Orbital fractures are common after craniofacial trauma. A rare but severe complication is retrobulbar hematoma (RBH), potentially causing increased intraorbital pressure, optic nerve compression, and irreversible vision loss. Prompt diagnosis and emergency decompression, typically via lateral canthotomy, are critical. Despite its low incidence, the relationship between fracture morphology and RBH remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the association between orbital floor fracture characteristics and RBH occurrence. In this retrospective single-center study, we analyzed all patients who presented to our department between 2015 and 2025 with CT-confirmed RBH and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) following orbital trauma. CT-based fracture morphology was assessed and classified by size, fragmentation, and wall involvement. Findings were correlated with clinical parameters, including IOP, initial and postoperative visual acuity, and the need for surgical intervention. Statistical analyses evaluated associations between fracture features and clinical severity. We analyzed 27 patients with RBH following orbital trauma, mainly involving the orbital floor, typically caused by falls or assault. Ipsilateral visual acuity was initially reduced (0.15 (0.00-0.80)), improving after decompression; IOP also decreased significantly. Functional outcomes were associated with fracture pattern and, to a lesser extent, anticoagulation. Several Association of the Study of Internal Fixation (AO) fracture types correlated with clinical outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that orbital floor displacement predicted preoperative visual acuity (AUC=0.75, cut-off 4.7mm), while medial wall displacement poorly predicted IOP or vision initially. Postoperatively, medial wall displacement showed excellent discrimination for IOP normalization (AUC=0.944); however, neither wall predicted visual outcome reliably. The extent and displacement of orbital fractures, along with intraocular pressure, strongly correlated with functional outcomes. Our findings highlight the prognostic value of CT-based fracture assessment in addition to urgent clinical evaluation and suggest that trauma mechanism and patient profile further influence risk and recovery.

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the primary driver of glaucoma, and lowering IOP remains essential for preventing vision loss. Glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs) help reduce IOP but often fail due to fibrosis. This study identifies surface micro topographies capable of modulating the fibrotic response to GDDs both in vitro and in vivo. Using the TopoChip high-throughput platform (2176 topographies), we fabricated poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) SIBS based micro topographies and screened them for their effects on human Tenon fibroblast adhesion and transdifferentiation, as well as primary macrophage attachment and cytokine expression. These screens revealed micro topographies that differentially regulate fibroblast and macrophage behaviour, enabling the selection of three candidate designs for in vivo evaluation. When incorporated into glaucoma shunts implanted in rabbits, these micro topographies produced distinct tissue responses compared with smooth controls, including differences in collagen deposition and density at the implant interface. Overall, this work demonstrates that engineered micro topographies can modulate wound healing around GDDs and provides a foundation for design-driven strategies to improve implant performance. Future studies will focus on long-term implantation to optimize therapeutic outcomes.

To determine how fundus visibility relates to optical coherence tomography-derived morphologic and topographic features of focal choroidal excavation (FCE) and to evaluate systemic and ocular associations in a health-screening cohort. The authors analyzed 19,048 individuals undergoing health examinations with spectral domain optical coherence tomography and fundus photography. FCEs were classified as fundus-visible or fundus-invisible. A 1:2 propensity score matching (age/sex) was performed to compare participants with FCE against non-FCE controls. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze lesion characteristics, systemic comorbidities, and ocular parameters including intraocular pressure, choroidal thickness, and macular degeneration. The authors identified 252 FCE lesions in 192 participants (1.0%). Compared with matched controls, the FCE group showed no significant differences in systemic comorbidities but had significantly lower intraocular pressure ( P = 0.026), greater choroidal thickness ( P < 0.001), and a higher prevalence of macular degeneration ( P = 0.002). Among FCEs, fundus-visible lesions had greater median horizontal diameter (681.0 vs. 518.0 µ m; P < 0.001) and depth (69.5 vs. 45.0 µ m; P < 0.001), were located closer to the fovea (611.5 vs. 1,385.0 µ m; P < 0.001), and exhibited higher rates of steep slopes (62.5% vs. 42.7%; P = 0.002) and outer nuclear layer thickening (61.7% vs. 31.5%; P < 0.001) compared with fundus-invisible lesions. FCE is associated with distinct ocular profiles, including lower intraocular pressure and increased choroidal thickness, independent of systemic risk factors. Fundus visibility indicates larger, deeper, and paramacular lesions with specific structural alterations, underscoring the need to recognize subtle fundoscopic irregularities for early optical coherence tomography detection.

PRGF eye drops mitigate oxidative stress and fibrosis in an in vitro glaucoma model: The role of platelet and plasma enrichment.

Efficacy and safety of acupuncture in slowing visual field loss in normal-tension glaucoma: A 24-week randomized controlled trial.

Lipidomic dataset of optic nerves from the silicone oil-induced ocular hypertension mouse model.

As the global burden of glaucoma continues to rise, evidence suggests factors beyond intraocular pressure contribute to its pathogenesis. Environmental pollutants are increasingly implicated in ocular disease, yet the association between dichlorophenol exposure and glaucoma remains unexamined. This study addresses this gap by analyzing NHANES data to investigate their relationship, providing new evidence for disease prevention and environmental intervention. The data originated from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2008). To explore the connection between urinary dichlorophenol levels and glaucoma, we conducted weighted logistic regression analyses. Additionally, to examine potential nonlinear associations, restricted cubic splines (RCS) were utilized. We further performed subgroup analyses to investigate interaction effects. There were 1,742 participants. The risk of glaucoma was significantly associated with higher ln-transformed urinary 2,4-dichlorophenol levels (OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.11-1.74; P = 0.002), as were Ln-transformed urinary 2,5-dichlorophenol levels (OR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.09-1.51; P = 0.001). Participants in the third tertile of 2,4-dichlorophenol were at a greater risk for glaucoma compared to the first tertile (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.07-4.17; P for trend = 0.042), according to the completely adjusted model. Similar results were observed for the levels of 2,5-dichlorophenol (OR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.03-4.48; P for trend = 0.039). RCS demonstrated the nonlinear connection between urinary dichlorophenol levels (2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol) and glaucoma risk (P for nonlinearity < 0.05). Our results demonstrated a strong nonlinear positive association between urinary dichlorophenol levels and glaucoma risk. Given the global prevalence of dichlorophenols and the universal burden of glaucoma, these findings provide a valuable reference for international counterparts investigating similar environmental-ocular health links. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-025-00971-z.

The current study aimed at development of acetazolamide loaded pectin-chitosan nanocapsules (APCNC) via a polyelectrolyte complex coacervation technique, further incorporated into a poloxamer 407 and HPMC-based in situ gel (APCNC-ISG). The resulting APCNC demonstrated a positive zeta potential (+ 23.45 ± 0.30 mV), high entrapment efficiency (94.33 ± 1.2%), small hydrodynamic size (104 ± 2.4nm), and narrow size distribution (PDI < 0.3). The SEM and TEM analyses confirmed the spherical morphology and nano range size of APCNC, while XRD analysis revealed the conversion of acetazolamide from a crystalline to an amorphous state. The APCNC-ISG exhibited pseudoplastic rheology with a gelling temperature of 36 ± 0.5°C and rapid gelation within 10 ± 2s. Furthermore, texture analysis displayed suitable adhesive properties. In vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation studies showed a sustained drug release over an extended period. The HET-CAM test and histopathological evaluation confirmed the non-irritating and non-toxic nature of the formulation, supporting its suitability for ophthalmic use. Pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated that APCNC-ISG significantly reduced intraocular pressure and maintained the effect for a prolonged duration compared to other formulations. These findings suggest that APCNC-ISG is a promising, adaptable, and effective drug delivery system for the treatment of glaucoma.

Clinical evaluation of a validated droplet digital PCR assay for the detection of Ehrlichia canis in ocular and blood specimens from seroreactive dogs.

To assess factors associated with retinal detachment (RD) in eyes presenting with endogenous endophthalmitis (EE). Multicenter retrospective study of individuals with an EE diagnosis from seven tertiary care centers. Demographics, medical history, ocular examination findings, microbial cultures (blood or intraocular), and management strategies were assessed relative to subsequent RD occurring within 6 months of EE diagnosis. Of note, this study did not distinguish between intraocular cultures without growth and eyes that were not sampled for an intraocular organism. A total of 201 eyes from 171 patients presented with EE. Of these, 22.4% (45/201) had a subsequent RD. Eyes that experienced a subsequent RD had worse presenting visual acuity ( P = 0.006) and lower intraocular pressure at presentation (RD: 13.7 ± 5.4 mmHg vs. No RD: 15.7 ± 6.5 mmHg, P = 0.04). Compared with other forms of bacteremia, S. aureus bacteremia was associated with increased odds of subsequent RD (OR: 6.10, CI: 1.82-20.41, P = 0.003). Eyes with a subsequent RD did not have significantly greater rates of therapeutic pars plana vitrectomy (RD: 11/48, 22.9% vs. No RD: 36/153, 23.5%). Eyes presenting with visual acuity ≤ light perception or S. aureus bacteremia had a higher risk of subsequent RD and may warrant closer surveillance. Although no therapeutic strategies were associated with reduced odds of subsequent RD, a pars plana vitrectomy was not associated with an increased risk of RD, suggesting that it may aid in eyes with lackluster responses to systemic and intravitreal pharmacotherapy.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study aimed to determine the prevalence of glaucoma in adult Japanese patients with uveitis and to assess its comorbidity according to the etiology, anatomical classification, and specific disease entities. The relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation and progression of uveitic glaucoma (UG) was also investigated. Methods Adult patients (≥20 years at onset) with uveitis treated at Hiroshima University Hospital between July 2009 and June 2023 were included. Data on etiology, anatomical classification, presence of UG, and glaucoma surgery were collected. Disease progression, defined as the slope of the mean deviation (MD) over time, was analyzed in relation to IOP fluctuation (defined as the standard deviation of all IOP measurements/eye). Results Among 671 patients, 212 (31.6%) had UG and 93.9% had chronic uveitis. Anterior uveitis was the most frequent type (34.4%). Non-infectious causes accounted for 86.3%, with mainly idiopathic (51.4%), sarcoidosis (13.2%), and Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease (12.3%). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis was the most common infectious cause (3.3%). Glaucoma occurred in 33.0% of non-infectious and in 28.1% of infectious cases, and was highest in sarcoidosis (50.0%) and CMV anterior uveitis (77.8%). Glaucoma surgery was required in 41.0% of non-infectious and 60.0% of infectious cases. The MD slope was the most negative in anterior uveitis, and IOP fluctuation was weakly significantly negatively correlated with the MD slope. Conclusion Glaucoma is more common in chronic and anterior uveitis. Sarcoidosis, Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, and CMV anterior uveitis show high comorbidity. Greater IOP fluctuation may correlate with faster visual field deterioration.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) as a time-dependent physiological monitoring parameter during ventilator weaning and to explore its association with PaCO₂-related respiratory changes. Methods In this prospective observational study, adult ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation and undergoing weaning were enrolled. Patients with glaucoma, prior ocular surgery, or inability to tolerate weaning were excluded. IOP was measured in both eyes before weaning (T0), during spontaneous breathing (T1), and after completion of weaning (T2). Ventilator mode, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), sedative agents, and spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) method (pressure support ventilation [PSV] or T-piece) were recorded. A protocol-defined IOP increase was defined as an elevation of ≥ 1.0 mmHg in at least one eye between T0 and T2. Associations between clinical variables and IOP changes were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis and multivariable logistic regression. All measurements were performed under standardized bedside ICU conditions; T1 was obtained 30 min after initiation of spontaneous breathing and T2 30 min after completion of weaning. Results Sixty-four patients were assessed, and 45 were included in the final analysis. Mean IOP values showed minimal change over time. In exploratory multivariable logistic regression, an increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension during weaning (ΔPaCO₂) was associated with the protocol-defined IOP increase (odds ratio [OR] = 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-2.45; p = 0.010). No significant associations were observed with other ventilator-related or clinical variables. Conclusion The transition from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous breathing in ICU patients was not associated with a significant increase in mean IOP. However, small individual-level IOP increases were observed, and these were associated with increases in PaCO₂ during weaning. These findings should be interpreted as exploratory physiological observations. Further studies are required to determine whether these observations have clinical relevance.

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, involves progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Beyond intraocular pressure (IOP), environmental risk factors like pesticide exposure are increasingly implicated. Dimethyl phosphate (DMP), a key metabolite of organophosphorus pesticides, accumulates in the body and exhibits systemic toxicity. However, its direct role and mechanism in glaucoma pathogenesis remain entirely unexplored. We investigated the impact of DMP on glaucoma progression using a rat glaucoma model. Animals were subjected to DMP exposure at varying concentrations. We assessed IOP, optic nerve thickness, and expression of neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF). Molecular mechanisms were elucidated via Western blotting for key signaling pathways and apoptosis/inflammation markers, complemented by ELISA for oxidative stress. Functional validation was performed using specific pathway agonists and inhibitors. DMP exposure exacerbated core glaucomatous pathology in a concentration-dependent manner, significantly elevating IOP, reducing optic nerve thickness, and downregulating NGF/BDNF. Mechanistically, DMP concurrently inhibited the pro-survival PI3K/Akt pathway while activating the pro-inflammatory JAK/STAT and NF-κB pathways and the fibrotic Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This multi-pathway disruption synergistically amplified retinal oxidative stress and triggered RGC apoptosis. Rescue experiments confirmed that the modulation of these specific pathways directly influenced the observed oxidative injury and cellular damage. This study firstly demonstrated that dimethyl phosphate (DMP) does not independently induce a complete glaucomatous phenotype but significantly aggravates optic nerve damage under elevated IOP conditions. By simultaneously regulating multi-pathways and activating inflammatory and fibrotic pathways, DMP amplified oxidative stress and promoted retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. These findings supported the concept that environmental toxicants may act as disease modifiers in glaucoma progression.

To quantify serial central subfield thickness (CSFT) changes after slow-coagulation transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (SC-TSCPC) for glaucoma, estimate the incidence of OCT-confirmed cystoid macular edema (CME), and explore baseline factors associated with CME, including diabetes and prior diabetic macular edema. Retrospective cohort of 31 eyes undergoing SC-TSCPC for glaucoma with OCT imaging preoperatively and postoperatively at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and at last follow-up (range 9-30 months). OCT-confirmed CME was defined as cystoid intraretinal changes on OCT; increased CSFT alone was not classified as CME. Changes over time were assessed with non-parametric repeated-measures testing, and subgroup comparisons were exploratory and univariate because of the small sample size. Mean baseline CSFT was 279 ± 25um and peaked at 355 ± 153um at 1month, then declined to 293 ± 25um at 12months (p < 0.001 across visits). Mean CSFT at last follow-up remained higher than baseline (294 ± 25 vs. 279 ± 25um; p < 0.001). OCT-confirmed CME developed in 8/31 eyes (25.8%), first detected at 1-6months (mean 2.1 ± 1.8). Eyes that developed OCT-confirmed CME had higher preoperative CSFT than eyes without CME (311 ± 21 vs. 267 ± 15um; p < 0.001). In exploratory univariate analyses, OCT-confirmed CME occurred more frequently in eyes with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.031) and prior diabetic macular edema (p < 0.001). Mean intraocular pressure decreased from 36.1 ± 9.0 to 15.2 ± 3.6mmHg at 12months (p < 0.001). Mean corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) changed from 0.90 ± 0.90 logMAR preoperatively to 1.02 ± 0.85 logMAR at last follow-up (p = 0.004), and CDVA at last follow-up did not differ between eyes with and without OCT-confirmed CME (p = 0.992). SC-TSCPC was associated with a transient postoperative increase in CSFT and a clinically relevant incidence of OCT-confirmed CME. In this small retrospective cohort, higher preoperative CSFT and diabetes-related retinal disease identified a subgroup with greater observed CME frequency, but these findings should be interpreted as exploratory associations rather than independent risk factors. Postoperative OCT surveillance may help identify early anatomic edema, particularly in higher-risk eyes.

PURPOSE. To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of combined mechanical trabecular peeling and phacoemulsification (PE) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and complicated cataract. METHODS. The study included 72 patients (72 eyes) with POAG and complicated cataract (46 women, 26 men). Early stage POAG was present in 52 (72.2%) eyes, and moderate stage POAG in 20 (27.7%) eyes. Patients were divided into two groups. In the main group (37 patients, 37 eyes), subjects underwent mechanical trabecular peeling combined with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The control group (35 patients, 35 eyes) underwent isolated phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. Baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) measured by Maklakov tonometry was 23 [19; 24] mm Hg in the main group and 23 [21.0; 25.0] mm Hg in the control group (p=0.553). The number of hypotensive medications used preoperatively was 2 [0; 4] in the main group and 2 [0; 3] in the control group (p=0.135). The follow-up period was 12 months. RESULTS. At 12 months, IOP in the main group was 18.0 [18.0; 20.0] mm Hg with complete discontinuation of hypotensive therapy. In the control group, IOP was 20.0 [19.5; 22.5] mm Hg, with additional hypotensive therapy required in 9% of cases. The reduction in IOP from baseline was 15.37% in the main group and 11.46% in the control group (p=0.031). A significant difference between groups was observed in the ease of outflow coefficient (p=0.007). CONCLUSION. The developed combined technique of phacoemulsification with mechanical trabecular peeling results in a 15.37% reduction in IOP from baseline at 12 months postoperatively, exceeding the hypotensive effect of isolated PE. The method is associated with a minimal risk of complications and may be recommended for the treatment of patients with early and moderate POAG and complicated cataract.

A 22-year-old female patient was referred for glaucoma evaluation due to an unclear bilateral ocular condition. For 6 months she had experienced glare sensitivity and dilated pupils without visual impairment. Initially, bilateral anterior uveitis with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) had been diagnosed and treated locally with topical steroids and latanoprost. Clinical examination revealed bilateral diffuse iris transillumination defects with irregular, nonreactive mydriasis as well as heavily pigmented anterior chamber angles. Extended medical history revealed pneumonia treated with systemic moxifloxacin 2 weeks prior to symptom onset. Based on this correlation, the diagnosis of bilateral acute iris transillumination syndrome (BAIT) was established, which is a rare and likely underdiagnosed syndrome that is frequently mistaken for uveitis or pigment dispersion syndrome. Although the pathogenesis has not yet been fully clarified, associations with moxifloxacin therapy and respiratory tract infections have been described. Middle-aged women are predominantly affected. Clinically, the acute phase is characterized by conjunctival hyperemia combined with loss of the iris pigment epithelium, resulting in acute pigment dispersion into the anterior chamber. Subsequently, irreversible diffuse iris transillumination defects and enlarged atonic pupils develop. Pigment deposition within the anterior chamber angle can lead to ocular hypertension and rarely a secondary glaucoma. Careful history taking, regular IOP monitoring and symptomatic treatment of photophobia are essential. Awareness of this syndrome prevents unnecessary, time-consuming and costly uveitis work-up.

IntroductionEpithelial inclusion cysts of the iris are a rare complication following ocular surgery or trauma and typically exhibit a more aggressive course than other types of iris cysts. Their management remains challenging due to their tendency for rapid growth, which can lead to obscuration of the visual axis, elevated intraocular pressure, corneal decompensation, and secondary glaucoma or uveitis. Particularly in pediatric and young adult patients, the high proliferative capacity of epithelial cells increases the risk of recurrence. Current treatment modalities, including Nd:YAG laser cyst disruption, sclerosing agent irrigation, and complete surgical excision, are associated with high recurrence rates.MethodsIn this retrospective case series we describe two patients with a recurrent iris cyst resulting from a trauma in childhood, and successfully managed with glaucoma drainage devices (Baerveldt tube and PAUL tube) to provide continuous cyst fluid drainage.ResultsIn both cases, implantation of the drainage device effectively controlled the progression of the cyst and maintained its position outside the visual axis. The pediatric patient developed a scleral perforation at the surgical site one year postoperatively, following additional mechanical trauma from ocular rubbing; this complication was successfully managed with surgical repair, resulting in a favorable outcome. In the second case, the patient experienced a transient postoperative diplopia, which resolved spontaneously without further intervention.ConclusionThese cases illustrate the potentially promising role of glaucoma drainage devices as a new treatment strategy for recurrent iris cysts, particularly after multiple prior resections or when conventional therapies have failed.

To evaluate the agreement of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained by Corvis ST using biomechanically corrected IOP (bIOP), noncontact tonometry (NCT), and pachymetry-based correction formulas (Ehlers, Shah, Dresden, Spoerl) across different keratoconus severity levels and in comparison with healthy control eyes. This prospective, cross-sectional study included 77 patients with keratoconus (77 eyes), categorized by severity using Pentacam-based Topographic Keratoconus Classification and 54 healthy control patients. Patients underwent corneal tomography, and IOP was measured with Corvis ST. Uncorrected NCT-IOP (IOPnct), biomechanically corrected IOP (bIOP), and pachymetry-based corrected IOP (Ehlers, Shah, Dresden, Spoerl) were compared. Agreement among methods was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis. The mean patient age was 26.4±7.3 years (59.7% male). NCT consistently underestimated IOP compared with bIOP, while Ehlers (+2.6 mm Hg), Shah (+1.4 mm Hg), and Dresden (+0.7 mm Hg) formulas significantly overestimated (P<0.001). The Spoerl formula (-0.9 mm Hg) showed no significant difference compared with bIOP (P=0.209). Bland-Altman analysis confirmed that the Spoerl formula had the smallest bias and narrowest limits of agreement across all keratoconus stages. Differences between methods became more pronounced with increasing severity, particularly evident for Ehlers and Shah formulas. In healthy control eyes, the different IOP estimation methods showed relatively small bias relative to bIOP. Noncontact tonometry significantly underestimates, and common pachymetry-based corrections (Ehlers, Shah, Dresden) tend to overestimate IOP in keratoconic eyes. The Spoerl formula provides IOP values most closely aligned with the Corvis ST bIOP across all keratoconus stages and was the most consistent pachymetric correction method relative to this biomechanically corrected comparator. Agreement between methods was closer in healthy corneas than in keratoconic eyes, supporting the influence of altered corneal biomechanics on tonometric measurements.

This cross-sectional cohort study aimed to analyze whether corneal biomechanics differ between healthy eyes of different age, even if they appear tomographically identical. All volunteers underwent corneal Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam) and biomechanical examination (Corvis ST, CST both Oculus, Germany). Three groups (G) were formed according to age: (G1) children aged 3-10 years (n = 250, 7.7 ± 1.9 years (mean ± standard deviation)), (G2) adolescents aged 11-20 years (n = 350, 15.3 ± 2.9 years) and (G3) adults (n = 100, 48.7 ± 13.8 years). Main tomographic outcome parameters were: flat anterior (K1F)/posterior (K1B) and steep anterior (K2F)/posterior (K2B) meridians, thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) and maximal anterior keratometry (Kmax). Considering biomechanics, these were deformation amplitude ratio 2mm (DA ratio 2mm), integrated radius (IR), Ambrósio Relational Thickness horizontal (ARTh), stiffness-parameter (SP-A1) and corneal velocity at inward applanation (A1 velocity), stress-strain-index (SSI), Corvis Biomechanical Index (CBI), Biomechanical E-Staging (BEST) and the CST-derived non-contact (IOPnct) and biomechanically adjusted intraocular pressure (bIOP). The groups were compared with Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunn's post test. The three groups G1-G3 were tomographically comparable (p > 0.05 for K1F/K1B/K2F/K2B/TCT/Kmax). Biomechanically, there was no difference for DA ratio 2mm and ARTh between G1-G3. Significant differences were found for SP-A1 (G1 < G2< G3, p = 0.0125), IR (G2 < G3, p = 0.0288), A1 velocity (G1 < G2< G3, p = 0.0027), SSI (G2 < G1< G3, p < 0.0001), CBI (G3 < G2< G1, p = 0.001), BEST (G3 < G2< G1, p = 0.0015), IOPnct (G3 < G1< G2, p = 0.0006) and bIOP (G3 < G2< G1, p < 0.0001). There exist small, yet significant biomechanical differences in CST measurements between tomographically comparable healthy corneas in dependence of age indicating biomechanically weaker corneas in children than in adults.

This study aimed to investigate the association between ambient humidity and intraocular pressure (IOP), including potential nonlinear relationships and delayed effects of humidity on IOP. A time-series analysis was conducted using outpatient data collected at Shimane University Hospital between 2018 and 2023. Meteorological data on the days of IOP measurements were obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency using data from the nearest weather station in Izumo City. Nonlinear relationships between humidity and IOP were evaluated using generalized additive models (GAMs), and delayed cumulative effects of humidity on IOP were assessed using distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNMs). The dataset included 1,269 observation days and 33,979 IOP measurements, comprising 8,756 measurements over 921 days in the non-glaucoma group and 25,173 measurements over 1,182 days in the glaucoma group. In GAM, nonlinear associations between humidity and IOP were not significant in any group. In the glaucoma group, cumulative exposure to relative humidity of 61-69% and 78-89% over lag 0-6 days, as well as 79-88.5% over lag 0-13 days, was significantly associated with reduced IOP. In contrast, cumulative exposure to very high humidity (97-98%) over lag 0-6 days was significantly associated with increased IOP. No significant cumulative lag effects were observed in the non-glaucoma group. These findings suggest that short- to middle-term exposure to ambient humidity over the preceding 1-2 weeks may influence IOP in patients with glaucoma.