Limnospira platensis, commonly known as spirulina, holds promise for application as a food ingredient and nutraceutical due to its rich protein and antioxidant content, including chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycocyanin. Despite its potential, the vibrant colour poses a challenge for consumer acceptance, hampering the marketability of spirulina-based products. To overcome this, innovative strategies are needed to effectively reduce colour while preserving its nutritional value. This study sought to compare the impact of endogenous enzymatic and exogenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated processes on colour degradation in spirulina extracts. Intrinsic and extrinsic colour degradation experiments were conducted, with and without hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (PSA) as co-substrate and analysed using UV-visible spectroscopy. Specifically, the absorbance changes were monitored at 440 and 677 nm, corresponding to chlorophylls a and b, the predominant pigments in spirulina extracts. The degradation of spirulina extracts exhibited a distinct two-stage pattern. The initial stage, observed within the first hour, displayed a rapid decrease in absorbance, followed by a slower decline in the subsequent stage. In the presence of H2O2, intrinsic degradation caused a gradual absorbance reduction of less than 30% after 24 h. Importantly, the introduction of exogenous factors, including HRP and PSA, resulted in a remarkable 40% absorbance decrease within less than 30 min. This substantial enhancement in decoloration efficiency, surpassing the intrinsic metabolic activity, underscores the potential of extrinsic enzymatic approaches. These findings hold promise for addressing the challenge of spirulina extract colouration in products, potentially enabling improved market acceptance and viability. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Abstract We present the first three-dimensional reddening maps of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC) constructed using fundamental-mode RR Lyrae stars (RRab) from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) survey. By applying a period–amplitude–color relation and a period–luminosity–metallicity calibration in the OGLE photometric system, we derive intrinsic colors, color excess E ( V − I ), and photometric distances for more than 20,000 RRab stars in the LMC and 3000 in the SMC. Spatial variations in reddening are modeled using an adaptive quadtree scheme, where robust reddening–distance relations are fit within each partition and distances are iteratively updated to achieve self-consistency. The resulting maps reveal resolved dust structures across both galaxies, including steep reddening gradients in the central LMC and flatter profiles in the SMC. The construction of the three-dimensional reddening maps further reveals that high-extinction regions exhibit reddening behavior inconsistent with a uniform extinction law, implying localized variations in dust properties. The final maps comprise 205 partitions for the LMC and 67 partitions for the SMC, and are released together with a Python-based query tool and GeoJSON data products. These 3D maps provide a foundation for distance-dependent reddening corrections and for probing the structure and physical conditions of the Magellanic interstellar medium, and future high-precision and cadence RR Lyrae sample from Gaia DR4 will support higher-resolution mapping and deeper exploration of dust substructure.

This work evaluated the influence of oil type (sunflower vs. fish oil) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) concentration on the properties of oleogels obtained by the emulsion-templated method. Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared and air-dried to produce oleogels containing 2.9-5.8% (w/w) HPMC. All oleogels exhibited solid-like behaviour, with viscoelastic moduli increasing with polymer concentration, and showed a high thermal stability. At a comparable HPMC content, fish oil oleogels developed stiffer networks than those obtained with sunflower oil. Texture analysis indicated a linear increase in hardness with HPMC content across both oils, while cohesiveness and adhesiveness were more influenced by oil nature. Oil-binding capacity (OBC) increased markedly with polymer content, exceeding 90% in most systems. However, fish oil oleogels consistently showed lower retention. Colour parameters were only slightly affected by HPMC concentration and were mainly determined by the intrinsic colour of each oil. Overall, both oil type and polymer concentration were shown to be critical factors determining the structural, mechanical, and functional characteristics of HPMC-based oleogels, providing useful information for the development of structured lipid systems as potential substitutes for conventional solid fats.

Skin conditions such as vitiligo, scars, melasma, and age spots impact not only cosmetic appearance but also an individual's emotional and psychological well-being.Many patients attempt to conceal these conditions using cosmetic products; however, accurately determining intrinsic skin color is challenged by significant variation in perceived color under different lighting conditions.The dependency on ambient lighting introduces inconsistencies, making reliable assessment of the true skin tone difficult.Prior large-scale patient studies document the substantial psychosocial burden associated with visible pigmentary disorders (e.g., vitiligo), and systematic reviews have similarly demonstrated the negative impact of conditions such as melasma on quality of life 1-3 .Moreover, technical and perceptual studies show that ambient and background illumination materially alter perceived skin color and complicate instrument-or camera-based color assessment, motivating the need for illumination-robust measurement methods 4,5 .To address the challenge of inconsistent skin color perception caused by ambient lighting, we propose an illumination removal system combining dermoscopy imaging and Transformer-based deep learning modeling.Dermoscopy ensures stable imaging conditions, while our artificial intelligence model further corrects residual illumination variations.All dermoscopic images were acquired using a single smartphone-dermoscope combination (Galaxy S23 equipped with the ILLUCO IDS-1100 dermoscope).All images were obtained using contact-type polarized dermoscopy.Automatic exposure and white-balance settings were fixed throughout image acquisition to minimize device-induced variability.The training architecture is illustrated in Fig. 1A, and the overall workflow in Fig. 1B.Despite dermoscopic control, minor illumination inconsistencies persist.We developed a Transformer model that takes small patches (2020 pixels) as input to map unevenly illuminated RGB values to true values.The model outputs corrected pixel values, which are averaged to yield the estimated skin color-thus enabling consistent extraction under pixel-level lighting variations.For dataset construction, we used 195 standardized color kits with predefined RGB values.Each image was center-cropped to 1,0001,000 pixels, then segmented by a sliding window of 2020 pixels, generating 2,500 samples per kit (487,500 total).

Amino acids, as the fundamental building blocks of proteins and vital participants in biological activities, play a key role in biomedical, food science, and clinical diagnostics, where rapid and sensitive detection is of great importance. The colorimetric method is widely favored due to its simplicity, low cost, and ability to achieve visual or portable detection. Over the past decade (approximately 2014-2025), the integration of functional nanomaterials has fundamentally transformed colorimetric amino acid detection by enabling efficient transduction of molecular recognition events into amplified optical signals. This review provides a mechanism-oriented and performance-driven critical assessment of nanomaterial-enabled colorimetric sensors for amino acid detection. Rather than presenting a descriptive inventory, we systematically classify sensing strategies according to their dominant signal-generation mechanisms, including localized surface plasmon resonance modulation, nanozyme-mediated catalytic reactions, aggregation and anti-aggregation processes, intrinsic color and redox-responsive behaviors, as well as hybrid and cascade amplification schemes. Major nanomaterial platforms-metal-based nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, crystalline porous materials, single-atom nanomaterials, and hybrid systems-are comparatively evaluated in terms of structure-function relationships, detection sensitivity, selectivity toward structurally similar amino acids, response kinetics, matrix tolerance, and operational complexity. Beyond analytical performance, this review discusses key challenges that currently limit practical deployment, such as nonspecific interference, reproducibility, environmental stability, and device integration. By correlating sensing mechanisms with material design and application scenarios, we highlight emerging design principles and outline future directions for translating nanomaterial-based colorimetric amino acid sensors from laboratory demonstrations toward robust, real-world applications.

This work demonstrates a regioselectively designed cellulose derivative that enables colorless liquid-crystal-based anticounterfeiting with polarization-dependent readout. To overcome the intrinsic visibility and color dependence of conventional optical anticounterfeiting technologies, the hydroxyl group at the C6 position of cellulose was first selectively protected with trityl chloride, followed by ring-opening etherification of the C2 and C3 positions with propylene oxide to yield structurally defined 6-triphenylmethyl-2,3-hydroxypropyl cellulose (6T-HPC). A systematic comparison between 6-triphenylmethyl cellulose and its hydroxypropylated derivatives reveals that 6T-HPC retains liquid-crystalline ordering while completely suppressing visible structural color, thereby achieving an effective decoupling of liquid-crystal optical response from photonic-crystal coloration. Due to this unique optical behavior, a colorless liquid-crystal anticounterfeiting label was fabricated. The label remains fully transparent and invisible under ambient light, yet displays predefined patterns and optical textures when viewed under polarized conditions, enabling a “covert storage-polarized readout” mode of information encoding. This work demonstrates a precise molecular design strategy for tuning the optical functionality of cellulose derivatives and establishes a new route toward sustainable, high-security, and difficult-to-replicate colorless anticounterfeiting materials.

Organophosphate (OP)-based nerve agents (NAs) pose serious risks to human life, demanding materials that facilitate rapid decontamination and reliable detection with selectivity. Ce-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as promising candidates due to their high reactivity. However, their intrinsic yellow color misleads detection of NAs such as paraoxon, which releases yellow p-nitrophenol. Here, we report a bioinspired 2D metal-organic layer (MOL) construct, Ce-BTB-MOL, a phosphotriesterase nanozyme with abundant binding sites that not only facilitate rapid degradation of paraoxon (t1/2 = 6min), but quick detection by a smart mechanism. This nanozyme seamlessly arrests product with its binding to Ce clusters and triggering wavelength transition that overcomes color confusion, enabling quick and confident detection within 13 s on paper strips. Mechanistic studies reveal that p-nitrophenol binding to Ce clusters induces ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT), producing an intense orange-brown signal. Based on the wavelength transition response, this nanozyme also showcases selective discrimination of structurally similar OPs, a challenge for conventional systems. Ce-BTB-MOL achieves real-time, affordable, portable, easy, and rapid sensing without the requirement of sophisticated equipment, with a detection limit as low as 1.24µg, quantifiable by smartphone RGB analysis. Importantly, the nanozyme demonstrates high selectivity against several interferents, allowing precise surface contamination analysis.

ABSTRACT The search for sustainable and multifunctional protein ingredients has driven interest in underutilized legumes such as adzuki bean, a crop rich in protein, polyphenols, and bioactive compounds yet underexplored in modern food applications. This study developed adzuki bean protein (ABP) via alkaline extraction (pH 8–10) and isoelectric precipitation (pH 4.0–4.5), evaluating process efficiency, nutritional attributes, and multifunctionality potential. Notably, the natural low‐fat content of adzuki bean enabled protein extraction without defatting or organic solvents, featuring a more sustainable process. Extraction at pH 9.0 with precipitation at pH 4.5 achieved the most favorable balance of protein content (84.5%), yield (75%), and recovery (62%). Amino acid analysis confirmed a balanced profile with high levels of essential amino acids, including branched‐chain amino acids, lysine, methionine, and tryptophan, comparable to soy protein. Additionally, ABP exhibited a natural red hue and significant antioxidant activity (TPC up to 222.6 μmol GAE/g; DPPH up to 110.3 μmol TE/g), highlighting its dual nutritional and functional value. Techno‐functional analyses demonstrated strong oil‐holding capacity, emulsification, gelation, and foam stability, positioning ABP as a clean‐label alternative to conventional proteins. Sensory evaluation indicated neutral taste and umami‐enhancing potential. Application in a plant‐based jerky prototype delivering comparable protein to meat jerky but reduced sodium and cholesterol, and high dietary fiber, demonstrated practical feasibility. Further supported by intrinsic color and oxidative stability over 1 year storage at 25°C, ABP emerges as a scalable, value‐added ingredient with distinctive multifunctional properties that enable clean‐label innovation and supply chain diversification to advance health‐conscious product development.

ABSTRACT Unrefined pea ( Pisum sativum ) flour is a promising food material that can either serve as a functional standalone ingredient or as the starting material to extract functional proteins and starches. This observational study used rapid screening of 650 pea accessions, which span a domestication range from wild species to modern cultivars, to select 20 representative samples based on near‐infrared spectral differences, capturing broad compositional diversity and illustrating how intrinsic physicochemical and protein functional traits influence their suitability in foods. To investigate the intrinsic variability, the physicochemical properties (surface charge, thermal properties, particle size), functional characteristics (solubility, interfacial tension), and visual characteristics were analyzed. Small variations in surface charge conditions were found at pH 5 and 7, whereas the charge varied from 2.7 ± 1.4 to 11.5 ± 1.4 mV at pH 3. However, high variations were found in protein solubility that ranged from 28.4% ± 5.1% to 92.2% ± 1.5% at pH 7, and differences in protein characteristics were also identified in thermal denaturation temperatures that ranged from 85.2°C ± 0.2°C to 99.6°C ± 0.8°C. These observations were confirmed through microstructural characterizations that also showcased the intrinsic color and size differences of the main constituents (starch granules and protein bodies). The findings of this study indicate that there are significant variations in the physicochemical and functional properties of different pea flours, which have considerable potential for the food industry. This highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate pea raw materials for optimal results in various food applications.

Context. Accurate cosmological constraints from type Ia supernovae (SNe) require sufficiently accurate corrections for host-galaxy extinction. Modelling these corrections is challenged by the problem of disentangling the SN’s intrinsic colours from host-galaxy interstellar reddening. The latter is commonly modelled in a probabilistic way assuming an exponential distribution exp(− E ( B − V )/ τ ) as a universal prior, applied across all types of SN host galaxies. Aims. We tested the robustness of the exponential model of host-galaxy reddening and its universality against predictions based on simulating dust and type Ia SN distributions in host galaxies of different morphological types. Methods. Our simulations incorporated up-to-date observational constraints on dust masses across host-galaxy morphological types, scaling relations between the dust and stellar disc parameters, and the SN distribution. Results. We find substantial differences between predicted interstellar reddening in late- (LT) and early-type (ET) host galaxies, primarily driven by the stellar-to-dust mass ratios. The mean simulated reddening in LT galaxies matches those derived from type Ia SN observations well, but it is significantly lower for ET host galaxies. The obtained reddening distributions exhibit an excess of sight lines with zero reddening with respect to the commonly used exponential model, although the difference is quite mild for LT galaxies. On the other hand, the distribution could peak at E ( B − V ) > 0 when considering a population of young type Ia SNe originating from lower heights within the dust disc of spiral galaxies. Conclusions. The reddening distribution strongly depends on the SN host-galaxy morphological type. Assuming a universal reddening prior distribution for modelling the peak magnitude-colour relation, which is currently a common practice, gives rise to a spurious scatter in the derived extinction properties. It could also bias relative distances between SNe originating from different host-galaxy populations. The discrepancy between the simulated reddening in average ET host galaxies and the observed occurrence of reddened SNe in these galaxies suggests that reddening does not originate from the interstellar dust expected in these hosts.

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are among the most precise cosmological distance indicators used to study the expansion history of the Universe. The vast increase in SN Ia data due to large-scale astrophysical surveys has led to the discovery of a wide variety of SN Ia sub-classes, such as transitional and fast-declining SNe Ia. However, their distinct photometric and spectroscopic properties differentiate them from the population of normal SNe Ia such that their use as cosmological tools remains challenged. Here, we present a high-cadenced photometric and spectroscopic dataset of two SNe Ia, SNe 2020ue and 2020nlb, which were discovered in the nearby Virgo cluster of galaxies. Our study shows that SN 2020nlb is a normal SN Ia whose unusually red colour is intrinsic, arising from a lower photospheric temperature rather than interstellar reddening, providing clear evidence that colour diversity among normal SNe Ia can have a physical origin. In contrast, SN 2020ue has photometric properties, such as colour evolution and light curve decay rate, similar to those of transitional SNe. It is hence more spectroscopically aligned with normal SNe Ia. This is evident from spectroscopic indicators such as the pseudo-equivalent width of Si II lines. Thus, such SNe Ia, which lie photometrically at the edge of the standard normal SNe Ia range, may be missed in cosmological SNe Ia samples. Our results highlight that a spectroscopic analysis of SNe Ia around peak brightness is crucial for identifying intrinsic colour variations and constructing a more complete and physically homogeneous SN Ia sample for precision cosmology.

Harnessing the trifunctional light-harvesting, photoelectron-storage, and photochromic properties of the 2D ionic carbon nitride potassium poly(heptazine imide) (KPHI), this work introduces a 'photovoltachromic battery' (PVCB) as a multifunctional device operating under ambient conditions. The PVCB is constructed from a KPHI photoelectrode and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) electrode, separated by a cobalt-based redox couple electrolyte. The energy offset between the Fermi level of KPHI and the redox potential of the cobalt couple endows photovoltaic functionality, enabling seamless coupling of photovoltaic-driven solar energy storage with dynamic light modulation. Acting as a solar battery, the PVCB can harvest and electrochemically store excess solar energy at peak sunlight, subsequently discharging it on demand to maintain a stable electricity supply. Simultaneously, the intrinsic color change associated with photoelectron storage in KPHI, together with photovoltaic regulation via external load tuning, allows precise transparency control. This capability overcomes the passive, weather-dependent limitation of traditional smart windows and enables system-level optimization for both energy savings and occupant comfort. By uniting solar energy conversion, storage, and intelligent light management within a single device, PVCBs open a pathway toward next-generation platforms for building-integrated and portable applications.

Increased levels of oxalic acid are associated with an increased risk of kidney stone formation, which can lead to renal failure. In addition, its high concentration in the blood can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is vital to detect and quantify oxalic acid economically and rapidly. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are gaining importance as colorimetric nanosensors due to their intrinsic color change, cost-effectiveness, and easy synthesis. Paracetamol-mediated CuO NPs were synthesized through a new approach and characterized through various spectroscopic and morphological techniques. UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of CuO NPs through surface plasmon resonance at 225 nm. The peak at 850 cm−1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of CuO NPs. The XRD and SEM characterization techniques confirmed the particle size of 27.51 nm with a spherical morphology. A machine learning-assisted strategy was developed with four prediction models: Random Forest, Linear Regression, XGBoost, and Decision Tree Regression. The intrinsic colorimetric features of CuO NPs were observed through the naked eye and quantified through spectroscopy with the addition of oxalate. The developed platform selectively detected oxalate levels in concentrations ranging from 1 to 120 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.23 µM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.78 µM. The developed biosensor successfully quantified oxalate, crucial for diagnosing hyperoxaluria and preventing calcium oxalate stone formation in the kidneys. The machine learning complementary tools further bolster the accuracy of colorimetric concentration prediction.

Multicolor electrochromic (EC) materials and devices enable reversible optical modulation under low driving voltages, holding considerable potential for application in next-generation low-power displays. However, the development of inorganic EC materials is fundamentally constrained by their narrow intrinsic color gamut. Structural-color-based strategies have been explored to achieve multicolor tuning, yet simultaneously achieving high color purity, high saturation, and a wide viewing angle remains a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a novel hetero-order coupled cavity electrochromic mirror (HCCECM) that exploits resonant coupling and mode selection between adjacent second-order and first-order Fabry-Perot cavities. The distinctive architecture generates a sharp, intense primary reflection peak while effectively suppressing higher-order modes and minimizing angular-dependent spectral shifts. The resulting EC films exhibit superior optical performance, including high reflectance (>90%), narrow bandwidth (FWHM <70 nm), a high quality factor of 9.0, and excellent angular color stability (spectral shift <20 nm over ±60° incidence). Moreover, the HCCECM attains a color gamut that exceeds the sRGB standard. During the EC process, the HCCECM demonstrates remarkable multicolor modulation with a high optical contrast (>70%), fast response speeds (4.5 s for coloration and 1.9 s for bleaching), and good cycling stability (85.6% of the initial optical contrast after 5000 cycles). A proof-of-concept RGB-patterned EC display is further constructed, successfully achieving reversible modulation from vivid colors to black. This work provides an effective design strategy for developing next-generation high-performance EC materials and devices.

The article presents a current view on the essential role of color and light in the formation of an architectural space, in particular the types of influence light and color exert on architectural form in space. An overview of current knowledge in the field of architectural theory and optical physics related to interaction between light, color and form in architecture suggested the main types of interaction between the essential components of color space: local color, chromatic primary source, projection, self-luminous form, and hybrid. Each of the forms of interaction is described in detail in terms of perception and interactions in architectural space, and in terms of specific physical phenomena of light and color expressed through the use of materials and technologies that account for the perception of space. To identify this typology, a number of architectural objects, color and light performances, and installations were analyzed. Types were distinguished by the role the key elements play in architectural space formation (color, light, and form) and their interactions in the observer's perception, and by methods of using these elements. The analysis also took into account the physical essence of the phenomena of light and color: reflected light, transmitted light (inherent in secondary light sources; the color of a non-self-luminous object that is identified with the object's own color expressed through the intrinsic color of the surface material), and emitted light (inherent in primary light sources; the color of the light from self-luminous objects, represented through the sun, sky and light devices). There are two main types of color mixing inherent in these types of sources of light and, hence, color: subtractive and additive, which correspond to the derivation of color from secondary and primary sources. Each of the types of sources of light and color, is represented in the physical world by means of specific technologies and materials, which also influenced the identification of specific types.

Singlet oxygen is a type of reactive oxygen species that is typically generated via type II photosensitization reactions. Since 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), a commonly used chromogenic probe, exhibits peak absorbance at 410 nm for singlet oxygen detection, it severely interferes with blue light irradiation and compounds that absorb in this wavelength region. This study investigated developing and validating a fluorescence-based method using DPBF to quantitatively analyze the type II photosensitizing property of riboflavin (RF) and its heterocyclic flavin derivatives. DPBF fluorescence-based analysis provided more sensitive and practical results than traditional colorimetric methods. It effectively overcomes spectral interference from colored photosensitizers, such as RF and its derivatives, under blue light irradiation (λ peak 447 nm). This method permitted more effective measurement of their activity without interference from their intrinsic color and maintained high linearity and low variation across different sample concentrations, even with short irradiation times. The type II photosensitizing potency of the tested compounds under blue light was consistently ranked as follows: RF > flavin mononucleotide > flavin adenine dinucleotide > lumiflavin > lumichrome. The results suggest that the DPBF fluorescence-based assay is a more effective approach than colorimetric analysis, making it a practical and reproducible tool for assessing the type II photosensitizing properties of diverse compounds. This study also provides a refinement of an existing probe-based assay for relative comparisons under visible light conditions.

Abstract Eccentric eclipsing binaries (EEBs) are the ideal objects to constrain the tidal theory. During the 2 yr mission, TESS 2 minutes cadence mode obtained high-precision photometry of more than 200,000 objects distributed over almost the entire sky. Among these objects, we identify 368 EEBs, including 23 newly discovered systems, through a detailed analysis of periods, light-curve shapes, and eclipses. We have also adopted the two recent TESS-based eclipsing binary catalogs, bringing our sample size to 514. The eccentricity, argument of periastron, absolute magnitude, and intrinsic color are determined for these EEBs. We find the absolute magnitude M G of EEBs has a span of at least 20 mag. Stars as low as 0.15 M ⊙ and as high as 30 M ⊙ can have an eccentric orbit. Based on the parameters of Gaia Radial Velocity Spectrometer spectra, we find four EEBs contain evolved components, namely, TIC146039664, TIC141809359, TIC428249301, and TIC294261093. Overall, more luminous EEBs have a shorter circularization period. There are peculiarities in the eccentricity distribution of the brightest and faintest EEBs ( M G &lt; 1 and M G &gt; 5). The former may not have a strict cutoff circularization period, while the latter may still have an eccentric orbit at periods shorter than 1 day.

Abstract Tidal features provide signatures of recent galaxy mergers, offering insights into the role of mergers in galaxy evolution. The Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will allow for an unprecedented study of tidal features around millions of galaxies. We use mock images of galaxies at z ∼ 0 (z ∼ 0.2 for NewHorizon) from NewHorizon, eagle, IllustrisTNG, and Magneticum Pathfinder simulations to predict the properties of tidal features in LSST-like images. We find that tidal features are more prevalent around blue galaxies with intrinsic colours (g − i) ≤ 0.5, compared to redder ones, at fixed stellar mass. This trend correlates with elevated specific star formation rates (sSFR &amp;gt; 10−10 yr−1), suggesting that merger-induced star formation contributes to the bluer colours. Tidal feature hosts in the red sequence appear to exhibit colour profiles offset to bluer colours for galaxies with stellar masses 1010 &amp;lt; M⋆, 30 pkpc/M⊙ &amp;lt; 1011, similarly blue cloud tidal feature host galaxies appear to have their colour profiles offset to bluer colours for 109.5 &amp;lt; M⋆, 30 pkpc/M⊙ &amp;lt; 1010.5. However, the differences in colour profiles in either the red sequence or the blue cloud are not statistically robust and larger samples are needed to test if these differences are real. The predictions across the simulations are quantitatively distinct; therefore, LSST observations will allow us to further constrain the differences between different subgrid physics models.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a severe challenge to infection treatment, creating an urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. Monomers derived from natural products exhibit multi-mechanism antibacterial properties with low resistance development potential. However, evaluation of these monomers is frequently hampered by color interference in traditional turbidimetric methods. This study developed a high-throughput fully automated bacterial growth curve monitor (HTFA-BGM) to provide a new tool for screening and assessing antimicrobial monomers. The HTFA-BGM was designed and developed based on the principle of scattering nephelometry. Its performance in determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was compared with the microdilution and the tube dilution methods. After establishing the instrument's MIC determination criterion, it was used to evaluate and screen the antibacterial effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) monomers. The HTFA-BGM could screen MICs of 40 monomers against one strain or one monomer against 40 strains simultaneously, unaffected by compound color. When a threshold of ≤ 10% for the ratio of sample turbidity change to bacterial suspension turbidity change was used as the MIC criterion, there was no significant difference between the HTFA-BGM method and the microdilution or tube dilution methods. The HTFA-BGM was used to evaluate 15 monomers (including polyphenolic, quinonoid, and other types of compounds), and the MIC of rhein against 90 strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 8–64 μg/mL. The synergistic rates of rhein combined with penicillin, cefoxitin, cefazolin or oxacillin against MRSA in vitro were 30% (27/90), 63% (57/90), 57% (51/90), and 58% (52/90), respectively, whereas the additive rates were 70% (63/90), 37% (33/90), 43% (39/90), and 42% (38/90), respectively. The MIC of oleanolic acid against 13 isolates of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) was 16–32 μg/mL. When combined with vancomycin, vancomycin MIC decreased from 256–1024 to 1 μg/mL. The HTFA-BGM enables automatic, real-time, and dynamic monitoring of bacterial growth curves. Compared with the microdilution method, which determines the MIC on the basis of endpoint turbidity, this instrument not only has improved efficiency but also yields more objective and accurate results. This method specifically resolves the interference caused by the intrinsic color of colored TCM monomers such as rhein during their determination tests. Therefore, it is better suited for evaluating and screening antibacterial TCM monomers. The HTFA-BGM demonstrates excellent practical applicability and warrants broad promotion and application.

Abstract Halide perovskites (CsPbX 3 , X = Cl, Br, I) have emerged as transformative optoelectronic materials due to their tunable bandgap, exceptional photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY &gt; 90%), and solution processability. Although nanostructure engineering offers avenues for boosting light extraction efficiency and enabling dynamic optical functionalities, the inherent environmental instability of perovskites and fundamental incompatibility with conventional photolithography—which involves multi‐step etching processes that degrade ionic lattices—seriously hinder their practical application. To address these challenges, the study proposes an innovative strategy combining in situ crystallization with nanoimprint lithography (NIL), which realizes the fabrication of large‐area (&gt;6 cm 2 ), high‐resolution perovskite nanostructures. The designed hexagonally arranged ‘yurt’‐shaped nanoarray, inspired by the nanoscale structure on cicada wings, exhibits amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the near‐infrared region at a photoexcitation flux of 134 µJ cm −2 , achieved through the modulation of electric and magnetic dipole resonances. Additionally, perovskite nanostructures can generate two types of colors: extrinsic structural color and intrinsic emission color. By fine‐tuning the excitation intensity, the resultant color can be dynamically adjusted, thereby producing a substantial dataset necessary for deep learning‐based color recognition tasks. Ultimately, this study presents a convenient, accurate, and rapid color anti‐counterfeiting label recognition strategy grounded in deep learning methodologies. The findings not only offer novel insights for advanced anti‐counterfeiting technologies but also provide an innovative pathway for the cost‐effective fabrication of high‐performance optoelectronic devices characterized by high resolution and expansive perovskite nanostructures.