Urography Research Articles (Page 1)

Pelvi-Ureteric Junction Obstruction (PUJO) is one of the most frequent causes of hydronephrosis in both children and adults. It may present with flank pain, vomiting, or progressive renal dysfunction, and if left untreated, may cause irreversible renal damage. Although laparoscopic and robotic techniques are gaining popularity, open pyeloplasty continues to be the gold standard, particularly in anatomically complex cases. A series of three cases of adult PUJO presented here, which were managed with open surgical reconstruction, each with distinct intraoperative findings and outcomes. A 30-year-old male presented with right flank pain and vomiting for two months. Computed Tomography (CT) urography revealed moderate hydronephrosis with a grossly dilated inferomedial calyx, while Diethylenetriaminepenta Acetic Acid (DTPA) scan showed reduced right renal function {24.2%, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) 21.7 mL/min}. Intraoperatively, the dilated lower calyx was compressing a high-insertion ureter. Reduction calycoplasty with infundibular dilatation and Double J (DJ) stenting was performed. Follow-up DTPA showed a 10% increase in split function and +8 mL/min GFR improvement. A 20-year-old female with dull aching left flank pain for one year had a CT urography suggestive of severe hydronephrosis with cortical thinning. DTPA scan showed left kidney function at 18.3% (GFR 16.1 mL/min). Retrograde pyelography confirmed a grossly dilated pelvis. Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty was performed, preserving a crossing systemic vein. Follow-up DTPA demonstrated a 10% rise in split function and +10.3 mL/min GFR gain. A 55-year-old female with intermittent right flank pain and vomiting for one year had Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) and Right Retrograde Pyelogram (RGP) suggestive of PUJO due to Pelvi-Ureteric Junction (PUJ) kink with poor drainage. She underwent standard dismembered pyeloplasty. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and she remains asymptomatic with preserved renal function. In this case series, all three cases were rare and unique presentations of PUJO.

Renal replacement lipomatosis (RRL) is a rare benign condition characterized by the replacement of the renal sinus, hilum, and perirenal space with extensive fatty tissue. It is also known as replacement lipofibromatosis and is generally observed in individuals aged 60-70 years. RRL is typically associated with renal calculi, chronic inflammation, and hydronephrosis, leading to severe atrophy of the renal parenchyma and, ultimately, a non-functional kidney. A study indicated that in 3,500 intravenous pyelogram cases, the incidence of RRL was 0.66%, with no significant gender preponderance. We report a case of a 65-year-old male patient who presented with a left renal mass and hematuria. Non-contrast CT of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (NCCT KUB) revealed a 23 mm calculus at the pelvi-ureteric junction, with extensive peripelvic and periureteric fat stranding and a prominent renal fascia. Left nephroureterectomy was performed, and the excised specimen was submitted for histopathological examination. On gross examination, the specimen measured 11.5x7.5x4.5 cm; the ureter measured 7 cm in length and 0.6 cm in diameter. The outer surface was unremarkable. On sectioning, the pelvicalyceal system was markedly dilated and replaced by fat.

Mycobacterial seeding of the urogenital tract by hematogenous dissemination causes tuberculosis affecting the kidney and urologic system; this can happen after a lung infection, reactivation, or military disease. Kidney parenchymal lesions, such as glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, are less frequent. Tuberculous bacteria have the ability to penetrate the medullary interstitium and result in development of granuloma. In the absence of obvious kidney disease, they may heal with accompanying fibrosis. Alternatively, years after the initial infection, they may burst and break down into the tubular lumen, releasing tuberculous bacilli into the urinary system and causing the infection to spread continuously. When an infection descends to the bladder and ureter, it results in hydronephrosis, ureteral stricture and blockage, and impaired kidney function. When individuals exhibit pertinent clinical symptoms and pertinent epidemiologic characteristics, urogenital tuberculosis should be suspected. Urinary frequency, hematuria, acidic urine, sterile pyuria, and/or dysuria are important clinical indicators for renal or urologic tuberculosis. Infertility, pelvic or abdominal discomfort, and/or menstrual abnormalities in women; nodular lesions of the scrotum, prostate, and/or testis in males; and nonhealing ulcers of the external genitalia in women are all signs of genital TB. Relatively seldom are systemic signs like fever and weight loss. The presence of tubercle bacilli in the urine can confirm the diagnosis of urogenital TB. Additionally, radiographic imaging is necessary for individuals who may have urologic or renal tuberculosis. When possible, contrast-enhanced computerized tomography is the preferable method; intravenous pyelography and high-resolution ultrasonography are other radiography methods. Antituberculous treatment is recommended for patients with urogenital TB; the main strategy is the same as for pulmonary TB. Surgical interventions are justified to a certain extent. J Med Coll Women Hosp.2025; 21 (2):166-174

Medullary Sponge Kidney (MSK) disease is a rare renal malformation characterized by cystic dilatation of papillary collecting ducts. Intravenous urography (IVU) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis. Here we present a case of MSK in an elderly symptomatic female with distinctive sonographic features. A 55-year-old female suffering from acute bilateral loin pain attended a Nephrology consultation at INMAS. X-Ray KUB showed bilateral small renal calculi, USG KUB scan revealed echogenic medullary pyramids. Multiple, small, cystic lesions were observed bilaterally alongside bright echogenic structures. Based on USG impression- bilateral sponge kidney with parenchymal renal disease, renal cysts and nephrocalcinosis, intravenous urography depicted ectasia of distal collecting ducts filled with contrast material, which is a characteristic finding in this scenario.

Background and aim Fluoroscopy is a widely used method for percutaneous nephrolithotomy; however, it has a long contact time to ionizing radiation during operation, so the ultrasound-guided (UG) nephrolithotomy was recommended. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of UG percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the management of stone kidney. Patients and methods This study included 50 patients with stone kidneys divided into two groups: fluoroscopic-guided, and UG nephrolithotomy groups, each containing 25 patients. Patients in both groups had kidney, ureter, and bladder radiograph, ultrasound, and intravenous pyelography or spiral computed tomography. Various parameters were examined: stone characteristics, operative data including the operation time, exposure to radiation, renal access time, site of puncture, good puncture and dilatation, stone-free rate, and failed operations and complications including intraoperative bleeding and postoperative infections. Results The mean operation time, exposure to radiation, and renal access time were significantly less in the UG group than in the fluoroscopic-guided group (P=0.001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, respectively). The site of puncture, successful puncture and dilation, stone-free rate, and failed operations were not different between the two groups. Conclusion UG procedure is of value in cases when radiation hazard is not advisable, as in pregnant females and children, and when fluoroscopy is out of function.

ObjectiveTo develop and evaluate tissue-engineered tubular constructs using homologous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and decellularized fish swim bladder (DFSB) matrix for urinary diversion in a rabbit model.MethodsRabbit ASCs and SMCs were isolated and expanded in vitro; cultured cells were seeded onto bilateral surfaces of DFSB scaffolds followed by 7-day incubation; cell-seeded matrices were shaped into tubular constructs; constructs underwent 2-week in vivo pre-vascularization within omental pouches. Experimental group rabbits (n=24) underwent complete bladder resection with replacement by pre-vascularized constructs, while control group (n=6) received identical implantation of acellular DFSB tubes. Histological evaluations were conducted at postoperative weeks 2, 4, 8, and 16; intravenous urography (IVU) was performed at 16-week endpoint.ResultsAll experimental animals survived until scheduled sacrifice with histological evidence of: (1) luminal multilayer urothelium, (2) organized smooth muscle tissue on abluminal surfaces, and (3) construct-wide neovascularization of varying diameters; IVU confirmed absence of urinary leakage, stricture, or obstruction. Conversely, all control animals died within 2 weeks post-operation; autopsy revealed urine leakage, extensive scar formation, and severe inflammation as mortality causes.ConclusionTissue-engineered tubular constructs fabricated from homologous ASCs, SMCs, and DFSB scaffold demonstrate feasibility as a viable urinary diversion alternative in rabbit models, showing functional tissue regeneration and superior outcomes versus acellular controls.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the diameters of abdominal aorta of normal Nepalese people by using computed tomography (CT) scans of Abdomen and to correlate the diameters with the patient’s age and gender. CT measurements of abdominal aorta are useful in age estimation and in clinical procedures. Methods: This retrospective study was performed in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Gandaki Medical College, Nepal during the period of four months from December 2023 to April 2024. Data of total 100 patients are collected who underwent CT abdomen or CT Intra Venous Urography (IVU) of which 49 were males and 51 were females. Age and gender were noted, diameters of abdominal aorta were measured at the suprarenal and infrarenal level i.e. at T12 and L3 vertebral levels in Cannon Prime SP Aquilion with 160 slice CT scanner system. Results: The mean diameters of the suprarenal and infrarenal abdominal aortas measured at T12 and L3 vertebral levels were 18.98±3.45 mm and 15.19±2.46 mm in men and 18.53±2.79 mm and 14.34±1.92 mm in women respectively. The ratio of the infrarenal to suprarenal abdominal aortic diameters was 0.80±0.06 in men and was 0.77±0.06 in women. Conclusions: This study concluded that the diameter of abdominal aorta increased with increase in age and vice versa. Also, there was no significant difference in suprarenal and infrarenal abdominal aortic diameter between male and female.

Abstract A 24-year-old female with 3 years of ketamine use attended the emergency department for recurrent right upper quadrant pain following a recent cholecystectomy and was found to have an incidental bladder mass on abdominal ultrasound. Her urinary symptoms at the time included urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria that have been worsening in the past 3 years. A cystoscopy and resection of bladder tumour was performed, and the mass was shown to be G1pTa low grade transitional cell carcinoma. No further urinary tract lesions on subsequent CT intravenous urogram. While there is no established association between ketamine use and bladder cancer, this case highlights the need of thorough and prompt investigations to rule out malignancy in ketamine users since the two diseases have many overlapping symptoms. Furthermore, this case report marks the first documented case of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in a patient who is suffering from ketamine cystitis. Further research is needed to look into the long-term effects of ketamine on the bladder.

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a novel methodology for quantifying the infundibulopelvic angle using non-contrast computed tomography with conventional techniques involving intravenous urography or retrograde pyelography. We retrospectively analyzed 35 patients who underwent 64 simultaneous kidney multirow computed tomography scans and intravenous urography or retrograde pyelography. The infundibulopelvic angle values were measured for each patient. A paired t-test was conducted to compare the infundibulopelvic angle measurement values derived from the computed tomography scans with those obtained through intravenous urography or retrograde pyelography. The mean age of the cohort was 48.86 ± 16.21 years, with 26 males and 9 females. The mean infundibulopelvic angle measured via computed tomography was 41.58 ± 16.15°, compared with 42.02 ± 16.96° using traditional methods. The paired t-test results did not indicate a statistically significant difference between the values obtained using the two measurement methods (p > 0.05). Thus, the infundibulopelvic angle measurements derived from non-contrast computed tomography scans were found to be comparable to those obtained using traditional contrast-based imaging techniques. This new methodology offers clinical simplicity, obviates the need for intravenous contrast agents, mitigates financial expenditures, and potentially shortens the duration of hospitalization for patients.

Objective: This case report presents a 60-year-old woman with intravesical ureterocele complicated by severe right upper-moiety hydronephrosis. Case(s) Presentation: A 60-year-old woman came with the chief complaint of right flank pain radiating to the umbilicus and groin accompanied by nausea, vomiting and decreased appetite. Ultrasound examination showed severe hydronephrosis of the right kidney. Abdominal CT revealed a double collecting system with severe hydroureteronephrosis at the upper pelvicalyceal system and the presence of an intravesical ureterocele. Cystoscopy and right RPG of upper and lower moiety procedures were performed and showed right severe hydroureteronephrosis with stenosis of right upper moiety ureteral orifice and ureterocele, followed by uroterocele incision and upper moiety ureteral re-implantation. No further complaints or complications were found after discharge from the hospital. Discussion: Adult ureterocele is a rare congenital anomaly often detected incidentally or due to complications like obstruction and infection. Diagnosis relies on imaging modalities such as ultrasonography, intravenous urography, and CT urography, while treatment options range from minimally invasive endoscopic decompression to surgical excision, depending on severity and associated complications. Conclusion: Ureterocele is a rare congenital urological abnormality found in non-Caucasians. Due to the rarity of the case, a thorough examination is required to establish this dia\gnosis and the choice of the appropriate treatment procedure. The managements include incision of ureterocele and ureteroneocystostomy. Keywords: Adult ureterocele, intravesical ureterocele, hydronephrosis, complete double collecting system, vesicoureteral reflux

To study the features of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of children with bladder hernias. A total of 8 children with bladder hernias were observed, including five patients with inguinal hernias of the bladder and two with femoral hernias. One girl had a perineal bladder hernia. To verify the diagnosis, clinical and laboratory examinations, ultrasound and Doppler examination of the scrotum, bladder catheterization, cystoscopy and cystography, intravenous urography, CT, and morphological studies of the surgical specimen were used. In this article, we presented four clinical cases. Difficulties in diagnosing bladder hernias in children, especially when they are incarcerated, are associated with atypical clinical manifestations, which mimic an incarcerated inguinal hernia. In 5 children with inguinal and two children with femoral hernia of the bladder, the diagnosis was not correctly made before the surgical procedure. In two cases, there was bladder damage during intervention. Combined surgical procedure with abdominal and herniotomy approaches allowed to perform radical procedures for both inguinal and femoral hernias of the bladder. A girl with a perineal hernia of the bladder complicated by urolithiasis was undergone to anterior colporrhaphy and posterior colpoperineorraphy with a removal of bladder stones. Bladder hernias in children are always sliding and are rare. Clinically, bladder hernias in children mimic an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Correct diagnosis of bladder hernias is difficult. No child with inguinal and femoral bladder hernias was correctly diagnosed before surgical intervention. Abdominal and herniotomy approaches can be the method of choice for femoral hernias of the bladder. With perineal hernia of the bladder, anterior colporrhaphy and posterior colpoperineorraphy are indicated.

Propensity Score Matched Analysis of Thulium Fiber vs Pulsed Thulium:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser Lithotripsy in Flexible Ureteroscopy for Kidney Stone Disease Using a Flexible and Navigable Suction Ureteral Access Sheath: Results From a Prospective, Multicenter Study of the EAU Section of Endourology.

Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are frequently associated with genitourinary anomalies, which can lead to significant morbidity if left undiagnosed. Early detection is critical for optimal clinical management and prognosis. Objective: To determine the frequency and pattern of genitourinary abnormalities in neonates diagnosed with anorectal malformations. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan, from 05-07-2024 to 05-01-2025. One hundred fifty-one neonates aged 1–30 days with radiologically confirmed ARMs were enrolled through non-probability consecutive sampling. Neonates with prior surgical interventions or genital ambiguity were excluded. Data on demographic variables and ARM type (high vs. low lesion) were collected. Genitourinary anomalies were identified through clinical examination, ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and intravenous pyelography. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, and p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: Out of 151 neonates, 89 (58.9%) were male and 62 (41.1%) were female. Genitourinary anomalies were present in a substantial proportion of patients. The most common abnormality was vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), found in 52 cases (34.4%), followed by hypospadias in 19 cases (12.6%), ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in 18 cases (11.9%), and undescended testis (UDT) in 8 cases (5.3%). Hypospadias and UDT were exclusively observed in male neonates (p < 0.001). High-type ARMs (n=63, 41.7%) were significantly associated with increased genitourinary anomaly frequency. Conclusion: Genitourinary anomalies, particularly vesicoureteral reflux, are common in neonates with anorectal malformations, especially those with high-type lesions. Routine screening with ultrasound and VCUG is essential to identify and manage these associated abnormalities early, thereby improving long-term outcomes.

Calyceal diverticulum (la) is a rare outpouching or eventrations of the upper collecting system lying within the renal parenchyma. These outpouchings are lined by transitional cell epithelium and they communicate with the main collecting system via a narrow channel which allows for passive filling with urine. Calyceal diverticulum was first described in 1841 by Rayer in ‘’Traitments des maladies des reins.’’. Thought to be either cyst or hydronephrosis, he used the term kyste urinaire to describe his finding of intrarenal urine- containing cavities that communicate with calyces. This disease entity is found in 0.21% to 0.6% of intravenous urogram (IVU) performed in adults, with a similar prevalence in children. The disease process affects women more than males. No predilection towards a particular side of the body. Studies have shown that they are most likely congenital in origin than acquired. Also, the similarity in incidence for both adults and children is consistent with an embryologic etiology. Some other authors came up with several other names depending on the location of the cyst, but Prather coined the word calyceal diverticulum which is what is been used today. Sometimes a misdiagnosis of hydronephrosis, parapelvic or peripelvic cyst is made especially on ultrasound and so a crossectional imaging modality such as computed axial tomography is invaluable in making proper diagnosis. Our objective is to highlight the possibility of occurrence of a symptomatic calyceal diverticulum in a child and also to emphasize the use of computed axial tomography in the proper diagnosis of the disease. In this case we present a 14year old female patient with a 3month history of right upper abdominal swelling with associated loin pain. A diagnosis of? Hydronephrosis was made on ultrasound scan, but no obvious cause of obstruction was identified.

ObjectivesPercutaneous nephropexy (PCN) has been demonstrated as a feasible method for treating nephroptosis. This study describes an improved technique for PCN that better addresses the issue of nephroptosis.Materials and methodsWe reviewed 4 patients who underwent the improved PCN procedure between January 2021 and January 2023. These patients were diagnosed with nephroptosis, with 1 case having both a narrow ureteropelvic junction and nephroptosis due to a kidney stone, and 3 cases having simple nephroptosis. Patient characteristics, perioperative data, and follow-up results were collected. Surgical success was determined by symptom relief (subjective success) and the absence of kidney descent by intravenous pyelography (objective success).ResultsPreoperative computed tomography urography showed that all patients had hydronephrosis, with severe hydronephrosis in 75% (3/4) and moderate hydronephrosis in 25% (1/4) of cases. The mean operative time was 63.8 minutes (range, 45–95 minutes), and the mean blood loss was 5 mL (range, 5–50 mL). The mean length of hospital stay was 4.5 days (range, 3–6 days). The mean time to removal of the nephrostomy tube was 2 months (range, 1–4 months). No serious complications (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥3) occurred during or after the procedure. The mean postoperative serum creatinine level was 54.75 μmol/L (range, 43–65 μmol/L). The mean follow-up time was 6.25 months (range, 4–8 months). The objective and subjective success rates were both 100%.ConclusionsThe improved PCN procedure that was used in this study is feasible and provides a good option for treating nephroptosis.

Aims: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), pneumatic lithotripsy, and laser lithotripsy in the treatment of proximal ureteral calculi, focusing on stone-free rates, complication profiles, and the need for additional interventions. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 150 patients with proximal ureteral calculi treated with ESWL, pneumatic lithotripsy, or laser lithotripsy. Patients were divided into three equal groups (50 per treatment arm). Demographic and clinical characteristics, procedural outcomes, and complication rates were evaluated. Stone-free status was assessed on postoperative day 1 via direct urinary system radiography and at 1 month using intravenous urography. Results: For stones smaller than 10 mm, the stone-free rates were 93% in the ESWL group, 80% for pneumatic lithotripsy, and 84% for laser lithotripsy. In stones ?10 mm, the rates dropped to 55.0%, 52.6%, and 75%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the distributions of stone-free status, minimal residue, or the requirement for post-procedure URS across procedure types. A higher frequency of pusback was observed in the pneumatic lithotripsy group compared to the other groups (Pneumatic lithotripsy: 31.6% vs. Laser lithotripsy: 12.5% vs. ESWL: 0%, p = 0.012). However, for stones smaller than 10 mm, this difference was not statistically significant. The mean operative duration was longest for laser lithotripsy compared to pneumatic lithotripsy and ESWL (Pneumatic lithotripsy: 36.6 ± 5.2 vs. Laser lithotripsy: 62.8 ± 11.1 vs. ESWL: 28.2 ± 6.4 minutes, p = 0.001). Complication rates were comparable across groups. Conclusion: In smaller ureteral calculi, the three modalities exhibit comparable efficacy. For large ureteral stones, laser lithotripsy achieves better stone-free rates and requires fewer repeat interventions but has a longer operative time. Treatment decisions should be individualized according to stone size, patient factors, and available resources.

Extrarenal pyelocalyceal system or extrarenal calyces, a congenital anomaly, is identified when it presents with pelviureteric junction obstruction. It is elusive to preoperative diagnosis and was identified only intraoperatively in all published pediatric cases. Experience gained by managing a series of cases and a literature search has guided us to evolve a preoperative diagnostic approach, a pyelotomy technique, and a practical classification of the EPS. During the period from 2003 to 2023, four cases with six kidneys of the EPS including three kidneys of the polar extrarenal infundibulum and calyces, a variant of EPS involving only upper or lower pole of the kidney, were seen. Successful pyeloplasty was performed in five of the six kidneys for PUJO using a careful pyelotomy technique. Characteristic "garden rake" X-ray sign was seen in intravenous urogram or retrograde pyelogram, contrast-enhanced computerized tomogram, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen in three kidneys. Retrograde pyelogram, CECT, or MRI of the abdomen identified the polar variant in three kidneys. Late-onset PUJO was seen in one case. Four cases with PUJO presented with significantly reduced renal function. One showed postoperative deterioration to nonfunction despite good drainage. A preoperative diagnostic approach, a pyelotomy technique for pyeloplasty, and a classification of the EPS are evolved by the authors. Progressive loss of function and late-onset obstruction mandate a renal-sparing pyeloplasty approach and follow-up.

ABSTRACTBackground:Hydronephrosis is the most common congenital anomalies of the urinary tract. There are various diagnostic modalities which are currently used for diagnosis and follow-up such as ultrasound, renal scintigraphy, intravenous urography, and magnetic resonance urography. Renal arterial Doppler resistance index can be used as a complimentary tool.Materials and Methods:A prospective observational study of 30 infants and children with unilateral hydronephrosis were selected using consecutive sampling. Ultrasonography with renal biometry for diagnosis and Technetium 99m-diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) Renogram was used for functional assessment. Doppler ultrasonography was done in all on to determine mean resistive index in each subject.Results:Altogether 30 patients have been studied in this series, out of which 7 are females and 23 males. Fourteen patients had left-sided ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction and 16 had right-sided UPJ obstruction. Operative procedure (Anderson–Hyne’s pyeloplasty) was done in all 30 patients. Preoperatively differential renal function was assessed by renal scintigraphy using 99 mTc-DTPA and Doppler ultrasonography done to measure renal resistive index (RRI). In this study, in preoperative group mean peak systolic velocity (PSV) – 52.663 cm/s, mean end diastolic velocity (EDV) – 10.305 cm/s, mean RRI – 0.797, mean DTPA – 43.630. In the postoperative period after 3 months, mean PSV – 41.223, mean EDV – 14.640, mean DTPA – 47.449, and mean RRI – 0.638.Conclusion:This study has shown that the mean renal arterial resistive index was higher (mean RRI – 0.797) in preoperative period and decreased after intervention (mean RRI – 0.638). These values correlate well with DTPA result. Hence, this is a reliable tool for diagnosis and follow-up after intervention.

A computed tomography intravenous pyelogram (CT IVP) is a very common investigation performed for a wide range of urological presentations such as abdominal pain and haematuria. We report a rare case of spontaneous calyceal rupture and associated haemorrhage during a CT.

This study aims to examine the role of intravenous pyelography (IVP) in the evaluation of developmental renal anomalies. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 26 subjects presenting with loin pain and suspicion of renal anomalies, subjected to IVP at ACS Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. Descriptive statistics were used for frequency and percentage. The study population consisted of 61.5% males and 38.5% females, indicating a male predilection for renal anomalies. Horseshoe kidney (31%) and duplex collecting system (23%) were the most prevalent anomalies, underscoring the importance of early detection and tailored management. Less frequent anomalies included malrotation, ectopic kidney, crossed renal ectopia, and unilateral renal agenesis. Despite advancements in imaging technology, IVP remains relevant for detailed anatomical and functional assessment of the urinary tract. This study highlights the importance of proactive management and multidisciplinary collaboration in optimizing outcomes for patients with developmental renal anomalies.