inThe Journal Research Articles

IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) – Newsletter 62

Abstract. The information given here is provided by the IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification for comparative purposes and as a service to mineralogists working on new species. Each mineral is described in the following format: mineral name, if the authors agree on its release prior to the full description appearing in press; chemical formula; type locality; full authorship of proposal; e-mail address of the corresponding author; relationship with other minerals; crystal system, space group, structure determined, yes or no; unit-cell parameters; strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern; type specimen repository and specimen number; citation details for the mineral prior to publication of the full description. Citation details concern the fact that this information will be published in the European Journal of Mineralogy on a routine basis as well as being added month by month to the commission's website. It is still a requirement for the authors to publish a full description of the new mineral. No other information will be released by the commission.

THE TRI-SIGMA TEST: THE TRIPLE-SIGMA TRICHOTOMOUS SUMMATION TRIOSTATISTIC FOR THE VIABILITY, VERIFIABILITY, AND VALIDITY OF MULTIPLE TRI-SQUARED TEST OUTCOMES

This paper provides a novel statistical methodology called “Triple or Tri–Sigma” (“Tri-S”) that is designed to conceptuallyadd to the research that has been conducted on and with the Tri–Squared Test (Osler, 2012a). The Tri–Sigma Test is anadvanced statistical procedure that is used to analyze multiple Tri–Squared Tests that have been delivered at differenttimes. Tripleseries summation provides an innovative way of investigating the data derived from a series of research-based investigative instruments that are known as “Trichotomous Tri-Squared Test Triple-I's” (Osler and Mansaray, 2013b).The Triple–I is directly derived from specific research questions as an in-depth associated instrument [first introduced inthe i-manager's Journal on Mathematics as a part of the “Tri-Squared Test” (Osler, 2012a)]. This new approach to researchinquiry lends additional strength to trichotomous research designs. Trichotomous tests can now be offered at multiplestages, multiple times, and in multiple ways with multiple research questions.

Compulsory Health Insurance.

To the Editor: —InThe Journal, Jan. 24, 1920, p. 271, Dr. E. M Stanton opposed the principles of compulsory health insurance on the grounds that the burdens of such insurance cannot be borne by the insured. In so doing, in my opinion, he made a very good argument in favor of compulsory health insurance. It is precisely because modern scientific medicine, as practiced today, is too expensive for any except the very rich that some system must be evolved to diminish the expense to the individual. If Dr. Stanton seriously believes that the wage earner in general receives adequate medical attention under the present system he is, naturally, opposed to any form of health insurance. A few physicians who emphasize the fact that prolonged illness in persons of limited income almost universally leads to the support of the individual either by the state or by charitable institutions believe that

Geodetski vestnik na poti boljše mednarodne prepoznavnosti

The editorial board of Geodetski vestnik, the leading Slovenian scientific and professional journal in the fields of geodesy, land surveying, geoinformatics and land management, has taken many actions to increase the quality of the journal over the past decade. Among others, the reviewing procedures were improved by introducing double- blind peer review of articles, internationalisation of editorial and review boards has been done, the journal has been included in several international bibliographic databases, and open access to full-text papers at the journal’s website since 2000 onwards has been provided. The main aim of the study has been to analyse the influence of editorial policy on the international recognition (citations) of Geodetski vestnik as well as on the quality of the literature cited in the journal. Citations of Geodetski vestnik in the period 2009–2013 are analysed in this article, based on the data from the WoS database. It has been shown that indexation in many information systems and databases, such as COBISS. SI, DOAJ, WoS, DRUGG and CrossRef, has increased the visibility of the journal and its articles at both national and international levels.

Healthy birth practice #2: walk, move around, and change positions throughout labor.

In the United States, obstetric care is intervention intensive, resulting in 1 in 3 women undergoing cesarean surgery wherein mobility is treated as an intervention rather than supporting the natural physiologic process for optimal birth. Women who use upright positions and are mobile during labor have shorter labors, receive less intervention, report less severe pain, and describe more satisfaction with their childbirth experience than women in recumbent positions. This article is an updated evidence-based review of the "Lamaze International Care Practices That Promote Normal Birth, Care Practice #2: Freedom of Movement Throughout Labor," published in The Journal of Perinatal Education, 16(3), 2007.

The Role of Hypotheses in Biomechanical Research

This paper investigates whether there is a discrepancy between stated and actual aims in biomechanical research, particularly with respect to hypothesis testing. We present an analysis of one hundred papers recently published in The Journal of Experimental Biology and journal of Biomechanics, and examine the prevalence of papers which (a) have hypothesis testing as a stated aim, (b) contain hypothesis testing claims that appear to be purely presentational (i.e. which seem not to have influenced the actual study), and (c) have exploration as a stated aim. We found that whereas no papers had exploration as a stated aim, 58 per cent of papers had hypothesis testing as a stated aim. We had strong suspicions, at the bare minimum, that presentational hypotheses were present in 31 per cent of the papers in this latter group.

Tendon vibration does not alter decreased responsiveness of motoneurones in the absence of motor cortical input during fatigue

Tendon vibration does not alter decreased responsiveness of motoneurones in the absence of motor cortical input during fatigue

Research in THA and TKA From the United States Has Declined Over the Past Decade Relative to Other Countries

Decreasing reimbursement, increasing surgical volumes, and prohibitive institutional review board polices potentially deter residents from entering the subspecialty of joint replacement, while also inhibiting research production by existing surgeons. Our hypothesis is that there has been a decline in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) research in the United States relative to other countries over the past decade.All original research involving THA and TKA published in The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume, Journal of Arthroplasty, and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research over the past decade was queried. Country of origin and level of evidence of each publication were documented. From January 1999 to December 2008, 1724 original peer-reviewed research studies involving THA and TKA were identified. The percentage of publications from US institutions steadily declined from 65.8% in 1999 to 46.9% in 2008. The percentage of Level I and II studies from the United States increased from 9.7% in 1999 to 23.3% in 2008, which parallels the increase seen from all countries from 7.8% to 24.8% during the same decade.Despite the improving levels of evidence, the relative percentage of publications from the United States on THA and TKA has declined over the past 10 years. In contrast to the relatively constant number from the United States, publications on THA and TKA from non-US institutions have increased over the past decade. These trends may have significant implications for future THA and TKA research in the United States.

Dietary Sodium Reduction

In the years between 1960 and 1991, the prevalence of hypertension in the United States decreased from 29.7% to 20.4%. The recognition of hypertension as the Bsilent killer[ and the work of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program contributed to this public health success. In recent years, however, hypertension has reemerged as a major public health problem. The prevalence of hypertension in US adults has steadily increased and now hovers between 29% and 30%. This increase is due in part to aging demographics as well as the epidemic of overweight and obesity. It is now estimated that nearly 75 million or 1 in every 3 adults has hypertension. Hypertension constitutes a significant risk factor for myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and renal failure. Cardiovascular clinicians have an enormous armamentarium of pharmacological agents that, particularly when used in combination, have the potential to control most cases of hypertension; indeed, control rates have risen over time, according to an article published inThe Journal of the American Medical Association in May 2010. In an accompanying editorial, Aram Chobanian, Boston University Medical Center, and first author of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention Detection and Treatment of Hypertension (JNC 7) guidelines, commented that although the progress in treatment is encouraging, rates of high blood pressure will continue to rise as the population ages unless steps are taken to change some of its underlying causes. Ford and colleagues, in a recent article, calculated the percentage of Americans considered Blow risk[ for CVD. The trend from the period 1999 to 2004 was unfavorable, demonstrating that only 7.5% (down from 10.5% in the period 1988Y1994) would be considered low risk. One factor contributing to this negative trend was the decrease in the percentage of normotensive patients. Recently, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), in its report entitled BA Population-Based Policy and Systems Change Approach to PreventandControlHypertension,[ published in February 2010, declared high blood pressure a Bneglected disease.[ In its report, the IOM called for population-based strategies designed to impact large numbers of people and improve population health status. The IOM further championed behavioral and lifestyle interventions that target risk factors that contribute to hypertension, identifying the following: unhealthy diets, excess salt consumption and low dietary potassium intake, overweight/obesity, and sedentary lifestyles. In April 2010, the IOM released a second report related to the hypertension document, BStrategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States,[ focusing on a population approach to dietary sodium reduction. In 2008, Congress actually petitioned the IOM for recommendations on strategies to reduce dietary sodium intake. The average intake of sodium for American adults is approximately 3400 mg daily, fully 50% more than the current upper limit recommendation of no more than 2300 mg daily. (Actually, for at least 70% of adults in the United StatesVthose with hypertension, African Americans, and those older than 40 yearsVthe daily consumption of sodium should not exceed 1500 mg.) Typically, when clinicians open a dialogue with hypertensive or heart failure patients regarding reducing dietary sodium intake, patients often reply that Bthe salt shaker is not even on the table,[ unaware that only about 6% of dietary sodium comes from salt added at the table. Approximately 75% of dietary sodium comes from processed food. Voluntary efforts to reduce sodium intake have been unsuccessful. The

Back to the Drawing Board for Psychiatric Genetics

In 2003, researchers reported that a gene variant seemed to play a major role in whether people get depressed in response to life's stresses or sail through. But an exhaustive new analysis published last week in The Journal of the American Medical Association suggests that the big fish may be a minnow at best.

Editor's Correspondence

The mailbox for most editors looks like a grab bag in a windstorm. Filled with surprises and never lacking in interest, it provides a cross section of medical opinion, of likes and dislikes. Some is published in the correspondence section ofThe Journal; some is answered directly from the Editor's office or is referred to a more appropriate office for reply; and some is handled with asbestos gloves. We are joking about the latter, of course, but the mail is varied and never dull. From time to time readers of The Journal become indignant when their letters of protest about some action are not published inThe Journal. They accuse the Editor of being high-handed and arbitrary, of being biased, and of being out of touch with the facts of life. And they may honestly believe they have good reason for such accusations. Unfortunately, some may not realize that The

Understanding Ethical Diversity in Organizations

thical diversity abounds in organiza-tions. That is, there are diverse beliefsamong employees, managers, and executivesin organizations as to what are the mostethically appropriate or inappropriatecourses of actions to take in their daily work-place situations. Consider the following fiveexamples of ethical diversity, each of whichcomes from the authors’ direct work experi-ence,consulting,orcurrenteventsreportedinthetradeandgeneralpress.First,fromopera-tionsmanagement,someemployeesbelieveitis ethically right to use the time clock closestto the building entrance when they clock inand out. In contrast, others believe it is ethi-cally right to use the time clock closest totheirassignedworkareas.Whythedivergentethical judgments? Second, from humanresources management, some managersbelieve it is ethically right to give uniformraises to all employees when raise money isextremely limited. Others believe it isethically right to continue to give perfor-mance-based raises in such circumstances.Why the divergence? Third, from organiza-tional downsizing, some managers believe itisethicallyrighttofocusonlyonperformanceevaluations when conducting layoffs, whileothers believe it is ethically right to considercorporate initiatives and employee personalconsiderations. Why? Fourth, from risk man-agement and public relations, some execu-tives believe it is ethically right to performsurveillance on employees’ nonworkplaceconduct, while others believe it is ethicallyright to limit surveillance to workplace con-duct. Why? Fifth, from organizational gov-ernance,someexecutivesbelieveitisethicallyright to outsource as much work as possibleto firms in foreign countries, while othersbelieve it is ethically right to retain as muchwork as possible in house. Why?The answer to all the preceding ‘‘why’’questions is that employee’s ethical judg-ments diverge because of the great diversityin their personal moral codes. Some two dec-ades ago, the first author and marketingprofessor Scott J. Vitell sought to develop aframework that would help marketing stu-dents and practitioners understand the kindof diversity in personal moral codes thatwould lead to divergent ethical judgments.Theydevelopedamodelofmarketingethicaldecision making that was first published inthe Journal of Macromarketing in 1986.Through time, the model and the theoryunderlying the model came to be labeledin the ethics literature as, simply, the Hunt–Vitell (H–V) model of ethics. Also throughtime, the model was used extensively in bothteaching ethics and guiding research. Subse-quently, it was noted by ethics researchersthat the theory and model were equallyapplicable to business ethics in general, andeven more generally, to ethics in nonwork-place situations. That is, the H–V model isnow viewed by many ethics researchers as ageneraltheoryofethicaldecisionmaking(andnot just a theory applicable to marketing andother business situations). Since its originaldevelopment, the H–V model has undergonerigorous empirical testing in numerous dis-ciplines and contexts. The results have uni-formlysupportedthetheoryasbeingusefulinexplaining and predicting ethical decisionmaking.It should be noted that the purpose ofthe H–V model is to describe, explain, and

The Cognitive and Treatment Aspects of Perfectionism: Introduction to the Special Issue

University of British ColumbiaTo our knowledge, this special issue on the cognitive and treatmentaspectsofperfectionismisthefirstspecialissueonperfectionismtoeverappear in a journal. It is most fitting that this special issue appears inthe Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy giventhe extensive contributions of Albert Ellis to our understanding ofdysfunctionalperfectionism(seeEllis,1957,1962,2002).Ellisidentifiedirrational beliefs involving perfectionism (i.e., I must be perfect in orderto be worthwhile) as playing a significant role in a wide variety of per-sonaladjustmentproblems,includinganxietyanddepression,aswellasininterpersonalproblems(seeEllis,2002).Overtheyears,researchandtheory on REBT has emphasized the inextricable link between perfec-tionism and a number of core themes, including the irrational fear offailure, the role of conditional acceptance of the self and others in psy-chological problems, the pitfalls of thinking that a person must achieveat an exceptionally high level in order to be worthy of affection andrespect, and, in general, the irrational pursuit of extreme, unrealisticgoals. A related REBT theme derived initially from Horney (1950) is

ERRATUM

The following is a correction for an error that occurred in the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 9, No. 1. The Critical Review titled “Frontal-striatal Circuit Functions: Context, Sequence, and Consequence” by Jean A. Saint-Cyr had two lines of copy accidentally omitted at the bottom of the second column on page 103.

The Endocrine Society and Pharmacia Corporation Award for Published Clinical Research inThe Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

The Endocrine Society and Pharmacia Corporation Award for Published Clinical Research in<i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism</i>

ERRATUM

The following is a correction for an error that occurred in the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 7, No. 6. The error occurred in the article titled “Sensitivity and specificity of standardized neurocognitive testing immediately following sports concussion,” pp. 693–702, by Barr and McCrea. On page 696, under the subheading “Test-Retest Reliability and Reliable Change Cut-off Scores”, the confidence interval in the third sentence should read “−2.21, +2.59”, rather than “±2.59”.

The Endocrine Society and Pharmacia Corporation Award for Published Clinical Research inThe Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism

The Endocrine Society and Pharmacia Corporation Award for Published Clinical Research in<i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism</i>

Interdisciplinary Pre-Service Initiatives in Gerontology: How to Get Started

So how does one go about es-tablishing team experiences to sat-isfy the agency, the participants’needs, as well as accomplish learn-ing objectives for our students? Thefirst step is to identify those indi-viduals, either in the community orfrom your immediate workplace,who share similar interests in de-veloping these joint experiences.Finding an umbrella agency tomonitor these initiatives can pro-vide insight regarding populationneeds and identify other colleagueswho are interested in collaboration.For example, at Ithaca College wehave such departments as Thera-peutic Recreation and Leisure Ser-vices, Occupational Therapy, Physi-cal Therapy, and Sociology. Theyprovide opportunities for network-ing and collaborative programs. We are also fortunate to have aGerontology Institute, which attimes can serve to help coordinatethese efforts. The Gerontology Insti-tute is also one of the participantsin the Finger Lakes Geriatric Edu-cation Center (FLGEC). This pro-gram covers over 13 counties in up-state New York and provides botheducational and research opportu-nities for area professionals and fac-ulty. The FLGEC is affiliated withthe University of Rochester Schoolof Medicine and Dentistry. There areover 30 such geriatric centers in theUnited States supported by the Bu-reau of Health Professions. Thesecenters are dedicated to strengthen-ing the multidisciplinary trainingof health professionals working inthe field of geriatrics.One of the benefits from partici-pating with the FLGEC has been thesharing of knowledge among disci-plines and faculty. One such note-worthy experience includes expo-sure to the work of Dr. Madeline H.Schmitt in the area of interdiscipli-nary research. Dr. Schmitt, Schoolof Nursing, University of Rochester,has presented numerous papersand publications in this area. Shehas recently published an article inthe Journal of Interpro-fessionalCare, which reviews previous re-search regarding the efficacy of theteam approach in health care. Shemakes many references to gerontol-ogy. Apparently, a significantamount of the initial interdiscipli-nary research has been in the areaof geriatrics. Additionally, Dr.Schmitt and colleagues have pub-lished specific articles regardinggeriatric interdisciplinary research.These articles and book chapters,listed at the end of this article un-der Recommended Readings andOther Resources, might serve as im-portant references for students andprofessionals. They can be used tosupport an interdisciplinary geriat-ric-based clinical practicum model.Teaming can occur within a medi-cal or social setting. Contactingyour local Area Agency on Agingor your local senior center may be agood first step to understandingwhat opportunities are available inyour community. Krout and col-leagues ((Krout, Durnford, &Crichley, 1997) further describehow to navigate these complex so-cial networks.Over the last 10 years, I havebeen fortunate to be involved in anumber of gerontological initiativesrelated to my field. However, I couldhardly give myself complete creditfor my professional growth in thisarea. Instead, I need to acknowledgethe influence of colleagues fromwithin and outside of my field whohave provided multiple opportuni-ties for collaboration and learning.The interdisciplinary opportuni-ties, in particular, have facilitatedunforeseen growth in why and howI approach geriatric populations.This is probably not too surprisingas the field of gerontology, by itsnature, is interdisciplinary given thenumber of sociological and medicalneeds of older adults.Now that the graduation sea-son has recently past, it hasprompted me to think about how wecan foster these interdisciplinaryattitudes in our students before theyenter the workplace. Whether weare externship site clinical supervi-sors or teach in an academic setting,we should consider how we couldprovide geriatric team experiencesfor our students. We need to providethis type of training as current andfuture certification practicum guide-lines require experience with ge-neric, but not with specific, agegroups (e.g., adult vs. geriatric, pe-diatric vs. early intervention), andspecific therapy contexts (e.g., inter-disciplinary) are not identified.Although it would be ideal forall students to complete academicand fieldwork experiences in geri-atrics, there are other opportunitiesthat can be utilized to provide ex-posure to this population. Theseopportunities include communityservice sponsored by a campus club

Research in Medical Education

The surge in managed health care organizations has profound consequences for the future of academic medical centers and for physicians' clinical education. Traditionally, physicians trained in academic medical centers had been ensured access to large numbers of patients with a wide variety of illnesses, some of whom could be observed for extended periods. Newly evolving managed care arrangements threaten to decrease the number and alter the mix of patients referred to academic medical centers, thus necessitating new training models. What impact are the new organizational forms for delivering health care having on academic health centers, faculty, and educational programs for medical students and resident physicians? InThe Journal's 1996 medical education issue, we would like to see articles reporting research on and analysis of changes in the ways physicians are being trained at all stages of the education process. Related topics in urgent need of attention include how academic

Pharmacologic Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure-Reply

In Reply. —We appreciate the comments of Dr Ahmad, Dr Anderson, and Dr Oosterbosch, expressed in an effort to improve the recommendations within the recent Agency for Health Care Policy and Research clinical practice guideline on heart failure1and in our recent publication inThe Journal. Ahmad raises the potential value of low-dose amiodarone. At this time, we do not believe that sufficient data exist to reach a consensus regarding the role of low-dose amiodarone for prolonging survival in heart failure. Currently available data are conflicting. A promising study, showing improved survival with amiodarone,2was published subsequent to the publication of the guideline. However, the study by Nicklas et al3referenced by Ahmad showed no clinical benefit. We believe that more data are needed to determine whether routine use of this agent is warranted. We concur with the comments of Anderson regarding the importance of magnesium replacement