ABSTRACT This paper explores a one‐way intraindustry trade model with government intervention, highlighting the role of antitrust regulations in promoting domestic industry competition to enhance the exporting country's social welfare. Under a monopoly in the exporting country, social welfare of the exporting country is lower than that of the importing country. However, as domestic competition intensifies, the exporting country's social welfare exceeds that of the importing country. Notably, increased competition in the local market of the exporting country consistently improves its social welfare, irrespective of the degree of product differentiation.

This study analyzes intra-industry trade (IIT) and technological structures in Türkiye’s 14 border provinces over the period 2002–2023, using ISIC Rev.3 4-digit data. The analysis spans agriculture, low, medium, and high-technology sectors, revealing significant variation in trade reliance, with some provinces dependent on border trade while others integrate into broader markets. In border cities, IIT generally can be observed in low and medium technology goods, with a limited two-way trade in higher-tech sectors. However, most border cities rely heavily on low-tech industries, predominantly structured as one-way trade. While certain regions are gradually shifting towards medium-technology sectors, high-tech trade remains minimal. The study highlights that trade dynamics vary across provinces, underscoring the need for tailored policy approaches aligned with each region’s unique trade structure.

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is the largest free trade agreement in the world, making it a potentially attractive trading partner for the European Union (EU). This paper aims to fill a research gap by examining agri-food trade between the EU and RCEP, with a focus on uncovering opportunities for sectoral cooperation and identifying competitive dynamics. It employs trade structure similarity and intra-industry trade analysis, including horizontal and vertical trade flows. Using the Export Similarity Index (ESI) and Product Similarity Index (PSI), the findings indicate stable, moderate competition in agri-food trade between the EU and RCEP, with similarity indices ranging from 0.32 to 0.35. While intra-industry trade remains limited due to geographic distance, there is notable potential for expanding high-quality EU agri-food exports. The results suggest that targeted trade policies could enhance cooperation by leveraging the EU’s export strengths to meet RCEP demand. The study provides a strategic framework for future negotiations, emphasizing sectoral approaches to optimize trade outcomes and maximize trade benefits between the EU and RCEP countries.

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is the largest free trade agreement in the world, making it a potentially attractive trading partner for the European Union (EU). This paper aims to fill a research gap by examining agri-food trade between the EU and RCEP, with a focus on uncovering opportunities for sectoral cooperation and identifying competitive dynamics. It employs trade structure similarity and intra-industry trade analysis, including horizontal and vertical trade flows. Using the Export Similarity Index (ESI) and Product Similarity Index (PSI), the findings indicate stable, moderate competition in agri-food trade between the EU and RCEP, with similarity indices ranging from 0.32 to 0.35. While intra-industry trade remains limited due to geographic distance, there is notable potential for expanding high-quality EU agri-food exports. The results suggest that targeted trade policies could enhance cooperation by leveraging the EU's export strengths to meet RCEP demand. The study provides a strategic framework for future negotiations, emphasizing sectoral approaches to optimize trade outcomes and maximize trade benefits between the EU and RCEP countries.

ABSTRACTThis study provides the first granular analysis of intra‐industry trade (IIT) in Nepal using six‐digit harmonised system (HS) product‐level data (2013–2022), addressing a critical gap in South Asian trade literature. By applying the Grubel–Lloyd Index (GLI) to Nepal's top 62 export products, we precisely differentiate between horizontal IIT (HIIT) and vertical IIT (VIIT), overcoming aggregation bias inherent in prior studies reliant on one, three and four‐digit SITC classifications. Our findings reveal significant IIT levels (over 40% in key categories) for differentiated goods, such as dentifrices, medicaments, plastics and stainless‐steel kitchenware. Panel regression results from an augmented gravity model (AGM) highlight manufacturing value addition as a key driver of IIT, while GDP dissimilarity and tariffs hinder it. Using six‐digit HS data not only refines Nepal's IIT measurement but also uncovers actionable insights for leveraging VIIT (e.g., cost‐efficient intermediates) and HIIT (e.g., herbal products) to diversify exports. These results challenge Nepal's reliance on comparative advantage, advocating for dual strategies to enhance product differentiation and regional value chain integration. The study's methodological innovation, high‐resolution data paired with VIIT/HIIT thresholds, offers a replicable framework for analysing IIT in landlocked developing economies, where disaggregated trade dynamics remain underexplored.

Despite simultaneous declines in global wine production and consumption, international wine trade remained stable in 2024, with export volumes rising by 0.8% and export value falling only slightly by 0.5%. This apparent resilience conceals significant variation across product categories, regions, and markets. Bulk wine exports increased notably, offsetting volume losses in bottled wine, largely driven by heightened production volatility and a growing need for intra-industry trade. At the same time, consumer preferences continued to shift toward white, sparkling, and low- and no-alcohol wines, as confirmed by both trade data and expert assessments. The three leading exporters—France, Italy, and Spain—displayed divergent developments, with Italy outperforming in both volume and value terms, largely due to its strong performance in sparkling wine exports. Italy is briefly presented as a best-practice case, warranting further research into the structural factors behind its long-term export success as a potential model for other wine-producing countries. On the import side, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany followed different trajectories, with the U.S. showing a tentative recovery in 2024, partly driven by anticipatory stockpiling amid fears of renewed tariffs. The escalation of U.S. tariff threats in early 2025 raised serious concerns about long-term trade stability and the role of the U.S. as a reliable export destination—developments that are likely to trigger structural shifts in global wine trade patterns. Industry experts continue to cite economic pressures, declining wine consumption, and increasingly restrictive alcohol policies as key challenges. While the 2024 trade performance may be viewed as a sign of resilience, special factors such as temporary stockpiling and shifting supply chains are expected to weigh on trade outcomes in 2025. These developments underscore the need for continuous monitoring, strategic adaptation, and deeper understanding of the structural transformations affecting global wine trade.

The services sector plays a crucial role in shaping a country’s economy, enhancing efficiency across industries. Essential services such as transport, financial, and telecommunications services enable the movement of people, goods, and capital internationally. The sector’s share reached 65.7% of the gross domestic product (GDP) globally in 2020, with world trade in services increasing from 6.0% to 13.6% of GDP between 1990 and 2019. This growth has also led to a significant increase in employment, with 51% of the global workforce now in services, 17% up since 1991. This article examines the growing significance of the services sector in trade, employment, and economic growth, focusing on intra-industry trade (IIT) among South Asian nations. Using data from the Trade in Services database of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and World Development Indicators (WDI), the study finds that significant sectoral shifts in IIT, particularly in Afghanistan and India, highlight dynamic changes in trade profiles. Further, trade imbalances (TRIMs) and differences in income per capita are found to have a negative impact on the intensity of IIT, while trade orientation (TO) positively impacts it, suggesting that more trade-oriented nations have higher IIT. The findings demonstrate the importance of balanced trade relations and suggest that historical trade conditions continue to influence trade within the industry. JEL Classification C23, F14, F15

Guangxi belongs to the less developed provinces and cities in southwest China. At the same time, Guangxi and ASEAN countries are geographically close. After the establishment of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, Guangxi's foreign trade will bring great vitality. This paper takes advantage of the first 2005 to 2020 in Guangxi trade with ASEAN, compared the preliminary set up free trade area in the upgrade, establish overall, trade the change of three periods in Guangxi and ASEAN trade, as well as the trade complementary index and intra-industry trade complementary index, compares the advantages and disadvantages of Guangxi trade with ASEAN countries and all kinds of product similarity, Through the analysis of the two indexes, it is concluded that Guangxi and ASEAN countries have strong trade complementarity and good trade prospects; However, most of the products of Guangxi and ASEAN countries are mainly inter-industry trade. Compared with ASEAN products, Guangxi does not have product advantages or strong industrial competitiveness, and it cannot meet the consumption of people of all consumption levels.

We apply the gravity model by estimating the various Driscoll and Kraay’s models to analyses the effect of the ECOWAS community on intraregional and intra-industrial trade in the period 2006-2022. After accounting for size, distance, heterogeneity bias the ECOWAS trade agreement was positively in the real sector namely agriculture (farming, forestry, fisheries and livestock), industry (manufacturing and semi manufacturing activities) and the services sectors (transport and financial services). The dummy NTMs was on contrary found to have a negative impact on the trade volume in ECOWAS. To promote intra-ECOWAS trade sustainability, non- tariff measures on agribusiness and manufactured goods should either be relaxed or completely removed.

This study examines Türkiye’s agricultural trade between 2002 and 2022, focusing on the 20-year period following the 2001 economic and political crisis. Intra-industry trade theory was employed as the research method, with the Grubel-Lloyd index used for measurement. The study highlights that, under neo-liberal policies, developed economies allocate the smallest share of GDP to the agricultural sector, with industrialization and the service sector being prioritized as the foundations of wealth and development. Türkiye adopted a similar approach, shifting its focus away from agricultural growth after 1980 to prioritize investments in industry and services. However, the findings indicate that the countries deriving the most value from agricultural trade—such as the USA, the Netherlands, France, and Germany—are among the most developed. The study also reveals that Türkiye lacks a comparative advantage in the international agricultural market, having opened the sector to competition. Nonetheless, with technological advancements and branding, Türkiye could create added more value in agriculture, potentially increasing its agricultural revenues to levels closer to those of the most developed countries.

This article utilizes various international commodity classification systems and trade pattern indices to analyse the trends and changes in Thailand–India trade relations over the past few decades. The trade between the two countries has grown significantly, characterized by two-way trade and a high proportion of manufacturing goods, particularly in Thailand’s exports to India. Intra-industry trade primarily occurred in a horizontal dimension, emphasizing the functional attributes of the products. There was an improvement in the intra-industry trade and domestic value-added exports between Thailand and India, indicating that the two countries have partly utilized their economic scale and product diversification. Thailand has a comparative advantage in various products at different technological levels, while India’s export comparative advantage is primarily in primary and low-technology goods. However, trade activities between the two countries fluctuated and significantly lagged behind those of their top trading partners, mainly due to slow progress in negotiating a comprehensive free trade deal. The share of high-technology and skill-intensive exports remains modest in their trade. Nevertheless, the trade potential between Thailand and India is significant, as their trade structure is relatively complementary. Much more efforts from Thailand and India are required to realize this potential in the future.

The aim of this article is to examine how the intensity of bilateral intra-industry trade between Poland and its selected economic partners changed in 2000–2022. To analyse the changes in the intensity of intra-industry trade, we used Grubel–Lloyd indices, calculated on the basis of data including 6-digit product groups as classified in the HS nomenclature (UN COMTRADE database). The research results demonstrate that the most intensive intra-industry trade exists between Poland and Germany, Czechia, France, Hungary, Spain, Italy and the United States. For these seven trading partners, GL index values mostly exceeded 0.3 during the research period.

This paper provides a theoretical and empirical model on the trade in higher education services between two symmetric countries under the monopolistic competition with internal economies of scales model by Dixit & Stiglitz. Universities are treated as being under the structure of monopolistic competition as they are assumed to be a differentiated providers of services which follow the increasing returns to scale, while the students who are the users of the services are assumed to have scope effects that favours variety. To estimate the elasticity of substitution, markup levels, fixed costs, marginal costs and gains from trade in terms of consumer surplus, the study employs a data set that have been collected from twenty large universities in India and the UAE and simulates it. The results validate the theoretical predictions for intra-industry trade in education to gain variety, and reduce the average costs further, when operating under an integrated market situation for welfare enhancement. Graphic methods and regression analysis provide supporting evidence of the presumption that underpins the framework and its application to international service trade.

This study uses annual time series data to investigate the trade dynamics between Bangladesh and its two primary trading partners, India and China. Our analysis employs various metrics, including export and import intensity indices, intra-industry trade index, Export Specialization Index, and the revealed comparative advantages (RCA) approach. Finally, we use the ARDL approach to examine the long-run relationship between the structural transformation of the economy and trade dynamics. The trade intensity indices reveal a nuanced pattern in Bangladesh’s trade relationship with India and China. The Export Specialization Index indicates that Bangladesh exhibits significant export specialization in commodity groups such as animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products with India, and live animals and animal products, as well as raw hides and skins-leather and articles thereof with China. Furthermore, our examination of the impact of changes in the structure of the Bangladeshi economy on trade dynamics underscores a notable shift. As Bangladesh undergoes industrialization, China emerges as a prominent trade partner, supplying capital machinery and related products, thereby replacing India’s role as a source of primary goods and food items. The comprehensive analysis of these indices underscores the need to enhance intra-industry trade levels with major partners. Additionally, there isa call for emphasis on sectors with high specialization that possess the potential to reduce the trade deficit. Diversifying Bangladesh’s export baskets is also crucial for achieving a more favorable trade balance. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the trade dynamics of Bangladesh with India and China, aiming to inform policy decisions, facilitate business strategies, and contribute to a broader understanding of economic interactions in the region.

The article assesses the dynamic of Czechia’s agri-food intra-industry trade (IIT) with other EU countries. Methods such as Grubel-Lloyd index, Greenaway, Hine and Milner method, and Fontagné and Freudenberg method were applied using EUROSTAT bilateral trade data at 6-digit HS code from 1999 to 2022. Although the inter-industry trade still prevails in the structure of Czechia’s agri-food trade, the IIT intensity has increased. Nonetheless, the increase started to slow down and stopped in the last decade. The IIT is mostly vertical in nature and significant variations across specific agri-food sectors exist. Increased intensity of IIT indicates potentially positive welfare effects when compared to inter-industry trade and advocates the integration into the economic structures of the Single European Market. Findings inform policymakers in countries aspiring to EU membership when assessing the potential nature of the trade dynamic during participation in the Single European Market.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze food fertilizer products’ trade networks among Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) member nations during 2005–2022. Design/methodology/approach To explore the nature of revealed comparative advantage, intra-sectorial trade specialization and intra-industry trade, this paper used Balassa, Lafay and Grubel-Lloyd indexes. On the other hand, economic networks were used to investigate fertilizer trade centrality in global trade networks. Findings This paper concluded that Thailand and India have the most diversified fertilizer trade markets. In contrast, Nepal and Bhutan exhibited high import centrality toward a few source regions. Hence, significant scope exists to diversify fertilizer export and import markets within BIMSTEC member nations to avoid region-specific dependence on international trade. Originality/value This paper lies apart in its precise emphasis on linking national resource security issues with import-export policy formulation for food fertilizers, where earlier studies have not been examined. Dealing with this intersection allows the existing paper to offer a reenergized perspective on harmonizing resource sustainability with economic objectives. Hence, this fills a primary void in the existing literature by suggesting hands-on strategies and expanding current knowledge.

The research analyzes the comparative advantage of Serbia’s agricultural food product exports using the Balassa (RCA) and Grubel-Lloyd (GL) indexes, covering 2005–2024. Results for 2024 show a strong RCA in wheat and a significant advantage in flour, corn, barley, groats, and processed fruit. The greatest RCA growth occurred in barley and spices, while chocolate and dairy products saw the steepest decline. The analysis of trade structure indicates that Serbia maintains a predominantly inter-industry trade pattern across most product groups. However, there is notable growth in intra-industry exchange, as evidenced by an increase in the GL index for tea, live animals, cereal products, and chocolate. The highest GL index growth in inter-industry trade was recorded for processed fish. Overall, the study highlights Serbia’s stable export surplus in agri-food trade and evolving trade dynamics, especially the increasing presence of intra-industry trade in selected product categories.

This study aims to analyze the intensity and determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) textile and textile articles commodities between Indonesia and ASEAN countries during the 2010–2023 period. Utilizing panel data from ten ASEAN countries, the Grubel-Lloyd index, and a Fixed Effects model corrected with Generalized Least Squares (GLS), the study finds that Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia recorded the highest IIT levels. The Export Variety Index (EVI), industrial output, average GDP, per capita GDP differences, and R&D expenditure have a significant positive effect on IIT, while trade openness shows a significant negative effect. These findings highlight the critical role of product differentiation, economies of scale, and innovation in strengthening intra-industry trade. Policy implications include harmonizing industrial regulations and increasing investment in R&D to enhance the competitiveness of the ASEAN TTP sector.

International trade cooperation is one of the main issues faced by several countries in response to the global economic uncertainty. Indonesia is one of the countries that is active in trade cooperation both on a bilateral and regional. One of Indonesia’s bilateral collaborations was the trade agreement with Türkiye in the Indonesia- Türkiye Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IT CEPA). The IT CEPA aims to improve economic relations between Indonesia and Türkiye by increasing trade. This research aims to analyze the pattern of intra-industry trade between Indonesia and Turkiye and the competitiveness of agricultural product trade. The agricultural sector has a high proportion of international trade between Türkiye and Indonesia; therefore, this study focuses on agricultural products. The method utilized is Intra-industry trade (IIT) analysis and Constant Market Share (CMS) analysis. Data on the export and import trade flows of Indonesian and Turkish commodities were obtained from the International Trade Center (ITC) database. The results showed that after the signing of the IT CEPA (2018-2022 period), exports of agricultural products increased by 45.6 percent. Indonesia has the opportunity to increase its exports to Türkiye for commodities that are declining in competitiveness. The intra-industry trade analysis showed that out of 20 two-digit HS code, only one two-digit code has strong intra-industry trade, which is HS 03 fish and crustaceans. This implied that in this HS code, both countries trade relatively in similar value. Meanwhile in other two-digit HS code, is mostly a one-way trade. The Constant Market Share (CMS) analysis revealed that the competitivenes of Indonesia’s agricultural product export to Türkiye increase after the implementation of IT CEPA showing that Indonesia benefits with the implementation of this trade agreement. In the future, both countries must optimalize the IT CEPA in increasing trade between two countries especially products in HS code currently only exist oneway trade.

Abstract We introduce the technique of band spectral panel regression (BSPR) to analyze global linkages across sectors and frequency bands. It relies on decomposing time series—allowably measured in mixed observation frequency—into “deviation cycle” dynamics by frequency band. We use it to compute measures of real co-movement, trade linkage, financial market integration, and policy coordination band by band. Considering intra-industry as well as inter-industry linkage indicators, we apply it to data of contemporary China and 22 of its top-25 major trading partners in the pre-trade war and pre-pandemic era. Band-specific fixed effects and band-industry-specific interaction terms are included. For labor intensive industries co-movement through intra-industry trade linkages is found to be band-specific. Moreover, our results clarify the puzzle of financial globalization implying real regionalization or contagious synchronization of cyclical dynamics. We find the latter to hold in the 4–6 years band and the former in the 6–10 years range.