Plant Intoxication Research Articles

Response of Daucus carota Plants Under Meloidogyne incognita Infection to Blumea aurita Compost, Powder, and Essential Oil

Abstract Meloidogyne incognita is a common pest of carrots grown in hot climates. Existing control methods using synthetic nematicides are associated with contamination and intoxication of plants and the production environment. Recent research trends in pest control include investigations on the use of plant materials. In the present study, Blumea aurita compost, powder, and essential oil were assessed in comparison with Furadan for mitigating the effects of M. incognita on carrot plants. The essential oil was applied at 10, 20, and 30 mg·ml−1, while the compost and powder were applied at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 kg·m−2. The characteristic components of B. aurita essential oil were trans-α-bergamotene (18.04%), caryophyllene epoxide (15.01%), eugenol (11.59%), carvacrol (11.02%), geraniol (10.13%), 1-octen-3-ol (7.03%), 1,8-cineole (7.02%), δ-elemene (7.01%), and α-copaene (6.20%). The reproduction of M. incognita on carrot roots and the level of M. incognita soil infestation were significantly reduced by B. aurita compost and essential oil. The effect of B. aurita compost was comparable to that of the standard nematicide – Furadan. Therefore, materials derived from B. aurita may prove to be an interesting alternative in inhibiting M. incognita populations.

"Exploring therapeutic potential and toxicological profiles of Cuscuta species: insights from pharmacological studies and an anti-cholinergic toxicity report."

This study examines the therapeutic potential and toxicological profiles of Cuscuta species based on recent pharmacological investigations: "a therapeutic potential vs. toxicological risks of Cuscuta species: a pharmacological-toxicology dilemma." The study encompasses diverse research areas, including the mitigation of Bisphenol A (BPA)-induced ovarian damage using Cuscuta chinensis flavonoids (CCFs), acute and sub-acute toxicity assessments of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. water extract (CLW), and observations on Cuscuta campestris toxicity in horses. In addition, this scientific study discusses the interplant communication dynamics between soybean and the parasitic dodder (Cuscuta australis) under nutrient deficiency conditions. Key significant findings highlight the efficacy of CCFs in alleviating BPA-induced ovarian damage, the safety profile of CLW within specified doses, and clinical manifestations of C. campestris toxicity in horses. Moreover, insights into interplant communication mechanisms emphasise the significance of protein-mediated interactions in nutrient-deficient environments. The report illustrates the potential toxicity of Dodder in humans, and further research findings into its chemical composition and toxicological profiles reveal great data on its phytotoxicity. Greater awareness and understanding of the risks associated with consuming Dodder and other similar plant species are crucial for preventing plant intoxication and have been a significant major focus of the present toxicology study of Cuscuta species. Hence, by addressing these objectives, the scientific study aims to balance the therapeutic benefits of Cuscuta species with their potential toxicological risks, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of their role in pharmacology and toxicology. This dual focus is crucial for guiding future research and informing safe usage practices.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СОЗДАНИЯ ОЗДОРОВЛЕНЫХ КОЛЛЕКЦИЙ ВИНОГРАДА АБОРИГЕННЫХ ДОНСКИХ СОРТОВ В КУЛЬТУРЕ IN VITRO

The article discusses some aspects of improving the elements of technology for creating of healthy collection of indigenous grape varieties in vitro. To recover from phytoplasma infec-tion, a chemotherapy method using the antibi-otic Cefotaxime has been developed. At high concentrations of the antibiotic, intoxication of plants and deterioration in their quality charac-teristics were noted. Plants of Makhrovatchik variety showed an improvement in survival rate at antibiotic concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/l: 64.3 and 60.7%, respectively. For long-term cultivation without replantings, the effectiveness of slowing down growth process-es by increasing the density of the nutrient me-dium was studied. The study was carried out on the varieties Makhrovatchik, Tsimlyansky Sergienko. Studied concentrations of agar-agar were (6, 8, 10, 12, 13 and 15 g/l). A decrease in the rate of growth processes was noted in all studied varieties, but the rate of the decrease was different.

Trinitroaromatic explosives: Modern application, toxicological characterization, and methods of determination

Explosives such as tetryl and picric acid, which were common in the past, now have lost their combat relevance. However, they are often used for peaceful purposes individually and in combination with other trinitroaromatic compounds (e.g., trinitrotoluene). As a result of their use, environmental pollution occurs, followed by intoxication of plants, animals, and people. Cases of explosive poisoning during their production are also described.
 The symptoms of poisoning include both of general disorders and specific phenomena such as skin staining, impaired physiological efficiency of NADPh-dependent enzymes, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity.
 Previous scientific studies established a trend toward the development of chemical-analytical probes. Various options for the sensor surface of the device and methods for detecting compounds are considered. To determine the explosives, ion mobility spectrometry is widely used, which is very rare for the chemicaltoxicological analysis of other groups of compounds.
 Simultaneously, methods commonly used in the analysis of narcotic and psychotropic substances (gas chromatography/ combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry methods) are also applicable to determine trinitroaromatic explosives. However, the presence of nitro groups in their structure complicates such an analysis. This problem can be resolved by injecting cold samples directly to the column.
 Despite the availability of various developed techniques and methods, the possibility of their application to study biological matrices remains insufficient.
 Therefore, further studies of the chemicaltoxicological nature should be conducted to establish the optimal conditions for extracting the substances in question, the parameters of instrumental analysis, and the possibility of storing samples and for solving other problems of forensic medical examination.

Crotalaria juncea L. enhances the bioremediation of sulfentrazone-contaminated soil and promotes changes in the soil bacterial community.

Sulfentrazone (STZ) is an efficient tool for the pre- and post-emergence control of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds in fields of crops such as pineapple, coffee, sugarcane, citrus, eucalyptus, tobacco, and soybean. However, this herbicide persists in the soil, causing phytotoxicity in the subsequent crop. Therefore, it is important to use efficient strategies for the remediation of STZ-contaminated areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Crotalaria juncea L. on the remediation of STZ-contaminated soil and on the microbial activity and bacterial community structure therein. The study was conducted in three stages: (i) cultivation of C. juncea in soil contaminated with 200, 400, and 800 g ha-1 STZ; (ii) determination of the soil microbial activity (basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, and bacterial community structure); and (iii) cultivation of a bioindicator species and determination of the residual fraction of STZ. The soil microbial activity was impacted by the soil type and STZ dose. Soil previously cultivated with C. juncea (rhizospheric soil) displayed higher CO2 and lower qCO2 values than non-rhizospheric soil (no previous C. juncea cultivation). Increasing doses of STZ reduced the activity and lowered the diversity indices of the soil microorganisms. The bacterial community structure was segregated between the rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soils. Regardless of soil type, the bioindicator of remediation (Pennisetum glaucum R.Br.) grew only at the STZ dose of 200 g ha-1, and the plant intoxication level was also lower in rhizospheric soil treated with this herbicide dose. All P. glaucum plants died in the soils treated with 400 and 800 g ha-1 STZ. Previous cultivation of C. juncea in soils contaminated with 200, 400, and 800 g ha-1 STZ reduced the residual fraction of the herbicide by 4.8%, 12.5%, and 17.4%, respectively, compared with that in the non-rhizospheric soils. In conclusion, previous cultivation with C. juncea promoted increases in the soil bacterial activity and diversity indices, mitigated the deleterious effects of STZ on the bioindicator crop, and reduced the residual fraction of the herbicide in the soil.

Emerging Plant Intoxications in Domestic Animals: A European Perspective.

Exposure to phytotoxins that are present in imported ornamental or native plants is an important cause of animal disease. Factors such as animal behaviors (especially indoor pets), climate change, and an increase in the global market for household and ornamental plants led to the appearance of new, previously unreported plant poisonings in Europe. This has resulted in an increase in the incidence of rarely reported intoxications. This review presents some of the emerging and well-established plant species that are responsible for poisoning episodes in companion animals and livestock in Europe. The main plant species are described, and the mechanism of action of the primary active agents and their clinical effects are presented. Data reflecting the real incidence of emerging poisoning cases from plant toxins are scarce to nonexistent in most European countries due to a lack of a centralized reporting/poison control system. The diversity of plant species and phytotoxins, as well as the emerging nature of certain plant poisonings, warrant a continuous update of knowledge by veterinarians and animal owners. The taxonomy and active agents present in these plants should be communicated to ensure awareness of the risks these toxins pose for domestic animals.

A fatal case of cutaneous “Atractylis gummifera L.” poisoning: Case report

The “thistle glue” is the leading cause of death by plant intoxication in Morocco, mainly in children. Oral ingestion is the main route of intoxication, whereas dermal application is uncommon. We report one of rare cases of fatal “blue thistle” poisoning in an 8-month-old girl due to cutaneous application on a 5% superficial second-degree burn on her right forearm. She developed an acute liver failure complicated with cerebral oedema and brain death despite symptomatic treatment. The diagnosis was confirmed by toxicological analysis, which revealed the presence of atractyloside in infant urine.

Role of metabolization and conjugation of herbicides in tolerance of white oats to 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase (HPPD) enzyme inhibitors

The success of chemical control is dependent on crop tolerance to herbicides and their efficiency in controlling weeds. Thus, knowledge of the tolerance level of cultivated plants and the tolerance mechanism involved is crucial for safe herbicide use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of metabolization (malathion) and conjugation (NBD-Cl) inhibitors on the tolerance of white oats to the herbicides mesotrione and tembotrione. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in the 2021 crop, in an RBD, with nine treatments, namely: T0- control (no application); T1- malathion; T2- NBD-Cl; T3- mesotrione; T4- mesotrione+malathion; T5- mesotrione+NBD-Cl; T6- tembotrione; T7- tembotrione+malathion and T8- tembotrione+NBD-Cl. The plant characteristics were evaluated for plant intoxication, SPAD index, levels of chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids, yield components, yield and industrial grain quality. Symptoms of intoxication in oat plants started at 7 DAA and increased up to 14 DAA in treatments containing mesotrione or tembotrione. Plant recovery started at 21 DAA, and it was intensified at 28 DAA. Intoxication levels were not affected by the addition of the metabolization inhibitors malathion (43.1%) and NBD-Cl (36.2%). There was no change in other variables tested under the control treatment. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that there was no change in the level of tolerance of white oats to the herbicides mesotrione or tembotrione after application of malathion and NBD-Cl. This outcome suggests that metabolization or conjugation is not the main mechanisms that make white oat tolerant to HPPD enzyme inhibitors.

Barcoding High Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM) enables the discrimination between toxic plants and edible vegetables prior to consumption and after digestion.

The consumption of poisonous plants can lead to serious health problems or even casualties due to various factors, including easy access to poisonous plants due to their common distribution, co-occurrence and resemblance with edible plants, and the lack of regulation in the food product supply chain. Clinical diagnosis of intoxications usually relies on the availability of the plant consumed by the patient and on the morphology of the plant parts found in the patient's stomach. Therefore, given the fragmented nature of ingested plant material, species identification may face serious difficulties, can be inaccurate, and time-consuming. This highlights the need for rapid and reliable tools to identify toxic species. In the present study, we developed an ITS2-high-resolution melting (HRM) assay for: (1) the discrimination of common toxic plants and their edible lookalikes, and (2) the detection of toxic plants in digested samples. More specifically, we designed species-specific ITS2 primers for the authentication of poisonous species in simulated mixtures and verified them with Bar-HRM. Moreover, the developed HRM-based molecular tool was capable of quantifying the toxic species Datura stramonium in simulated mixtures with the edible Amaranthus retroflexus down to at least 0.5% v/v. This study shows that species-specific ITS2 primers can amplify the DNA from fragmented and/or artificially digested samples and that Bar-HRM is capable of detecting poisonous plant species in digested samples even after 4h. The developed Bar-HRM protocol has important implications for application in medicine, forensics, and the agricultural industry, either to accurately detect the cause of plant intoxications or as a tool for quality control in the supply chain. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this work, we established a high-resolution melting DNA-based protocol capable of discriminating between phenotypically similar common toxic and edible plant species in mixtures, even at very low quantities. This technology also proved efficient in detecting the toxic species in mixtures digested in artificial gastric acid, as it would be the case after accidental ingestion. This work is expected to have important implications for application in medicine, forensics, and the agricultural industry, either for identifying the cause of plant intoxications or as a tool for quality control in different steps of the supply chain.

Impact of Ruminal Transfaunation on Performance and Health of Fattening Lambs – A Review

Understanding the host impact on its symbiotic microbiota is crucial in redirecting the rumen microbiota and thus improving animal health and performance. Rumen fluid transplantation has been proposed as one of the promising methods for reshaping the symbiotic microbiota and enhancing host health and performance. The aim of this invited review is to summarize the impact of ruminal transfaunation on the health and performance of sheep especially fattening lambs. Rumen transfaunation using the ruminal fluid from a healthy donor animal to improve the rumen microbiota and treat a sick recipient animal was performed long before. The microbial populations and associated advantages of the rumen transfaunation have been explored in many studies before. Rumen fluid transplantation has been performed to confer benefits for animals by altering gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Ruminant scientists agree that restoring ruminal bacterial equilibrium of animals suffering from ruminal disorders like simple indigestion, acidosis, plant intoxication, and following surgical correction of a left-displaced abomasum, would aid rumen function recovery. In humans, the support of a healthy microbial community in the digestive tract is also recommended previously. In humans, digestive disorders have been treated with fecal microbiota transplantation. This review presents the impact of ruminal transfaunation on the gastrointestinal microbial ecology, production performance, antioxidant status and immune response of sheep especially fattening lambs.

Phytochemical Screening and Toxicity Assessment of <>Imperata cylindrica</i> (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) Raw Extracts with Brine Shrimp (<i>Artemia salina</i>) Lethality Assay

Background: Herbal medicinal preparations are used as dietary supplements for disease prevention and as alternative/complementary medicine. The growing interest in herbal medicine raises the question of its safety and efficacy. Numerous recorded cases of intoxication and toxicological studies reveal that medicinal plants can be toxic, which hinders their safe use. Plant intoxications related to a variety of factors include plant organs and many extraction solvents. Little toxicological data on medicinal plants is available. The need to investigate is important for safe use. Imperata cylindrica, a poaceae, is one of the medicinal plants for which few toxicological data are available. Materials & Methods: To expand toxicological data, water, 70% ethanol, and 30% acetone extracts of the leaves and roots, obtained by maceration and reflux methods, were used for phytochemicals molecules qualitative detection and toxicity test by the brine shrimp lethality assay. Results: The qualitative analysis of the different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenolic compounds, saponins, and polyterpenoids. The toxicity endpoint was lethal concentration 50 (LC50). The leaves’ extracts LC50 was between 489.78 μg/mL and 1066.6 μg/mL. As for the root extracts, the LC50 was between 341.98 μg/mL and 1530 μg/mL. Discussion: The different compounds’ presence justifies the use of Imperata cylindrica as a medicinal plant. According to Clarkson classification the root extracts are moderately toxic (LC50: 168.47 μg/mL), and leaf extracts are weakly toxic (LC50: 527.25 μg/mL). The extrapolation made in relation to the Gosselin, Smith, and Hodge scale, allows us to characterize the Imperata cylindrica root and leaf extracts as non-toxic to humans by oral route. Conclusion: This result can be a base for more precise toxicological studies.

Relationship of contact angle of spray solution on leaf surfaces with weed control

The weeds are important in agricultural and livestock areas because these plants can cause several damages, especially in the yield. The herbicide pulverization for weed control is the most used, but the efficiency of the control can be dependent the several factors, for example, the correct chose the herbicide and the mixture or not with adjuvant. This study aimed to evaluate the contact angle of herbicide solution droplets associated with adjuvant when deposited on the leaf surface of different weed species and their relationship with chemical control. For the contact angle experiment, the design was completely randomized, with four repetitions, while for the control experiment, a randomized block design was used, both experiments were arranged in a factorial (4 × 2 + 1) design. Factor A corresponded to four spray solutions containing the herbicide no addition of adjuvants and herbicide associated with adjuvants (vegetable oil, mineral oil, and lecithin), factor B to two herbicide dosages, and additional treatment corresponded to water. The contact angle was determined in six weed species: Crotalaria incana, Lantana camara, Ipomoea grandifolia, Asclepias curassavica, Sida obtusifolia, and Ricinus communis, on the adaxial and abaxial surface of each species, and an artificial surface. For the weed control experiment was used two weed species: C. incana and L. camara. The multivariate analysis allowed the understanding of the behavior of the contact angle of the different groups on the natural and artificial surfaces, due to the formation of factors. For all plants, except for the abaxial surface of I. grandifolia and the adaxial surface of A. curassavica, the association of herbicide and adjuvants reduced contact angle on the surfaces. The chemical control resulted in an indirect relation with contact angle, where smaller contact angles of the herbicide solution resulted in a higher percentage of plant intoxication. Therefore, for this situation, it is recommended to use the herbicide aminopyralid + fluroxypir associated with lecithin.

Causes of death in beef cattle in southern Brazil.

We determined the prevalence of diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in beef cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on pathology laboratory submissions. Postmortem examinations were conducted on 1,277 beef cattle that died between 2008 and 2018. Information regarding age, time of the year, breed, and regional location were analyzed statistically. Most cattle were from the surrounding region of Porto Alegre, and 78.7% of the analyzed cases had diagnostic value. The diagnostic category with most cases was infectious and/or parasitic diseases (60%), followed by toxic and toxicoinfectious (25%). Most cases occurred in the fall. Major disease conditions identified included hemoprotozoal infection (18.2%), rabies (8.2%), and plant intoxications by Senecio spp. (8.5%) and Pteridium arachnoideum (4.6%). Hemoprotozoal infection occurred at a higher frequency in young cattle, mainly in animals up to 1 y old. Intoxication by Senecio spp. was more frequent in cattle 2-3 y old.

Comparison of Fecal Microbiota of Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy and Healthy Co-Grazers.

Simple SummaryEquine atypical myopathy is a muscular disease caused by a plant intoxication, which seems to affect only certain horses sharing a pasture, and the role of the intestinal bacteria (microbiota) in this selective impairment is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to describe and compare fecal microbiota of horses suffering from atypical myopathy and healthy co-grazers. We concluded that fecal microbiota of horses suffering from atypical myopathy is different from their co-grazers and changes are more severe in horses that do not survive the disease. Understanding those changes may help in developing therapeutic and/or preventive strategies for horses at risk for atypical myopathy.Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is caused by hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG) intoxication resulting from the ingestion of seeds or seedlings of some Acer tree species. Interestingly, not all horses pasturing in the same toxic environment develop signs of the disease. In other species, it has been shown that the intestinal microbiota has an impact on digestion, metabolism, immune stimulation and protection from disease. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare fecal microbiota of horses suffering from AM and healthy co-grazers. Furthermore, potential differences in fecal microbiota regarding the outcome of diseased animals were assessed. This prospective observational study included 59 horses with AM (29 survivors and 30 non-survivors) referred to three Belgian equine hospitals and 26 clinically healthy co-grazers simultaneously sharing contaminated pastures during spring and autumn outbreak periods. Fresh fecal samples (rectal or within 30 min of defecation) were obtained from all horses and bacterial taxonomy profiling obtained by 16S amplicon sequencing was used to identify differentially distributed bacterial taxa between AM-affected horses and healthy co-grazers. Fecal microbial diversity and evenness were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in AM-affected horses as compared with their non-affected co-grazers. The relative abundance of families Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae and Akkermansiaceae were higher (p ≤ 0.001) whereas those of the Lachnospiraceae (p = 0.0053), Bacteroidales (p < 0.0001) and Clostridiales (p = 0.0402) were lower in horses with AM, especially in those with a poor prognosis. While significant shifts were observed, it is still unclear whether they result from the disease or might be involved in the onset of disease pathogenesis.

Caracterização do perfil das intoxicações por plantas entre as mesorregiões do estado da Paraíba

Plant poisoning changes a serious public health problem in the state of Paraíba. In view of this, the objective was to characterize the epidemiological and sociodemographic profile of those intoxicated by plants in each mesoregion of the state of Paraíba during the period from 2010 to 2019. This is a descriptive study through a cross-sectional, retrospective and quantitative investigation of data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). During the period analyzed, the number of notifications for poisoning with plants increased 18 times, available in a total of 135 cases. As two mesoregions with the highest numbers were Mata Paraibana (27.3 ± 41.3) and Agreste Paraibano (41.0 ± 0). The greatest number of records occurred among the child audience, with a greater predominance of notifications in the group between 1 to 4 years old (31.8%), with ascendancy for males (54.0%) and for mixed race (58, 5%). As for the level of education, 8.1% of the cases had incomplete primary education. For diagnosis, the clinical criterion was the most used (45%) and in most cases (76%), there was a cure without sequelae, even with 54% of the notifications, in fact, being cases of intoxication. Regarding the circumstance of intoxication, 72% happened accidentally. It appears, therefore, that plant intoxications are listed and represent an impasse to be mitigated, which requires preventive and educational actions focusing on the awareness of Paraiba citizens.

IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL APPROVALS OF SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST UKRAINE

The article presents the effectiveness of the influence of certain agrotechnical components of the technology of growing wheat wheat in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine. The positive influence of application of foliar fertilization of crops is shown. The prospects of using the complex application of intensification elements are determined. It has been established that the optimization of the mode of power provides a more complete disclosure of the resource potential of plants, which increases yields. Reindeer nutrition should be considered as an element of supplementation to the soil nutrition system, primarily due to the fact that plants are able to absorb nutrients through the leaf surface only in limited quantities, with excess concentration of which possible burns or intoxication of plants. The use of foliar feeding on the background of the main fertilizer has been found to have a positive effect on productivity and quality. The role of the plant nutrition system, which allows to control the formation of grain productivity of spring wheat crops, is substantiated. It has been found that the optimization of the nutrition regime provides a fuller disclosure of the resource potential of the plants, thereby increasing the yield. Nutrition optimization provides more complete disclosure of plant resource potential, thereby increasing yields. It is determined that under the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine the level of spring wheat yield is largely determined by the amount of rainfall that has fallen during the growing season. By optimizing the wheat's nutritional conditions, its productivity increases substantially, regardless of weather and climatic conditions. The use of mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen in combination with phosphorus and potassium, can significantly improve the nutritional regime of the soil. The available nutrients of the plant are provided as a result of the mineralization of organic compounds by soil microorganisms and the transition of soluble mineral substances into solubility. This creates a more favorable environment for the growth and development of plants and for maintaining high soil fertility. At the end of the spring wheat vegetation, there was a redistribution of nitric and ammoniacal forms of nitrogen. It is advisable to continue research in this area and to deepen in connection with the emergence of new varieties, preparations and changes in climatic and soil conditions. Key words: spring wheat, yield, variety, sowing dates, seeding rate.

CADAVERINE: A POTENT MODULATOR OF PLANTS AGAINST ABIOTIC STRESSES

Environmental stresses are a major threat for agricultural productivity. But certain biotic and abiotic stresses like salinity and heavy metals, especially cadmium and lead are the main cause of soil degradation and inhibit germination, speed of germination, dry mass accumulation, photosynthetic pigments due to perturbed physiochemical processes resulting decline in growth and related metabolites. Salinity possesses a negative impact on plant growth as it causes plant intoxication and osmotic stress which interferes with the crop development. While heavy metals inhibit nitrate reductase activity and decrease organic nitrogen and protein contents. Their higher concentrations can severely distress the growth of plant and biomass yield. The dynamic approaches of PA’s are demonstrated in all the disciplines like plant sciences, human health and microbiology. Despite their important contributions in research, still some areas remain least explored like the action of polyamines in plant stress physiology and its future practical applications. Cadaverine (Cad), a structurally different diamine which has an independent biosynthetic pathway also comes under the family of polyamines. It improves crop salt tolerance; improvise heavy metal stress, acts as a plant growth regulator that further activates antioxidant defense system and it intensely upholds the stressed plant growth through preserving the metabolites.

Estimation of sulfentrazone sorption in isolated application and mixed with glyphosate

The use of herbicides belonging to a single mechanism of action for several consecutive years in the same area may lead to the selection of weed biotypes resistant to herbicides. Weeds resistant to glyphosate have been problem worldwide. As an alternative control, farmers have used glyphosate mixed with sulfentrazone. When two herbicides are mixed, the parameters that govern the behaviour of herbicides in the soil can be altered. In this study, the sorption of sulfentrazone was estimated when applied in isolation with glyphosate formulations. For this, increasing doses of sulfentrazone were applied using Red-Yellow Latosol substrate and washed sand. Each dose of sulfentrazone was applied in a mixture with 1080 g a. e. ha-1 Roundup Ready®, Roundup Ultra® and Zapp Qi®. To evaluate the presence of sulfentrazone in the soil solution, Sorghum bicolor was used as an indicator species. Symptoms of intoxication were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days after sowing. At 21 days after sowing, the plants were collected and dried in an oven at 70 ± 10 °C to determine the dry matter. Based on the intoxication of the indicator plants, it was verified that, regardless of the formulation, the presence of glyphosate in the mixture increased the sorption of sulfentrazone in the Red-Yellow Latosol. However, based on dry matter accumulation, sulfentrazone sorption increased because of the mixture with Roundup Ultra®, but decreased due to the presence of Roundup Ready® and Zapp Qi®. Therefore, the application of sulfentrazone in mixture with glyphosate alters the sorptive forces of sulfentrazone in a Red-Yellow Latosol.

Use of Fertiactyl Pos® for Protection of Eucalyptus Plants Subjected to Herbicide Drift

ABSTRACT: Herbicide drift, due to application failures, can cause intoxication in eucalyptus plants, compromising their growth. However, the addition of protective products such as Fertiactyl Pós® to the syrup has been shown to be efficient in reducing intoxication of eucalyptus plants exposed to herbicide drift. Given this, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of Fertiactyl Pós® on the reduction of damage caused by the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D and the glyphosate + 2.4-D mixture in eucalyptus plants. The experiment was conducted in a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, corresponding to three herbicides: glyphosate (1,440 g ha-1), 2,4-D (680 g ha-1), glyphosate + 2.4- D (1,440 g ha-1 + 680 g ha-1); two doses of Fertiactyl Pós® (0 and 3.0 L ha-1) and one control without application. Prior to application, the top of the eucalyptus was covered with polyethylene bags to ensure the syrup only reached the lower third of the canopy. The addition of Fertiactyl Pós® to the syrup with glyphosate and 2.4 D herbicides reduced the intoxication of eucalyptus plants by 21.9 and 15.2%, respectively, at 40 days after application (DAA) when compared with the application of the respective herbicides without the addition of Fertiactyl Pós®. The glyphosate + 2.4-D mixture drift intensified the intoxication of the eucalyptus plants in comparison with the application of the respective herbicides in isolation. Besides, the addition of Fertiactyl Pós® to the glyphosate + 2,4-D mixture did not prevent plant intoxication.

EFFICIENCY OF ANDIROBA, COPAIBA AND JATROPHA OILS TO IMPROVE THE RESISTANCE OF Pinus elliottii WOOD TO WOOD-DECAY FUNGI

ABSTRACT Non-renewable chemical products are still the most used for wood protection, however, they have negative aspects. Several problems associated with the extensive use of these substances have been reported, such as intoxication of animals and plants, and environmental contamination. This has led to a search for alternative methods of control that cause less impact on the environment. In this context, the use of natural products extracted from different plants can be an alternative to this industrial activity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of andiroba, copaiba and jatropha oils, either pure or enriched with iodine (I2), to improve the biological resistance of Pinus elliottii wood to wood-decay fungi causing brown, white and soft rot. The andiroba and copaiba oils came from the state of Pará and the jatropha oil came from Paraíba. Thus, we performed resistance tests to accelerated decay (brown and white rot fungi) and soft rot tests in the laboratory. We used pure natural oils and those enriched with sublimated iodine in assessing efficiency. In turn, we evaluated the effects of volatilization and leaching on the efficiency of solutions against decaying fungi. Pure andiroba and jatropha oils were the least efficient in controlling the Trametes versicolor fungus in the accelerated decay biological assay. Moreover, the wood treated with pure copaiba oil (normal situation) was classified as non-resistant for controlling Postia placenta fungus. In the soft rot test, we observed that there was a tendency to improve the wood resistance (normal situation) with an increase in the iodine concentration (I2).