Intra-sentential Code-switching Research Articles

AN ANALYSIS OF CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING USED BY RICH BRIAN AND NIKI IN NAJWA SHIHAB’S APA ADANYA RICH BRIAN & NIKI YOUTUBE VIDEO

The objectives of this research were to find out the types and reasons of code mixing and switching used by Rich Brian and NIKI in Najwa Shihab’s Apa Adanya Rich Brian NIKI YouTube Video. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The utterances were analyzed and categorized into the framework developed by Hoffman who proposed types of code-switching and mixing. The results showed that intrasentential code switching appeared most often with a total of 46 times (42.9%). Meanwhile the rest were intrasentential mixing 34 times (31.7%), intrasentential switching 22 times (20.1%), intralexical mixing 4 times (3.7%), and the lowest frequency is tag switching 1 time (0.9%). The researcher found that there were only six reasons. Those were intention of clarifying the speech for interlocutor 66 times (61.6%), talking about a particular topic 29 times (27.1%), expressing group identity 4 times (3.7%), interjection and repetition used for clarification 3 times (2.8%), and last being emphatic about something 2 times (1.8%). The findings demonstrate that Rich Brian and NIKI purposefully mix and switch their language to make sure that the message is as clear as possible to the interlocuter.

Code-Switching found in Nessie Judge’s Instagram Captions

The main goal of this research is to identify the types and to analyze the reasons of code-switching found in Nessie Judge's Instagram captions. This study focuses on the captions where both of Indonesian and English languages are alternated. The study employs both descriptive and qualitative approach. The analysis draws upon Poplack's theory (1980) to classify the types of code-switching present in the data, while Hoffman's theory (1991) is employed to examine the underlying reasons behind these language switch. Both formal and informal method employed in presenting the findings. The analysis reveals 18 data of inter-sentential Code-switching, 13 data of intra-sentential Code-switching, and 7 data of tag switching. The reasons for these Code-switching occurrences are diverse: talking about particular topic 37% of the instances, quoting someone's words 10%, expressing feeling about something accounts for 21%, interjections makes up 21%, repetition used for clarification constitutes 8% and expressing group identity represents 3%.

Phonetic shifts in bilingual vowels: Evidence from intersentential and intrasentential code-switching

Aims and objectives: While previous research on code-switching, defined as the alternation between two languages in a single interaction, has focused on syntactic sociopragmatic patterns, significantly less work has focused on the impact of code-switching on phonetics. Distinct types of code-switching have been previously identified, with the distinction between intersentential and intrasentential code-switches being among the most basic. Yet, existing work on the phonetics of code-switching has largely relied on single feature (i.e., voice onset time) and has exclusively examined one type of code-switch (i.e., intrasentential). The current study investigates the potential for cross-linguistic interference in vowel production and examines the potential role of different code-switch types: intersentential and intrasentential code-switching. Design/Methodology: Thirty-seven Korean–English bilinguals participated in a controlled reading paradigm, producing monolingual English, monolingual Korean, intersentential code-switches, and intrasentential code-switches. Data and analysis: Analysis leveraged differences in the Korean and English vowel inventories and focused on the production of English [æ] and the corresponding Korean vowel [e~ε]. Findings/Conclusions: Results indicated that code-switched English vowels shifted in the direction of Korean vowels with respect to both height and backness. Code-switch type was shown to be significant, with a greater degree of vowel shift for intrasentential than intersentential code-switching. Originality: This study adds to the limited prior literature examining the effect of code-switching on vowel quality and is one of the first studies to systematically examine the role of code-switching typology on cross-linguistic interference in the phonetic domain. Significance/Implications: First, this study adds to the limited prior research that specifically examines the effect of code-switching on phonetic production of vowel quality. Second, this study highlights the nuances of short-term cross-linguistic interference, and notably the possibility for differential outcomes of interference across different linguistic domains (e.g., phonetics and syntax), showing a clear role for code-switching typology at the phonetic level.

Bilingual instruction practices and students’ performance in teaching-learning mathematics: A case study (June 2023)

This study delves into bilingual instruction practices and their impact on students' participation patterns within a classroom environment. The research aims to understand how students engage during classes where bilingual instruction practices are employed. Qualitative research methods were used for the purpose of data collection and analysis in this study. The selection of participants was carried out through purposive sampling, focusing on the forty-six (46) students from Grade 11 Agarao at Laguna Senior High School at Sta. Cruz, Laguna. To gather the data, a video recording and observation of a one-hour class discussion were conducted. The findings were analyzed through the application of thematic analysis. The results reveal that code switching, encompassing extra-sentential, intra-sentential, and inter-sentential types, is a prevalent bilingual instruction practice used by teachers. Notably, intra-sentential code-switching was the most frequently utilized by the teacher. Additionally, the study identifies four distinct participation patterns: total integration, conditional participation, marginal interaction, and silent observation. The study found that a significant portion of Grade 11 Agarao students exhibited conditional participation and marginal interaction tendencies out of the total cohort of forty-six (46) students. Understanding these dynamics provides insights into how bilingual instruction influences students' involvement and contributions within the classroom. Base on the following findings, it is recommended for schools to include bilingual instruction in their school improvement plan and school development program. It is also recommended to add another research instrument, such as an audio recorder, to easily transcribe the data and yield better results.

Language choice and code-switching in bilingual children’s interaction under multilingual contexts: evidence from Mandarin-English bilingual preschoolers

ABSTRACT Language choice and code-switching are commonplaces for peer interaction among bilingual children from various language backgrounds in Hong Kong. However, few studies concern these linguistic practices of immigrant children proficient in Mandarin and English. This study adopted a qualitative research approach to investigate three Mandarin-English preschoolers’ language choice and code-switching by analyzing their conversations in interaction with a Cantonese–English bilingual peer under the framework of translanguaging. The findings reveal that these Mandarin-English preschoolers’ priority language for interaction is English, indicating that choosing a shared language is an essential communicative strategy for integrating with their Cantonese–English peers. The factors for those language choices include social environment, interlocutor’s ability, and sense of identity and belonging. Both inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-switching are adopted in verbal interaction. However, intra-sentential code-switching occurs more frequently and with greater diversity in Mandarin-based sentences, where nouns are the most easily switched component, followed by verbs and adjectives. This study enriches the study of bilingual children in Hong Kong, extends the application of translanguaging to peer interaction outside the classroom in multilingual contexts, and provides pedagogic implications.

Code Switching and Code Mixing: An Analysis in Boy William’s Reality Show ‘The Family’

This study aims to identify and analyze the types of code switching and code mixing between Indonesian and English in Boy William’s speech. The analysis utilizes Macswan's code switching and Musyken's code mixing theories to examine two episodes of 'The Family' reality show on the BW YouTube channel. Direct observation involving transcribing and taking notes on videotaped utterances was applied to analyze code switching and code mixing. The research findings indicated that Intra-sentential code switching was the predominant form of code switching observed in Boy William's speech. He regularly switched languages from English to Indonesian in one sentence to another, and vice versa. Nonetheless, alternation was the predominant form of code mixing that appeared. The phenomena of Indonesian-English in Boy William's speech is recognised as a consequence of conscious choice to embrace a bilingual identity in contemporary life. This study presents an analysis of code switching and code mixing in an Indonesian influencer who comes from a multicultural family. This study is limited to an oriental bilingual participant. Further studies with local Indonesian individuals are necessary to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how the influence of Indonesian-English mixed language impacts the younger generation in Indonesia.

The effect of lexical triggers on Spanish-English code-switched judgment tasks.

It has been argued that certain words can "trigger" intrasentential code-switching. While some researchers suggest that cognates establish triggering at the lexical level, others have argued that words that lack direct translations are more natural stories switch. Yet to be tested experimentally is to what extent different types of lexical items influence the acceptability of mixed utterances. The current study investigates this methodological consideration for code-switching research by having early US Spanish-English bilinguals (i.e., heritage speakers of Spanish) complete an acceptability judgment task with a 7-point Likert scale directly comparing cognates (e.g., sopa "soup") and culturally specific items (e.g., pozole "traditional Mexican soup") in otherwise identical grammatical switched sentences (N = 24). The results showed that there was no significant effect of condition (p = 0.623) suggesting that cognates and language-specific items are equally acceptable in code-switched sentences. Indeed all conditions were rated on average above 6. These findings show that in this context, judgment tasks are not affected differently by these types of lexical items.

Code-switching among bilingual ethnic-adyghe community in the black sea region

This study focuses on the linguistic phenomenon of code-switching (CS) in the bilingual Ethnic-Adyghe community in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Specifically, this paper aims to analyze the types of CS and the factors that influence CS in different situational conversations, with a focus on Ethnic Adyghe individuals. The study utilizes a qualitative research design, using a purposive sample type of 10 Ethnic Adyghe individuals living in Samsun, Turkey. This study favors the use of informal settings to gather data from various linguistic contexts and analyze the frequency of CS. The findings indicate that participants used intra-sentential CS the most (59.9%). One major reason for that was the lack of vocabulary in Adyghe, leading participants to switch to Turkish to fill the lexical gap and effectively communicate their thoughts. Moreover, a total of 14 factors were identified. These factors encompassed aspects such as proficiency, social norms, cultural identity, vocabulary limitations, and communication effectiveness. The identification of these factors contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics of code-switching within the bilingual Ethnic-Adyghe community.

Code Switching and Code Mixing Used by Dian Sastrowardoyo in Daniel Mananta Network Youtube Channel

The purpose of this research is to discover and gain a deeper understanding, for both writer and readers, regarding the use of code switching and code mixing when someone speaks, specifically during a podcast. For this research, the writer uses qualitative method in analyzing the data contained within the research information, namely Code Switching and Code Mixing used by an actress named Dian Sastrowardoyo in a video titled Cerita Hidup Seorang Dian Sastrowardoyo - Daniel Tetangga Kamu Youtube video in Daniel Mananta Network Youtube channel. The results of the study show that there are 321 utterances spoken by Dian in the video. The most dominant type for Code Switching is intra-sentential code switching, and Code Mixing is intra-sentential code mixing. The most dominant reason of Dian's code switching and mixing is talking about a particular topic.

Inalienable possession in Spanish-English code-switching

Intrasentential code-switching is a common bilingual phenomenon that occurs when multiple languages are used in the same utterance. Research has shown that such switching is not arbitrary, but rather systematic and rule-governed. By looking at the syntactic interactions that happen when bilinguals co-activate their languages, we can shed light on our understanding of a variety of structural factors as well as bilingual grammars more generally. The current talk focuses on data from Spanish-English inalienable possession, which is manifested differently in the two languages (e.g., he washed his face vs. él se lavó la cara ‘(lit.) he to himself washed the face’). The results of an acceptability judgment task completed by US heritage speakers of Spanish suggest that regardless of the direction of the switch, an English-like structure is preferred with a possessive determiner (e.g., he washed su cara), and in the case of a Spanish verb switched with an English object, the preverbal clitic is required as well (e.g., él se lavó his face).

Inalienable possession in Spanish-English code-switching

Intrasentential code-switching is a common bilingual phenomenon that occurs when multiple languages are used in the same utterance. Research has shown that such switching is not arbitrary, but rather systematic and rule-governed. By looking at the syntactic interactions that happen when bilinguals co-activate their languages, we can shed light on our understanding of a variety of structural factors as well as bilingual grammars more generally. The current talk focuses on data from Spanish-English inalienable possession, which is manifested differently in the two languages (e.g., he washed his face vs. él se lavó la cara ‘(lit.) he to himself washed the face’). The results of an acceptability judgment task completed by US heritage speakers of Spanish suggest that regardless of the direction of the switch, an English-like structure is preferred with a possessive determiner (e.g., he washed su cara), and in the case of a Spanish verb switched with an English object, the preverbal clitic is required as well (e.g., él se lavó his face).

Code-switching used in basboi's song lyrics on adulting for dummies album

The songs are one of the numerous types of media that can use code-switching English and Indonesia has some number of songs of this genre. Unlike the lyrics made by Basboi, he mixed Indonesian and English in one song and not just one song but made it into an album. This study aims to the types of Code-Switching, the reason used in code-switching, and the most frequently use of code-switching in the lyrics of Basboi’s song. This study used descriptive qualitative method that is carried out by colleting as much descriptive data as possible which is then presented in the form of reports and description. The writer used Poplack’s theory to find four types of code-switching in Adulting for Dummies album. The results showed that The types of code-switching in Adulting for Dummies album are Intra-Sentential Code-Switching, Inter-Sentential Code-Switching, Tag-Switching, and Establish Continuity Code-switching. The study discovered 4 data of Tag-Switching (8,51%), 20 data of Inter-Sentential Code-Switching (42,55%), 23 data of Intra-Sentential Code-Switching (48,94%).

Contact Linguistics of Interlanguage

Different from traditional definitions of “interlanguage” and descriptions of interlanguage production, this study defines interlanguage in terms of its outstanding linguistic characteristics at the level of abstract lexical structure, including its three sublevels: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and surface morphological realization patterns (Myers-Scotton and Jake 1995). Also different from most previous studies of interlanguage, this study views interlanguage or any interlanguage system as an outcome of a language-contact phenomenon. Adopting the Matrix Language Frame model (Myers-Scotton 1993[1997]) of bilingual intrasentential codeswitching in particular and contact linguistics in general, this study identifies the “matrix language” or the grammatical frame which structures interlanguage and reviews such a matrix language as a composite (Jake 1998; Wei 2009c). By adopting the Bilingual Lemma Activation model (Wei 2002, 2015, 2020), this study explores the nature and activity of the bilingual mental lexicon during interlanguage development. Accordingly, it proposes a particular approach to the nature and sources of second language learner errors or first language transfer in second language learning. It concludes that any interlanguage system must be driven by an incompletely acquired target language system in general and by an incompletely acquired target language abstract lexical structure in particular.

Analysis on Code Switching Manifested by Filipino High School Teachers

The Philippines as an archipelago is a multilingual community, thus, analyzing discourses are advantageous to its scholars. Hence, the researchers extracted the respondents’ discourses in their online classes and investigated the types and patterns of code switching occurences among 9 teachers through qualitative and quantitative analyses. They adapted the typology by Poplack (1980) and Myers-Scotton (1989). Poplack classified code switching into tag, intersentential, and intrasentential but later, Myers-Scotton added intraword. In the analysis of patterns, the researchers considered Muysken’s (2000) code switching patterns namely insertion, alternation and congruent lexicalization. However, due to limitations of these patterns, only insertion is utilized, and the researchers modified it to fit the context of this study. These are Ilokolish, Taglish and Ilocotaglish – all are forms of insertion with alternate use of languages.
 Intrasentential code switching has the highest number of occurrence (471) among the utterances of instructors in the classroom followed by intersentential (122), tag (45) and intraword (24). As to patterns, Taglish (346) occurs most frequently among the mixed code utterances of teachers in the classroom followed by Ilocolish (186) and Ilocotaglish (57). It is therefore concluded that switching of codes with different patterns and types happen in Philippine high school classes not only by students but even by teachers. Using code switching in high school classes is found to be beneficial to both teachers and students. Thus, this paper could help teachers regardless of their subject area determine the proper context of switching. Their understanding of students’ discourses could guide them in designing their lessons toward a more effective classroom interaction which lead to quality education.

The Analysis of Code Switching in EFL Students’ Online Presentation at University

Code-switching is a phenomenon of language exchange between one language and another which is often found in the communication of bilingual students, especially in EFL students. In this study, the researcher focuses to determine the types of code switching in EFL students’ online presentations, factors that influence code-switching in students’ online presentations and functions of code-switching in EFL students’ online presentations. This study applied a qualitative method by applying a case study. This research was conducted at Makassar State University. The subjects of this study were twenty-one students in the first semester of the postgraduate program whose selected by purposive sampling technique. This research was obtained by using observation and interviews as instruments. The results of this study indicate that three types of code-switching appear in EFL students’ online presentations, namely intra-sentential code-switching, extra-sentential or tag switching, and inter-sentential code-switching. Then, the factors that influence code-switching occur in students' online presentations are the interlocutor factor, physical situation, the topic of discourse, regional factor, and also lack of vocabulary. Furthermore, there are four functions of code-switching by EFL students during online presentations providing the keywords, explaining the material clearly, solving nervousness, and reducing tension.

CODE SWITCHING USED BY INTERNATIONAL TOURIST TO LOCAL PEOPLE IN SORAKE BEACH

Code switching as one of the language events that often occurs in social interactions between speakers and interlocutors due to the ability of language users as bilinguals or multilingual. This research aimed to describe and to explain the types and the reasons of code switching occurrence between local people in Botohili Sorake Village and international tourists in Sorake Beach. The participants of this research were the international tourists (foreign tourist) in Sorake Beach. This research was conducted by utilized qualitative method with descriptive approach. The instruments applied in collecting data were the observation and interview. The data acquired were analyzed by using Miles and Huberman’s mode: 1) data condensation, 2) data displayed, and 3) conclusion drawing/verification. The results of this study indicate that the types of code switching used by international tourists (foreign tourist) in their interaction to local people in Sorake Beach, Botohili Sorake Village, Luahagundre District were: a) Inter-sentential Code Switching, b) Intra-sentential Code Switching. Thus, based on the results found, it can be concluded that the code switching in an interaction is very helpful for language users, both speakers and interlocutors in understanding and conveying messages or information. This study also reveals several reasons for the use of code switching in an interaction, none other than to avoid misunderstanding the meaning of language between the speakers and interlocutors and as an advantage, especially for bilingual. Briefly, it can be stated that code switching has an important role in a communication. However, although the presence and role of code switching is quite important in language, the researcher also suggests to language users to increase the ability to use language as communication tool, both in their own language and in other language.

Code-Switching in Malaysian Stand-Up Comedy Performances: A Case Study of Comedian Harith Iskander

Usage of code-switching in the scene of stand-up comedy is one of many creative strategies for comedians to deliver jokes and connect with a multilingual audience. However, not many employ this strategy, especially in Malaysia. Malaysian standup comedians rarely use code-switching in the delivery of their jokes as many use the local variety of English in achieving humour. Code-switching enables comedians to reach out to their audience and ensures their jokes are delivered more effectively and appreciated by the audience. Centring upon the use of codeswitching from English to Malay in two stand-up comedy performances by a wellknown Malaysian artist, Harith Iskander, this article delves into the frequently used forms and functions of code-switching found in the performances. Shana Poplack’s categorisation of code-switching and Hoffman’s functions of codeswitching frame the basis of this descriptive analysis. Both frameworks are used to determine the types of code-switching used and its functions. The findings show that intrasentential code-switching is the most used in one performance while tag switching is used most frequently in the other performances. The discrepancy of outcomes between the two performances is a result of language accommodation by the comedian for the target audience; the first performance is targeted to a Malay audience while the second has a more diverse audience. In terms of functions of code-switching in both performances, they differ only in frequencies; where code- switching is mostly used to talk about a particular topic and express group identity in the first performance while in the second, it mainly functions as interjection. The overall results show that the target audience influences the way code-switching is used by stand-up comedians in order to engage with them. The findings indicate that code-switching becomes less prominent when the audience is more diverse. This implies that the type of audience influences the extent and limits on code switching in stand-up comedy. This research can benefit stand-up comedians regarding the incorporation of code-switching in delivering jokes.

Code-Mixing vs Code-Switching: a Study of Grammatical Perspective Through Code-Switching Varieties

This study highlights the grammatical boundaries of code-mixing and code-switching practices. The data were collected from several Indonesian scholars’ work on the topic of code-mixing and/or code-switching. The data were then analyzed using a descriptive interpretative approach. Many overlapping comprehensions and determinations of code-mixing and code-switching are found in Indonesian scholars’ work. This study concludes that intra-sentential code-switching has no certain differences from codemixing. Therefore, it is classified into code-mixing and code-switching, in which the grammatical boundaries of code-mixing are morpheme, word, and phrase, whereas the code-switching boundaries are clause, sentence, and utterance.
 Keywords: grammatical boundaries, code-mixing, code-switching, Indonesian works

“Hola, Señorita. Do You Like Gazpacho?” Challenges and Trends in the Audiovisual Translation of Linguacultural Otherness in American Multilingual Animated Films and Their Italian Dubbed Version

In the last decades, ethnolinguistic Otherness has assumed an increasingly prominent position in many audiovisual products focusing on non-mainstream cultures otherwise quite voiceless in audiovisual media and giving voice to multilingual discourse practices where code-switching stands out as a key conversational strategy in expressing linguacultural diverse identities. This ties issues of on-screen multilingualism to the field of audiovisual translation and raises new challenges as far as the screen representation/translation of linguacultural specificities is concerned. All this is interestingly to be observed in animated films; indeed, since the early 1990s, such important animation production companies as Walt Disney, Pixar, and Dreamworks began to produce ethnically diverse films offering deep sociolinguistic insights into non-dominant countries and populations whose richness is conveyed on the screen by dialogues interspersed with their native languages, acting as vital symbols of their ethnocultural identity. Starting from these observations, this paper aims at looking contrastively and diachronically at how L3s, i.e., languages different from both the language of the original film and the language of the film’s dubbed version, used in instances of turn-specific, intersentential and intra-sentential code-switching, have been dealt with in the original version and in the Italian dubbed version of thirty American multilingual animated films, released between 1991 and 2022. The main objectives of this study are: to verify to what extent the original ethnolinguistic Otherness is either retained for the Italian audience or manipulated in dubbing; to observe whether and how the screen translation studies’ approach in conveying linguistic diversity in animation has possibly changed over the last thirty years; and to point out what can be achieved by audiovisual translation in terms of intercultural/interlingual transmission when autochthonous linguacultures are represented in animated films.

CODE-SWITCHING IN ENGLISH CLASSROOM

Code-switching is one of sociolinguitics phenomenon when a a speaker of bilingual or multilingual switch from a language to another one. The research aims to figure out types of teacher’ code-switching in the teaching and learning process in English class. The study applied a case study of qualitative descriptive research. The participant of the research was an English teacher at a state Islamic school in Sumedang. Observation and interview were used to collect the research data, and the data were analyzed based on code-switching theory proposed by Poplack (1980). The study revealed that (1) teacher applied three types of code switching, namely: intrasentential code switching, inter-sentential code switching, and tag switching; (2) the most frequently used types of code switching used was intrasentential code switching followed by inter sentential code switching and tag switching. Code switching is used by the teacher to reduce either students' misunderstanding of the lesson or their difficulty understanding the English lesson offered by the English teachers in the classroom