRACTIn the present work, element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) is modified and implemented to simulate thermoelastic fracture in functionally graded materials (FGMs). By solving the simple heat transfer problem, the temperature distribution over the domain can be obtained which is later used as an input to determine the displacement and stress fields. The crack surfaces are modeled under adiabatic and isothermal conditions. To capture stress fields around the crack tip, intrinsic enrichment criterion is used. A modified conservative M-integral technique has been used to extract the stress intensity factors (SIFs) for the simulated problems. A new algorithm to ensure equal number of nodes in support domain has been suggested. The optimum size of support domain is derived by performing an optimization of predefined EFGM parameters, namely, total number of nodes in problem geometry, Gauss quadrature, and number of nodes in support domain. Taguchi L-16 orthogonal array is used to obtain optimized values of these parameters. The results of analysis by optimized EFGM (OEFG) show about 80% reduction in computational time and an improvement in accuracy over EFGM. The present analysis shows that the results obtained by OEFG are in good agreement with those available in the literature.

X-FEM modeling of large plasticity deformation; a convergence study on various blending strategies for weak discontinuities

AbstractIn the extended finite element method (FEM), the transition elements between the enriched and standard elements, which are generally referred as the blending, or partially enriched elements, are often crucial for a good performance of the local partition of unity enrichments. In these elements, the enrichment function cannot be reproduced exactly due to the lack of a partition of unity, and blending elements produce unwanted terms into the approximation that cannot be compensated by the standard final element part of the approximation. In this paper, some optimal X-FEM-type methods reported in literature are employed to study the performance of blending elements in large plastic deformation problems with weak discontinuities. Several numerical examples are solved using the standard X-FEM, the X-FEM with modified enrichment function, the hierarchical X-FEM and the corrected X-FEM technique, and the results are compared with an alternative intrinsic enrichment strategy in large deformation problems.

NURBS distance fields for extremely curved cracks

This paper proposes for the first time an intrinsic enrichment for extremely curved cracks in a meshfree framework. The unique property of the proposed method lies in the exact geometric representation of cracks using non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS). A distance function algorithm for NURBS is presented, resulting in a spatial field which is simultaneously discontinuous over the (finite) curved crack and continuous all around the crack tips. Numerical examples show the potential of the proposed approach and illustrate its advantages with respect to other techniques usually employed to model fracture, including standard finite elements with remeshing and the extended finite element method. This work represents a further step in an ongoing effort in the community to integrate computer aided design with numerical simulations.

Simulation of Bi-metallic Interfacial Cracks Using Element Free Galerkin Method

Abstract This paper presents the implementation of element free Galerkin method for the stress analysis of structures having cracks at the interface of two dissimilar materials. The material discontinuity at the interface has been modeled using a jump function with a jump parameter that governs its strength. The jump function enriches the approximation by the addition of special shape function that contains discontinuities in the derivative. The trial and test functions of the weak form are constructed using moving least-square interpolants in each material domain. An intrinsic enrichment criterion with enriched basis has been used to model the crack tip stress fields. The mixed mode (complex) stress intensity factors for bi-material interface cracks are numerically evaluated using the modified domain form of interaction integral. The numerical results are obtained for edge and centre cracks lying at the bi-material interface, and are found to be in good agreement with the reference solutions for the interfacial crack problems.

Multiple Crack Growth and Coalescence in Meshfree Methods with Adistance Function-Based Enriched Kernel

Distance fields are functions defining the minimum distance between any generic point inspace and the boundaries of an object. This paper shows some important properties of these fields andtheir derivatives. In fact, for polygonal lines, the derivatives of distance fields are discontinuous overthe finite length of the segment, but continuous all around the end-points. An immediate consequenceis their application as intrinsic enrichment of weight functions in meshless methods, for the treatmentof multiple arbitrary cracks. By introducing such explicitly known function for the distance fields,discontinuities can be easily incorporated in the kernel in a simple, multiplicative manner. The result-ing method allows a more straightforward implementation and simulation of the presence of multiplecracks in a meshless framework without using any of the existing algorithms such as visibility, trans-parency and diffraction. Furthermore, one of the main advantages of this approach is the automaticcoalescence of multiple interacting cracks, i.e. no particular enrichment functions are necessary at thejunction points.

A novel enrichment criterion for modeling kinked cracks using element free Galerkin method

In the present work, a new enrichment criterion has been proposed for modeling kinked cracks using the element free Galerkin method (EFGM). The proposed criterion is based on the full intrinsic enrichment method wherein some additional terms are incorporated in the linear basis of EFGM so as to obtain the crack tip stress singularity. Since the conventional intrinsic enrichment criteria is capable of modeling straight cracks only, hence some modifications have been proposed so as to extend its capability for modeling kinked crack. The effectiveness of proposed criterion is demonstrated by modeling cracks with multiple kinked segments. Further, the proposed criterion has been successfully implemented for simulating quasi-static crack growth under mix mode loading conditions.

PARAMETER AND INTERACTION STUDY OF EDGE CRACK PROBLEM USING MESHFREE METHOD

In this work, element free Galerkin method (EFGM) has been used to obtain the solution of edge crack problem under mechanical loads as it provides a versatile technique to model static as well as moving crack problems without any requirement of remeshing. At first, some techniques are presented for enriching the EFG approximations near the crack tip such as extrinsic and intrinsic enrichment. Extrinsic enrichment involves the addition of solution form to the trial function, whereas the EFG basis is expanded to include few terms from crack tip solution in intrinsic enrichment. Apart from enrichment techniques, four basic techniques of smoothing meshless approximations near nonconvex boundaries are also presented such as diffraction, transparency, see through and wedge model. These techniques are then used for the parameteric analysis of an edge crack problem under mode-1 loading and results obtained using different approaches are compared with each other as well as with exact solution. Among these techniques, the extrinsic PU enrichment technique was found to be more accurate as compared to other approaches. Extrinsic PU enrichment technique has also been used for the analysis of a shear edge crack problem. In all these techniques, the value of mode-1 stress intensity factor and mode-2 stress intensity factor has been evaluated by interaction integral approach. Effect of crack orientation is also studied for different cases.

Estrogen-Related Receptor-γ

Tissue vascularization is tightly coupled to its oxidative capacity. This phenomenon is especially well characterized in skeletal muscle, which can be enriched in either oxidative slow-twitch or glycolytic fast-twitch myofibers.1,2 Slow-twitch muscles are characterized by high-oxidative-capacity fatigue-resistant (type I) fibers and dense vascularity. Conversely, fast-twitch (type II) muscles have lower oxidative capacity, with a less developed vascular network, and are fatigue sensitive.3 Different studies have well demonstrated that nuclear receptors including peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-[alpha) (PPAR-α), PPAR-δ, and estrogen-related receptor-α (ERR-α), along with coregulators PPAR-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), PGC-1β, and nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP140), control fatty acid oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle4–10; however, the mechanisms linking the oxidative profile of the muscle to its vasculature remain a matter of major interest. Article, see p 1087 A large number of proangiogenic growth factors that coordinate endothelial cell activation, proliferation, and migration and pericyte recruitment have been described in the skeletal muscle (reviewed in Carmeliet11 and Ferrara and Kerbel12). Whether nuclear receptors orchestrate the vascularization of aerobic muscles was unclear until recently. Two factors, the coactivator PGC-1α and the AMP kinase (AMPK), have drawn attention. PGC-1α is induced by hypoxia and exercise13 and represents a potential target to stimulate vascularization; however, PGC-1α knockout mice are viable, retain oxidative muscle, and have normal vasculature.13,14 Because the …

Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors Based on Force-Displacement Curve using Element Free Galerkin Method

An idea related to the calculation of stress intensity factors based on the standard appearance of the force-displacement curve is de- veloped in this paper. The presented procedure predicts the shape of the graphics around the point under consideration form where indirectly the stress intensity factors are obtained. The numerical implementation of the new approach is achieved by using element free Galerkin method, which is a variant of meshless methods and requires only nodal data for a domain discretization without a finite element mesh. A MATLAB soft- ware code for two dimensional elasticity problems has been worked out, along with intrinsic basis enrichment for precise modelling of the singular stress field around the crack tip. One numerical example of a rectangu- lar plate with different lengths of a symmetric edge crack is portrayed. The stress intensity factors obtained by the present numerical approach are compared with analytical solutions. The errors in the stress intensity factors for opening fracture mode I are less than 1% although the model mesh is relatively coarse.

A new weight‐function enrichment in meshless methods for multiple cracks in linear elasticity

SUMMARYA new enriched weight function for meshless methods is proposed for the numerical treatment of multiple arbitrary cracks in two dimensions. The main novelty consists in modifying the weight function with an intrinsic enrichment which is discontinuous over the finite length of the crack, represented by a segment, but continuous all around the crack tips. An analytical function is used to introduce discontinuities that are incorporated in the kernel in a simple, multiplicative manner.The resulting method allows a more straightforward implementation and simulation of the presence of multiple cracks, crack branching and crack propagation in a meshless framework without using any of the existing algorithms such as visibility, transparency, and diffraction and without using additional unknowns and additional equations for the evolution of the level‐sets, as in extrinsic partition of unity‐based methods.Stress intensity factors calculated using the J‐integral demonstrate excellent agreement with analytical solutions for classical fracture mechanics benchmarks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Evaluation of mixed mode stress intensity factors for interface cracks using EFGM

This paper presents the implementation of element free Galerkin method for the stress analysis of structures having cracks at the interface of two dissimilar materials. The material discontinuity at the interface has been modeled using a jump function with a jump parameter that governs its strength. The jump function enriches the approximation by the addition of special shape function that contains discontinuities in the derivative. The trial and test functions of the weak form are constructed using moving least-square interpolants in each material domain. An intrinsic enrichment criterion with enriched basis has been used to model the crack tip stress fields. The mixed mode (complex) stress intensity factors for bi-material interface cracks are numerically evaluated using the modified domain form of interaction integral. The numerical results are obtained for edge and center cracks lying at the bi-material interface, and are found to be in good agreement with the reference solutions for the interfacial crack problems.

Numerical simulation of thermo-elastic fracture problems using element free Galerkin method

In the present work, element free Galerkin method (EFGM) has been extended to solve thermo-elastic fracture problems in homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials (bi-materials). A thermo-elastic fracture problem is decoupled into two separate problems. At first, the temperature distribution is obtained by solving the heat transfer problem. The temperature field is then employed as input for the mechanical problem to determine the displacement and stress fields. The disturbances due to the presence of crack results in a non-smooth temperature distribution, and induces a singularity in the heat flux at the crack tip. Thermal as well as mechanical problems are enriched intrinsically in order to represent the discontinuous temperature, heat flux, displacement and traction across the crack surfaces. Both isothermal and adiabatic conditions are considered at the crack surfaces. Jump function technique has been employed to model a bi-material interface, and intrinsic enrichment has been used to model a crack at the bi-material interface. The conservative M-integral technique has been modified in order to extract the mixed mode stress intensity factor for thermo-elastic fracture problems. The present analysis shows that the results obtained by EFGM are in good agreement with those available in the literature.