Progestogens (norethisterone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, dydrogesterone, micronized progesterone, levonorgestrel, drospirenone, and trimegestone) added to estrogen for endometrial protection are reviewed. They can be given orally or vaginally, norethisterone acetate can also be given transdermally, and levonorgestrel can be given through the intrauterine route. Sequential use of progestogens protects the endometrium if exposure lasts for at least 12 days/month; longer intervals are not safe. Continuous use of progestogens, whether oral, transdermal, or intrauterine, provides the most effective protection. Progestogen addition is accompanied with significant elevations in breast cancer risk, the largest drawback of progestogen use, and dydrogesterone, micronized progesterone, and a levonorgestrel intrauterine device may be safest in this regard. Progestogens also double deep vein thrombosis risk and diminish the positive effect of estrogen on colorectal cancer and vascular health. Recent data imply a neutral effect of progestogens in combination with estrogen on Alzheimer's disease risk, but the risk of vascular dementia is decreased. In conclusion, progestogens are a double-edged sword, effectively protecting the endometrium but causing several side effects and reducing many estrogen-induced benefits. With modern endometrial diagnostic tools, the safety of low-dose unopposed estrogen regimens should be assessed in a prospective controlled trial in women with an intact uterus.

Pyometra, literally meaning pus in the uterus, is a disease of the uterus in intact, sexually mature bitches. The present study focuses on evaluation of different therapeutic protocol for treatment of canine pyometra based on haemato-biochemical parameters with special emphasis on kidney and heart function. A total of 18 female dogs were clinically diagnosed for pyometra at the department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, DUVASU, Mathura (U.P). These animals were divided into three Groups (Group II, III and IV) having 6 female dogs in each group and 6 healthy females were kept in Group I as control. All pyometra animals were treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid @ 25 mg/kg b.wt./day via intravenous route and intrauterine route for 9 days along with fluid therapy. Before giving hormonal treatment, all pyometra animals were treated with atropine @ 0.025 mg/kg b.wt and ondansetron @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. via intramuscular route. Cloprostenol @ 5 μg/kg b.wt on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 (subcutaneous route in Group II & IV and intravaginal route in Group III), tab mifepristone @ 2.5 mg/kg b.wt on day 2, 4, 6, 8 orally and tab cabergoline @ 5μg/kg b.wt on day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 orally provided in all pyometra groups. Nephroprotective drug having Taurine and N-Acetyl cysteine was given in Group IV for 14 days. Mean values of haemato-biochemical parameters altered significantly in canine pyometra. The therapeutic protocol in Group II, III and IV showed success rate of 83.33 and 66.63, 100%, respectively.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Ozone, E. Coli LPS, Autologous plasma, Neem oil, and Lugol’s iodine in 100 infectious repeat breeder cows. The animals were divided in 5 different groups viz. Group-I, Group-II, Group-III, Group-IV and Group-V treated with Ozone @ 55µg/ml in 60ml distilled water, E. Coli LPS @100mcg in 30 ml sterile PBS, Autologous plasma @ 30 ml, Neem oil @ 10µg/ml in 30 ml distilled water, Lugol’s iodine 1:25 in 30ml normal saline, intrauterine route in 20 cases, respectively, Group-V of 20 animals was kept as control. AI was done in recovered cases. On follow up, recovery rate in treatment group were found as 75.00, 80.00, 65.00, 75.00 and 50.00 per cent in groups I to V, respectively. The conception rate was found as 68.42, 73.68, 55.00, 63.15 and 53.33 per cent in cows in Group-I to V, respectively. Pregnancy rate was observed that 65.00, 70.00, 50.00, 60.00 and 40.00 per cent cows from groups I to V, respectively. On conclusion, infectious repeat breeder cows treated with E. Coli LPS showed highest recovery rate, conception rate and pregnancy rate than the other treatment groups in this research study.

In the study, a total of 30 clinically healthy fertile Holstein cows (aged 3-8 years old; with 500-700 kg average live weight and 28 litres average daily milk) were used in a private dairy farm in Milas district of Muğla province. Randomly selected cows were divided into two groups (control and treatment) (n=15 cows/group) with almost similar body condition scores (BCS) (as all having approximately BCS of 2.75±0.25 units, 1-5 scale). Cows were monitored for natural oestrus, especially during the 2 months postpartum. Control cows (n=15) showing oestrus were inseminated (throughout the 3 consecutive occasions at maximum) by routine AI via recto-vaginal intrauterine route using frozen bull semen (0.25 ml dose; 7.5 x 106 total motile sperm) and thawing at 37 °C for 30 seconds. Inseminations were carried out for 7 months (from December 2021 to June 2022). For the treatment group, the cows were given the antimicrobial agent (UB20 O8®) intrauterine 30 minutes after each AI. The disinfectant dose, given to the corpus uteri region after the AI, was used as a total of 50 ml mixture (40 ml warm saline and 10 ml disinfectant). Throughout the study, animals were routinely given a farm-specific "dairy cow" diet (with 23% protein/concentrated feed). In addition, cows were provided regularly with clean drinking water, shade, and free movement in paddocks. Total pregnancy rates of cows and the 'pregnancy index' (the number of inseminations per pregnancy) of 35-60-day post-insemination as checked via ultrasound examination were analysed statistically by using Chi-Square and Wilcoxon tests. The possible difference between the groups based on pregnancy rate and pregnancy index data was considered significant at the P<0.05 level. According to the results obtained, numerical differences observed due to local treatment after all insemination periods were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Pregnancy rates following the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd inseminations in the treatment and control groups were 60.00% vs. 46.66%, 86.66% vs. 66.66%, and 93.33% vs. 80.00%, respectively. The total pregnancy indexes in the groups were 1.57 (14 pregnancies/22 inseminations; treatment) and 2.25 (12 pregnancies/27 inseminations; control). Briefly, it was observed that the pregnancy rate and pregnancy index in the treatment group were consistently but only numerically higher than those in the control group, indicating that anionic oxygen could be an effective alternative for intrauterine treatment leading to high fertility early postpartum.

An effective single-dose vaccine that protects the dam and her suckling offspring against infectious disease would be widely beneficial to livestock animals. We assessed whether a single-dose intramuscular (i.m.) porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine administered to the gilt 30 days post-breeding could generate mucosal and systemic immunity and sufficient colostral and mature milk antibodies to protect suckling piglets against infectious challenge. The vaccine was comprised of polymeric poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) (PGLA)-nanoparticle (NP) encapsulating recombinant PEDV spike protein 1 (PEDVS1) associated with ARC4 and ARC7 adjuvants, a muramyl dipeptide analog and a monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) analog, respectively (NP-PEDVS1). To establish whether prior mucosal exposure could augment the i.m. immune response and/or contribute to mucosal tolerance, gilts were immunized with the NP-PEDVS1 vaccine via the intrauterine route at breeding, followed by the i.m. vaccine 30 days later. Archived colostrum from gilts that were challenged with low-dose PEDV plus alum was used as positive reference samples for neutralizing antibodies and passive protection. On day 100 of gestation (70 days post i.m. immunization), both vaccinated groups showed significant PEDVS1-specific IgG and IgA in the serum, as well as in uterine tissue collected on the day of euthanasia. Anti-PEDVS1 colostral IgG antibody titers collected at farrowing were significantly higher relative to the negative control gilts indicating that the NP vaccine was effective in contributing to the colostral antibodies. The PEDVS1-specific colostral IgA and anti-PEDVS1 IgG and IgA antibodies in the mature milk collected 6 days after farrowing were low for both vaccinated groups. No statistical differences between the vaccinated groups were observed, suggesting that the i.u. priming vaccine did not induce mucosal tolerance. Piglets born to either group of vaccinated gilts did not receive sufficient neutralizing antibodies to protect them against infectious PEDV at 3 days of age. In summary, a single i.m. NP vaccine administered 30 days after breeding and a joint i.u./i.m. vaccine administered at breeding and 30 days post-breeding induced significant anti-PEDVS1 immunity in systemic and mucosal sites but did not provide passive protection in suckling offspring.

Feline panleukopenia is a fatal and contagious viral disease caused by the family of Parvoviridae. Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is synonymously called as feline distemper and feline Parvo. FPV infects all felids, raccoons, mink and foxes. FPV infected animals generally have compromised health conditions. Cats of all ages are mostly affected by FPV, but kittens are highly susceptible with higher mortality. The virus is resistant to many disinfectants and normally survives in the environment for several months. Transmission occurs through direct contact of faeces contaminated feeds as well as by indirect contact of fomites, and through intrauterine route. Clinical symptoms include vomition, diarrhoea, lymphopenia and neutropenia, followed by thrombocytopenia and anaemia, immunosuppression, cerebellar ataxia and abortion. Commercially available test kits are used to detect FPV antigen in faeces. Fluid therapy, antibiotics, metronidazole, supportive therapy, and good nursing care are the common treatment practice in Central Referral Veterinary Hospital (CRVH), Nepal. The disease can be controlled by isolation of infected cats, routine vaccination and disinfection of premises. The higher incidence in Nepal is due to lack of vaccination practice against FPV. Disinfectants containing sodium hypochlorite (bleach), potassium peroxymonosulfate and accelerated hydrogen peroxide are found effective. The aim of this paper is to review the current status of the disease, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and control measures for prevention and management of feline panleukopenia infections in developing countries like Nepal.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Escherichia coli LPS and Neem oil in 40 infectious repeat breeder cows. The animals were divided in 2 different groups viz. Group-I 20 and Group-II 20 treated with E. coli LPS @ 100 mcg/ml activity in 30 ml sterile PBS and neem oil @10 mcg/ml in 30 ml distilled water in intrauterine route, respectively. The diagnosis was confirmed by estimation of pH, PMN cell count, White Side Test and Spinnbarkeit test, which indicated 93.00% cows having alkaline pH, PMN cell count >5% and all cases positive for White Side Test. Recovery rate after treatment were found as 16 (80.00%) and 15 (75.00%), respectively. The conception rate was found as 14 (73.68%) and 12 (63.15%) in cows in Group-I and II, respectively. On conclusion, cows treated with E. coli LPS showed higher recovery rate.

Abstract Study question Does GCSF by intrauterine route leads to better result in the treatment of thin endometrium as compared to GCSF by the subcutaneous route, in IVF-ICSI Cycles? Summary answer Yes, GCSF by intrauterine route leads to better result in the treatment of thin endometrium as compared to subcutaneous-GCSF, in ART Cycles? What is known already GCSF, is a member of the colony stimulating factor family of cytokines and growth factors. GCSF receptors are expressed in high concentration on dominant follicle, particularly at preovulatory stage.The endometrium also shows an increased expression of these receptors. GCSF concentration rises in the follicular fluid at the same time. Serum levels of GCSF are found to be in direct correlation with levels of GCSF in follicular fluid. Serum levels increase progressively from the day the embryo-transfer to the day of implantation. GCSF has been found to be beneficial in patients with thin endometrium and recurrent implantation failure. Study design, size, duration This was a RCT conducted between 2018–2019. 30 patients with thin endometrium were enrolled in each group. In either group, GCSF was given if endometrium was less than 7mm on day 14, maximum of two doses were administered. Patients undergoing frozen embryo transfer were recruited in the study, after meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Primary outcome measured was increase in endometrium thickness and the secondary outcome was the clinical pregnancy rate and abortion-rate. Participants/materials, setting, methods 60 patients with thin endometrium were randomly divided into two groups. Group A: Inj. GCSF (300 mcg/1 ml) subcutaneously on Day 14 onwards alternate days for two doses. Group B: Inj. GCSF (300 mcg/1 ml) instilled slowly into the uterine cavity using an intrauterine insemination (IUI) catheter under USG guidance. Endometrial thickness was assessed after 48 h. If endometrial thickness was found to be < 7 mm, a second infusion of GCSF was carried out. Main results and the role of chance In the subcutaneous group (group-A) the mean endometrial thickness before GCSF injection was 5.8 ± 0.6 mm and, after injection it increased to 6.9 ± 0.4 mm. Similarly, in the intrauterine group (group-B) the mean endometrial thickness before GCSF was 5.9 ± 0.7 which increased to a mean of 7.9 ± 0.5 after GCSF instillation. The difference between endometrial thickness before and after intrauterine infusion of GCSF was more than that in the subcutaneous group. In group-A, 08 patients conceived out of 30 patients ( clinical pregnancy rate 26.6%) and in group B 11 conceived out of 30 patients in whom GCSF was instilled intrauterine (pregnancy rate 36.6%). Thus, there was a difference in the clinical pregnancy rate in the two groups, the intrauterine group yielding a higher clinical pregnancy rate, but it was not statistically significant. Because of the thin endometrium, we found an abortion rate of 25% (2/8) in the subcutaneous-GCSF group, and an abortion rate of 18% (2/11) in the intrauterine GCSF group. Limitations, reasons for caution There are few potential limitations because of the small sample size. Confounders such as obesity, smoking and alcohol intake, presence of adenomyosis and endometriosis, were not taken into consideration. Though prevalence of obesity is usually low in Indian women. Habits of smoking and alcohol are exceedingly uncommon in Indian women. Wider implications of the findings: Use of GCSF plays an important role in management of patients of thin endometrium undergoing embryo transfer. It is an easily available and economical preparation in developing countries and the intrauterine instillation of GCSF can be easily practiced in an ART unit with good results in resistant thin endometrium patients. Trial registration number Not applicable

The objective of the study was to compare three quantification methods to a “garbage can audit” (reference method, REF) for monitoring antimicrobial usage (AMU) from products other than medicated feed over one year in 101 Québec dairy farms. Data were collected from veterinary invoices (VET method), from the “Amélioration de la Santé Animale au Québec” provincial program (GOV method), and from farm treatment records (FARM method). The AMU rate was reported in a number of Canadian Defined Course Doses for cattle (DCDbovCA) per 100 cow-years. Electronic veterinary sales data were obtained for all farms for VET and GOV methods. For the FARM method, a herd management software was used by 68% of producers whereas farm treatment records were handwritten for the others; records could not be retrieved in 4% of farms. Overall, agreement was almost perfect between REF and VET methods (concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.83), but moderate between REF and GOV (CCC = 0.44), and between REF and FARM (CCC = 0.51). Only a fair or slight agreement was obtained between any alternative method of quantification and REF for oral and intrauterine routes. The billing software used by most of Québec’s dairy veterinary practitioners seems promising in terms of surveillance and benchmarking of AMU in the province.

In the present study, E. coli isolates representing four different phylogroups viz. A, B1, D, and F were used in rat model to study their pathogenic potential for the development of endometritis. Animal were classified into four infected groups and one group served as negative control. Isolates representing respective phylogroups were inoculated by intrauterine route in twenty diestrus rats. Histopathological changes noted in all the experimental groups with varying intensity of lesions of endometritis characterized by invasion of neutrophils in endometrial superficial epithelium, stratum compactum, uterine cavity, and microabscess formation. Experimental group 4 (phylogroup D) showed highest mean histopathological score, followed by group 2 (phylogroup A), group 3 (phylogroup B1) and group 5 (phylogroup F). However, no statistical significant difference could be observed between the infected groups. The present study concluded that, different phylogroups of E. coli do not differ significantly to induce the lesions of endometritis in diestrus rats.

This study aimed to evaluate by means of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR), co-cultivation and sequencing, with genetic comparison between strains (mother/newborn), the occurrence of vertical transmission of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) from naturally occurring nannies infected for their offspring. For the detection of SRLV seropositive progenitors, blood was collected from 42 nannies in the final third of gestation in tubes with and without anticoagulant. The diagnostic tests used were Western Blot (WB) and nPCR. During the period of birth, the same blood collection procedure was performed on 73 newborns at zero hours of birth, with the same diagnostic tests. Seventeen blood samples from seven-day-old kids, proven positive for SRLV by nPCR, chosen at random, were subjected to coculture in goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells for 105 days. The pro-viral DNA extracted from the cell supernatant from the coculture was subjected to nPCR. For DNA sequencing from the nPCR products, nine positive samples were chosen at random, four nannies with their respective offspring, also positive. Each sample was performed in triplicate, thus generating 27 nPCR products of which only 19 were suitable for analysis. Among the 42 pregnant goats, in 50% (21/42) pro-viral DNA was detected by nPCR, while in the WB, only 7.14% (3/42) presented antibodies against SRLV. Regarding neonates, of the 73 kids, 34 (46.57%) were positive for the virus, using the nPCR technique, while in the serological test (WB), three positive animals (4.10%) were observed. The coculture of the 17 samples with a positive result in the nPCR was confirmed in viral isolation by amplification of the SRLV pro-viral DNA. When aligned, the pro-viral DNA sequences (nannies and their respective offspring) presented homology in relation to the standard strain CAEV Co. It was concluded that the transmission of SRLV through intrauterine route was potentially the source of infection in the newborn goats.

Toll-Like Receptor-4 Antagonist (+)-Naltrexone Protects Against Carbamyl-Platelet Activating Factor (cPAF)-Induced Preterm Labor in Mice

Background: Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) has a potential role in patients with persistently thin endometrium. Usually intrauterine route is employed for administering GCSF in patients with thin endometrium and data on subcutaneous route of administration is scarce. Methods: This was a randomized case control study from july 2018 to January 2019. Fifty patients with thin endometrium were enrolled in each group. In either group, GCSF was given if endometrium was less than 7mm on day 14, maximum of 2 doses. Primary outcome measured was increase in endometrium thickness and the secondary outcome was pregnancy rate. Results: Patients in both groups had similar endometrial thickness at the time of the initial evaluation: 5.27 mm in the subcutaneous and 5.34 mm in the intrauterine group. Similar change in the endometrial thickness was observed in the two groups: 1.76 in subcutaneous group and 1.84 in intrauterine group. It was observed that 61.2% had zone 3 blood flow in subcutaneous group compared to 74.1% in the intrauterine group, the difference being not statistically significant. Pregnancy rate of 40.1% in the subcutaneous group and 47.1% in intrauterine group was observed. (P>0.50). Conclusion: We concluded that G-CSF infusion leads to an improvement in endometrium thickness and this can achieved by both intrauterine and subcutaneous route. Intrauterine route is associated with slightly better results compared to subcutaneous route, though the improvement is not statistically significant. Hence, subcutaneous route can be offered to the patient, making it a viable option for administering GCSF to improve the endometrial thickness and flow in patients with thin endometrium undergoing embryo transfer.

The Efficacy of Treatment of Retained Placenta with Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline through Local Intrauterine Route in Dairy Cows

The aim of this study was to assess whether the dual administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) increases the effect of only systemic administration in patients with RIF. This retrospective study included 111 infertile normoresponder cases with two or more unsuccessful in vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatments, despite the transfer of good quality embryos. Patients were divided into three groups according to using G-CSF and administration route; Group 1 included patients who received subcutaneous (SC) G-CSF only (n = 38), Group 2 comprised patients who received both intrauterine (IU) and SC G-CSF (n = 39), the control group included patients who did not receive G-CSF who were matched by age (n = 34). The IU route of G-CSF was employed on ovulation triggering day. G-CSF was administered via an IU insemination catheter. SC injection was started on the day of oocyte retrieval and administered for 15 days at 100,000 IU/kg. Foetal cardiac activity (clinical pregnancy) was present in 50 patients (46.2%) after embryo transfer, with 20 patients included in SC group (Group 1) (52.6%), 25 in SC + IU group (Group 2) (64.1%) and 8 (23.5%) in control group and significant difference was observed between groups (p: .001). Pregnancy resulted in live birth in 43 patients (39.8%), with 13 patients belonging in Group 1 (34.2%), 25 in Group 2 (61.5%) and 8 (23.5%) in control group; significant differences were observed between groups (p: .001). In conclusion, our results showed that dual administration of G-CSF was significantly more effective that the SC only method.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? A number of studies reported the possible benefits of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and recurrent pregnancy loss patients; however, it is unclear which administration route is better.What do the results of this study add? Our results showed that G-CSF is a promising and safe agent for increasing live birth rates in patients with RIF. Additionally, dual administration is considered the better method than SC only administration.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Clinicians should consider a combination of IU use before ovulation triggering with SC administration starting from the day of oocyte collection for using G-CSF for the treatment of recurrent implantation failure. Additionally, our data show the need for research in the field of administration route of G-CSF for RIF. We suggest that further studies be performed in this field.

We identified the bacterial isolates from the uterus of clinical endometritis affected cows and performed in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test (ABST) against major uterine pathogen (E. coli). We subsequently evaluated the sensitive antibiotics in clinical endometritis affected cows through fertility parameters, blood acute phase proteins (APPs; haptoglobin and serum amyloid A), cytokines level (IL-1β and TNF-α) and milk yield. We found 12.7% of E. coli among 63 bacterial isolates from the endometritis cows. ABST against E. coli revealed gentamicin as the most sensitive and oxytetracycline (OTC) as intermediately sensitive drug. Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/ml) of gentamicin and OTC against E. coli was 5.47 and 0.78, respectively. Gentamicin, OTC, and povidone-iodine (PI) were administered for 3 days through intrauterine route in endometritis cows (8 per group) for in vivo evaluation. The first service conception rate was higher in OTC treated cows with lesser days open, while interval between treatment and conception was nonsignificantly lower in PI-treated cows. The concentration of APPs and cytokines was significantly reduced in antibiotics treated cows but not in PI-treated groups. In conclusion, OTC was found to be more suitable than gentamicin for treatment of clinical endometritis and PI had differential effects on clinical endometritis cows.

Excessive bleeding during and after caesarean section is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in low resource countries. This study evaluates the effect of intrauterine misoprostol with oxytocin in comparison with oxytocin alone on blood loss during caesarean section. A retrospective data analysis of 160 women who underwent lower segment caesarean section was conducted. Eighty-five out of 160 (53%) women received tablet misoprostol 800 µg by intrauterine route after delivery of a baby in addition to routine oxytocin infusion (group A), while 75 women (47%) received only oxytocin (group B). Blood loss, Haemoglobin (Hb) difference (pre-operative Hb – post-operative Hb) and need of any other oxytocic were compared in both the groups. Demographic variables such as mean age, parity, and an indication of caesarean section were comparable in both the groups. Mean blood loss during caesarean section was lower in group A (680 ± 202 mL) than group B (740 ± 228 mL) (p = .08). Higher Hb difference was noted in group B (1.03 ± 0.83 gm%) than group A (0.93 ± 0.68 gm%) (p = .41). No patient required additional oxytocic and no patient had postpartum haemorrhage in both the groups. The use of misoprostol by the intrauterine route in addition to routine oxytocin infusion during caesarean section is associated with a clinically significant reduction in intra-operative and post-operative blood loss.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? The role of misoprostol in the prevention and treatment of haemorrhage during and after caesarean section is well known and well studied. It is a better alternative to oxytocin in low resource settings. Various routes of misoprostol, with or without oxytocin, and its effect on intrapartum and postpartum haemorrhage are described in the literature. Misoprostol is an autocoid substance and acts better if it is close to the target organ (uterus). The use of misoprostol by the intrauterine route during caesarean section has not been well explored.What do the results of this study add? The use of misoprostol by intrauterine route in addition to routine oxytocin infusion during caesarean section is associated with decreased intra-operative and post-operative -blood loss.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The findings of this study reveal that misoprostol is also effective by the intrauterine route. It is a convenient way to insert misoprostol during caesarean section and it can be considered to prevent intrapartum and postpartum haemorrhage. More studies including randomised controlled trials with bigger sample size are needed to reach to any firm conclusion.

The objective of this study was to compare the reproductive performance of cows affected by clinical endometritis (CE) following treatment with an intrauterine infusion of 50% dextrose solutions (DEX) and liquid paraffin (LP) as alternative therapies with routine treatments including PGF2α injection and intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline (OTC). Moreover, the reproductive indices of cows treated with endometritis were compared with those of healthy ones. At postpartum reproductive tract examination (28-35 DIM) in one Iranian dairy farm, cows with CE without any selection were assigned to four groups: (a) OTC, a common treatment in Iran, was administered (5g) to 396 cows, (b) PGF2 α (PG) was injected to 496 cows, (c) dextrose solution (DEX): intrauterine infusion of 50% dextrose solution (200ml) was done in 427 cows, and (d) liquid paraffin (LP) was administered (100ml) to 423 cows via intrauterine route. We further assigned 2,233 clinically healthy cows to the control group. The incidence of endometritis was 41.6% in this study. Based on the results of reproductive indices including median days to first AI, days open (DO), first service conception rate, conception rate in 2nd and 3rd services, conception rate in all three services, pregnancy rate<100days and pregnancy rate<200days, except for median days to first AI in other reproductive indexes, reproductive performance was significantly lower in LP group compared with the healthy cows and other treatment groups (p<0.05). Except for the first service conception rate and proportion of cows pregnant before 100days in milk (DIM), there existed no significant difference between the DEX group and the control as far as reproductive performance is concerned (p≥0.05). The first service conception rate was recognizably lower in DEX group compared with OTC and PG (p<0.05). In conclusion, the use of a non-antibiotic special solution of dextrose 50% is a good alternative to antibiotic agents concerning the treatment of CE in dairy cows.

First molecular evidence of ocular transmission of Encephalitozoonosis during the intrauterine period in rabbits

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of immunomodulators on serum nitric oxide concentration of endometritic repeat breeding crossbred cows. The endometritic cows (n=60) were randomly divided into 6 groups (10 cows/group). In group A, E. coli LPS (100 μg in 30 ml PBS once), in group B, oyster glycogen (500 mg in 30 ml PBS once), in group C, whole colostrum (30 ml once), in group D, lyophilized colostrum (reconstituted in 30 ml PBS once), in group E, Cflox-Tz (60 ml for three consecutive days) and in group F (positive control), PBS (30 ml once) was infused through intrauterine route. Normal cyclic fertile animals (n=10) were served as negative control (Group G). Efficacy of these immunomodulators was assessed by drastic decline in the serum nitric oxide concentration at subsequent estrus. The results revealed that the cows with endometritis had significantly (p< 0.05) higher concentration of serum nitric oxide as compared to normal cyclic fertile cows. Following administration of E. coli LPS, oyster glycogen, whole colostrum and lyophilized colostrum, the serum nitric oxide concentration in endometritic cows decreased significantly (p< 0.05) at subsequent estrus. A significantly (p< 0.05) higher conception rate was observed in group A (70%), B (50%), C (50%), D (40%) and E (50%) as compared to group F cows (10%). It was concluded that E. coli LPS, oyster glycogen, whole colostrum and lyophilized colostrum stimulated the uterine defense mechanism and reduced oxidative stress in endometritic cows and might act as an alternative choice in treating endometritis against routine use of antibiotics.