Intestinal Dysbacteriosis Research Articles

Regulative effect of active components of Cistanche deserticola on intestinal dysbacteriosis induced by antibiotics in mice

Objective: To study the effects of Cistanche deserticola and its active components Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide and Echinacoside on intestinal flora of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) mice. Methods: Forty-eight Balb/c mice were randomly divided into control (Con) group, AAD Group, inulin (Inu) group, Cistanche deserticola (RCR) group, Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide (RCRDT) group and Echinacoside (Ech) group with 8 mice in each group. The diarrhea model of mice was induced by intragastric administration of lincomycin hydrochloride(3 g/kg) for 7 days, and then treated by intragastric administration of INU(5 g/kg), RCR(5 g/kg), RCRDT(200 mg/kg) and ECH (60 mg/kg),0.2 ml once a day for 7 days, Con group and AAD group were given the same volume of normal saline. By observing general signs of mice, colon HE staining, 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing analysis, the effects of Cistanche deserticola, Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide and Echinacea glycoside on the imbalance of intestinal flora induced by antibiotics in mice were evaluated. Results: Compared with Con group, AAD group mice lost weight, presented obvious diarrhea symptoms, inflammatory changes in colon tissue and decreased intestinal flora diversity (P＜0.05) indicating the success of the model. Compared with AAD group, the weight and diarrhea of INU, RCR, RCRDT and ECH groups were significantly improved, and the colon pathology of ECH group was restored to normal level. Compared with AAD group, RCR group, RCRDT group and ECH group had significantly decreased intestinal Firmicutes, increased Blautia and Lachnoclostridium, and decreased Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (P＜0.05) . In ECH group, the abundance and diversity of intestinal microflora were returned to normal level, and the structure of intestinal microflora was well adjusted, the contents of Bacteroides, Flavonifractor, Agathobacter, Lachnoclostridium and Prevotella-9 were increased (P＜0.01). Conclusion: Both Cistanche deserticola and its active components cistanche deserticola polysaccharide and echinacoside can regulate the intestinal flora imbalance caused by antibiotics and improve the symptoms of AAD, especially echinacoside.

Male zooid extracts of Antheraea pernyi ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and intestinal dysbacteriosis in mice induced by a high-fat diet.

The male zooid of Antheraea pernyi (A. pernyi) accumulates several nutrients and physiological activity-related substances for reproduction. Some components in the extracts of the male zooid of A. pernyi (EMZAP) have several functions, such as protecting the liver, enhancing immunity, antiatheroscloresis, anti-aging, and antitumor effects. In this study, we investigated the ameliorating effects on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The EMZAP treatment could ameliorate NAFLD and effectively decrease the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels and a significant increase in serum high-density lipoprotein levels was observed. Additionally, the EMZAP treatment reduced the levels of liver-function enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, TGF-β1) and also the oxidative stress indices and regulated the expression of genes associated with fatty acid metabolism (SREBP-1c, PPARα, ACOX-1, CPT-1) in the liver to prevent the development of NAFLD. Furthermore, EMZAP enhanced the diversity and richness of the beneficial intestinal microbes, suggesting its potential as a dietary supplement and functional food to combat NAFLD induced by HFD.

Tanshinone IIA May Inhibit Gastric Cancer via Affecting the Intestinal Microbiome.

Background Gastric cancer (GC) belongs to a type of the most deadly cancer in the world, and the incidence rate of GC will increase in the coming decades. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is an active component that separated from Danshen. Tan IIA may also exert its therapeutic effects in disease with intestinal dysbacteriosis, at least partially, via regulating the intestinal microbiome. Nevertheless, it is obscure whether Tanshinone IIA affects the intestinal dysbacteriosis and plays antitumor roles. This research was designed to explore Tanshinone IIA potential on the intestinal dysbacteriosis of GC xenograft mice. Methods Mouse xenograft GC tumor models were built and treated by Tan IIA. The tumor growth as well as microbiome in the intestinal were compared. Western blot was used to detect the phosphorylation of the NF-κB and expressions of the downstream cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. Results Microbiome in the intestinal was changed in xenograft tumor mice in comparison with the control mice. What is more, Tan IIA could influence the microbiome in the intestinal of the tumor mice. Tan IIA hinders the growth of xenograft tumor and change the microbiome in the intestinal, but intestinal dysbacteriosis condition partially blocked Tan IIA-stimulated antitumor effects. In addition, intestinal dysbacteriosis abrogated Tan IIA-stimulated decrease in the NF-κB signaling in xenograft tumor mice. Conclusions Tanshinone IIA may inhibit GC tumor growth via affecting the intestinal microbiome through regulating the NF-κB signaling.

Features of the clinical manifestation of subcompensated intestinal dysbiosis in cats in assessing the effectiveness of its correction

Formation and reproduction of gut microbiome begins at birth, while change in its composition depends mainly on various genetic, nutritional and environmental factors. The article considers the features of clinical manifestation of subcompensated intestinal dysbiosis in cats in assessing the effectiveness of its treatment. The studies were carried out on the basis of Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, and the clinical work was conducted at private veterinary clinics: Avettura, Epiona, In the World with Animals. Cats were selected for the experiment as they arrived at the initial appointment at veterinary clinics. The diagnosis of suspected intestinal dysbacteriosis was made considering anamnesis, clinical examination, and microbiological tests. The severity of intestinal dysbacteriosis was assessed on the results of clinical and laboratory studies. During the research, clinical and diagnostic approaches for subcompensated intestinal dysbacteriosis in cats were improved. Furthermore, effective ways of its treatment were developed. For subcompensated intestinal dysbacteriosis, administration of Lactobifadol probiotic, Vetelakt prebiotic and Azoksivet immunomodulator showed the greatest therapeutic effect, which led to an overall clinical improvement in 5.50 days. Therapeutic efficacy of B3 regimen was also clearly evidenced by the positive changes in intestinal microbiota and hematological blood parameters during the pharmacorrection. Improvement of clinical diagnostic approaches, prognosis of intestinal dysbiosis of varying severity and treatment effectiveness in cats require will allow to study intestinal dysbiotic disorders in other animal species.

Metagenomics-based systematic analysis reveals that gut microbiota Gd-IgA1-associated enzymes may play a key role in IgA nephropathy.

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of glomerulonephritis in Asia. Its pathogenesis involves higher expression of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and dysregulated intestinal mucosal immunity. The objective of this study was to explore whether specific gut microbiota and associated enzymes affect Gd-IgA1 in IgAN. Methods: This study carried out shotgun metagenomic sequencing with Illumina on fecal samples collected from 20 IgAN patients (IgAN group) and 20 healthy controls (HCs group) who were recruited from January 2016 to December 2018 at the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. Differences analysis in gut microbiota was performed to determine the overall microbiota composition, the representative enterotypes, and the microbiota abundance. Correlations between gut microbiota and clinical indicators were assessed by Spearman’s analysis. Moreover, the functional prediction of microbial communities and the quantitative calculation of enzymes encoded by microbiome were performed using the MetaCyc pathway and the bioBakery three platform, respectively. Results: Bacteroides plebeius and Bacteroides vulgatus levels were higher, while Prevotella copri and Alistipes putredinis levels were lower in the IgAN group compared to HCs group. Enterotype I characterized by Bacteroides was closely related to the IgAN patients. Moreover, Bacteroides fragilis, Flavonifractor plautii and Ruminococcus gnavus were characteristic bacteria enriched in IgAN patients. Spearman’s correlation analysis found that Eggerthella lenta and Ruminococcus bromii were positively correlated with urine protein-creatinine ratio, while Ruminococcus gnavus showed a direct association with red blood cells in urine, and Bacteroides vulgatus and Ruminococcus gnavus were positively correlated with eGFR. These results indicated that intestinal dysbacteriosis occurred in IgAN patients and was associated with clinical and biochemical features. In addition, MetaCyc pathway analysis predicted microbiota-related metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of amino acids and glycans, were associated with the IgAN group. Microbial enzymes analysis highlighted that Gd-IgA1-associated α-galactosidase and α-N-acetyl-galactosaminidase secreted by Flavonifractor plautii were enriched in IgAN patients. Conclusion: These findings suggested that α-galactosidase and α-N-acetyl-galactosaminidase secreted by Flavonifractor plautii might be related to the production of Gd-IgA1, indicating that enzymes originated from abnormal intestinal microbiota may contribute to the production of Gd-IgA1 and play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgAN.

A Single-Center Study of Chronic Kidney Disease and Dietary Phosphate Restriction

Background: Phosphate Excretion Declines With Renal Failure. PTH And FGF23 Diminish Glomerular Phosphorus Filtration, Which Decreases Tubular Reabsorption. Protein And Phosphorus Are Linked. Proteinuria Who Eat A Low- Protein Diet Reduce The Progression Of Renal Disease And Improve Their Survival. Not All Animal Proteins And Plants Have The Same Phosphorus Content. Food Labels Must Indicate The Phosphorus-To-Protein Ratio For Accuracy. Low-Protein Diets May Increase Mortality And Morbidity In End-Stage CKD Patients, Sparking Debate. Using Phosphate-Binding Medications To Reduce FGF23 And Serum Phosphorus Had No Effect On Protein Intake. A Patient's Phosphate Binder Tolerance and Intestinal Dysbacteriosis May Hinder Dialysis.

Influence of intestinal dysbacteriosis on the course of pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Due to the active development of molecular genetic diagnostic techniques, much attention is now being paid to the study of intestinal microflora. A number of studies have demonstrated the major influence of the intestinal microbiota on the course of pregnancy. However, the number of publications devoted to this problem is limited.
 AIM: The aim of the investigation is to assess the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora in pregnant women.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: To achieve this goal, 200 pregnant women in the age group 18 to 43 years and with a gestational age of 6 to 22 weeks were examined. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the microbiocenosis of the vagina and rectum was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method.
 RESULTS: The results of the study demonstrated the presence of intestinal dysbacteriosis in 100% of pregnant women. Grade I dysbacteriosis was diagnosed in 64.5% of cases, grade II in 26.5% and grade III in 9%. In patients with moderate to severe dysbacteriosis, opportunistic pathogens Enterobacter spp., Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter spp. and Streptococcus spp. in concentrations exceeding formally permissible values. High quantitative indicators of clinically significant opportunistic pathogens in the vaginal biotope were detected amid the decrease in normal flora and a high concentration of opportunistic pathogens in the intestinal biocenosis. Grade II and III intestinal dysbiosis should be considered as a risk factor for the formation of a complicated course of the gestational period in the early stages.
 CONCLUSIONS: Thus, pregnancy is a predisposing factor to the formation of dysbiotic changes in the intestine. In turn, rational management of intestinal dysbacteriosis can contribute to the correct course of the gestational period in the early stages.

Morphometric Characteristics of the Parotid Glands in Immature Rats with Intestinal Dysbacteriosis

Morphometric Characteristics of the Parotid Glands in Immature Rats with Intestinal Dysbacteriosis

Morphometric Characteristics of the Parotid Glands in Immature Rats with Intestinal Dysbacteriosis

It is known that in some infectious diseases of the digestive system, the large salivary glands are also involved in the pathological process. In experimental modeling of dysbiosis in laboratory rats, increased adhesion of opportunistic microorganisms to intestinal epithelial cells was revealed. In connection with the above, the goal was to study the features of the morphological and functional differentiation of the major salivary glands in postnatal ontogenesis, as well as to find out the morphological criteria for their functional activity under the influence of intestinal dysbacteriosis.

Interaction between gut microbiota dysbiosis and lung infection as gut-lung axis caused by Streptococcus suis in mouse model

Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important zoonotic pathogen threatening the global pig farming industry. It causes respiratory and digestive tract infections simultaneously in pigs. The balanced gut microbiota not only affects the local mucosal immune response but also involves the regulation of the immune status of the distant lung tissues that is termed as "gut-lung" axis. Whether S. suis affects the gut during lung infection and how does the intestinal microbial disturbance play role in the development of lung infection during S. suis exposure is not clear yet. Therefore, in the current study, we constructed the animal model using six-week-old mice (N = 48) divided into four groups with S. suis serotype 2 (SS2)-induced lung infection and the antibiotic treated gut microbiota dysbiosis. By means of various techniques (like HE staining, RT-qPCR, Western Blot and ELISA and viability detection) we explored that S. suis can concurrently cause intestinal tissue damage and inflammation after lung infection. Moreover, gut microbiota dysbiosis changes the balance of Th1/Th2 cells that aggravates lung injury during the infection. Thus, "gut-lung" axis of the communication between the gut microbiota and lung infection was established through the spleen and blood. In addition, intestinal dysbacteriosis can affect alveolar macrophage activity for a long time and the balance of gut microbiota plays an important role in lung infection caused by S. suis. Hence, this study clarified the pulmonary infection caused by SS2 from the perspective of the intestinal microbiota providing novel theoretical basis for the treatment of related lung diseases.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOTSENOSIS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS

The purpose of this study is to analyze changes in the intestinal microflora of patients with COVID-19 in foreign countries and the role of microorganisms in the development of dysbacteriosis. Patients with Covid-19 usually complain of fever, cough, expectoration, shortness of breath, headache, and fatigue, but at the same time, some patients with Covid-19 experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, complaints from the gastrointestinal trac. The literature review analyzed the etiological causes of intestinal dysbacteriosis in COVID-19. It has been established that in the intestinal microflora of patients with COVID-19, there is an increase in the number of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in the number of beneficial microorganisms.

Disorders of gut microbiota in children with Tetralogy of Fallot.

BackgroundGut microbiota plays an important role in cardiovascular health and disease, including congenital heart disease (CHD). Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common form of cyanotic CHD characterized by systemic chronic hypoxia and sustained pressure overload of the right ventricle. It is well-known that hypoxia and pressure overload can affect gut microbiota. However, the effects of TOF on the gut microbiota remain little understood. This study explored the profile of the gut microbiota in children with unrepaired TOF.MethodsA total of 12 pediatric patients diagnosed with TOF and 9 healthy age- and gender-matched children were enrolled in this study. Fecal samples were collected from every participant and subjected to 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The raw sequencing data were processed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology pipeline.ResultsA comparison of the gut microbiota revealed that pediatric patients with TOF had developed dysbiosis as reflected by the altered taxonomic composition and impaired functional profile. A total of 14 indicative bacterial genera were identified as differential biomarkers capable of distinguishing between healthy children and TOF patients. Furthermore, functional annotations revealed that the gut microbiota in TOF patients was characterized by increased levels of inflammatory, oxidative, and immune responses, and decreased activities of adaptation, synthesis, and metabolism.ConclusionsPediatric patients with unrepaired TOF have intestinal dysbacteriosis that is characterized by altered taxonomic composition and impaired functional profile. These findings suggested that the interplay between gut microbiota and the host may be dysregulated in patients with TOF.

Clinic of staphylococcal intestinal dysbacteriosis in children

The variants of the course of staphylococcic intestine dysbacteriosis in 264 children aged one month to 7 years are studied. In babies with decreased colonizational resistance the pathogenic staphylococcus contamination in 79 92,3% of the cases is accompanied by the clinical infection symptomatology of gastroenteric tract and various extraenteric manifestations. In children over one year the given microbiocenosis disorder variant in 45 59,5% of the cases takes the course of asymptomatic bacteria carrier Saureus in intestine. Subcompensated forms are characterized by moderately pronounced clinical symptomatology. The infants infected by pathogenic staphylococcus in the first months of life are subjected to the development of allergodermatoses, staphylococcic infection, hypotrophy and anemia.

Intestinal dysbiosis during pregnancy: the norm or pathology?

BACKGROUND: An interest in the study of intestinal microflora has grown among scientists in recent years. This is due to the active development of molecular genetic techniques. The obvious importance of gut microbiota for pregnancy has been established in some scientific works; however, the number of studies devoted to this issue is small.
 AIM: This study was aimed to assess the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora in pregnant women.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 200 women aged 18 to 43 years in pregnancy from six to 22 weeks. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the intestinal and vaginal microbiota was performed by real-time PCR.
 RESULTS: Intestinal dysbacteriosis was detected in 100% of the examined pregnant women. Grade I was detected in 64.5% (n = 129), grade II in 26.5% (n = 53), and grade III in 9% (n = 18) of cases. A decrease in the concentrations of resident bacteria was noted in all pregnant women; in addition, in women with moderate and severe dysbacteriosis, opportunistic microorganisms (Clostridium difficile, Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., and Campylobacter spp.) were detected in quantities exceeding the formally permissible values. The analysis of the course of pregnancies showed that grade I and grade II intestinal dysbacteriosis is a risk factor for early pregnancy complications (OR = 0.2, p = 0.00), thus confirming the role of intestinal microbiocenosis in miscarriage.
 CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy is a predisposing factor for changes in the intestinal microflora, as evidenced by the detection of intestinal dysbiosis in 100% of pregnant women in the main and control study groups. Considering that the majority of women with a normal pregnancy were diagnosed with grade I intestinal dysbiosis, it can be assumed that this degree of dysbiosis is the norm of pregnancy. Thus, the identification of moderate or severe intestinal dysbiosis should be associated with complications of early pregnancy.

A patient with Turner syndrome received the percutaneous\xa0vertebroplasty seven times: a case report and literature review

BackgroundTurner syndrome (TS) is characterized as the complete or partial absence of one X chromosome and is an extremely rare disease affecting approximately 1:2500 live female births. Though the prevalence of osteoporosis among women with TS is estimated to be around 55–64% and they suffer more frequently from fractures than normal, few reports concerning TS patients with osteoporosis are able to be seen due to tiny number of patients.Case presentationHere, we report a rare case of TS with osteoporosis, who has undergone percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) seven times because of several vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). G-banded karyotype analysis was performed and the result was 45,X[43]/47,XXX[17], indicating that the patient was a mosaicism of TS karyotype and Trisomy X syndrome karyotype. TS is the underlying cause of low level of estrogen for this patient. The interaction of aging, estrogen deficiency and intestinal dysbacteriosis leads to her severe osteoporosis and multi-segmental VCFs. The aim of this report is to provide recommendations regarding the management of TS patients with osteoporosis by reviewing the clinical presentation of TS, the influence of estrogen deficiency in osteoporosis, etc.ConclusionsEarly diagnosis and hormone replacement treatment are essential for TS patients to prevent osteoporosis and reduce the risk of fractures. This is a rare case report describing TS patient with severe osteoporosis and VCFs.

The effects of preoperative intestinal dysbacteriosis on postoperative recovery in colorectal cancer surgery: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundAccumulating evidence suggests a critical role of intestinal dysbacteriosis in surgical site infections and anastomotic leakage after abdominal surgery. However, a direct correlation between pre-existing dysbacteriosis and postoperative infectious complications has not yet been established clinically.MethodsA total of 353 consecutive patients who underwent colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery were enrolled. Gram-stained faecal smears were tested at admission and the first defecation after surgery. Intestinal dysbacteriosis was graded into three groups: normal or slightly decreased intestinal microflora (grade 1), moderate dysbacteriosis (grade 2), and severe dysbacteriosis (grade 3). Clinical outcomes were postoperative infections and anastomotic leakage within 30 days after surgery.ResultsAt the preoperative assessment, 268 (75.9%) patients had normal or slightly decreased intestinal microflora, 58 (16.4%) patients had moderate dysbacteriosis, and 27 (7.6%) patients had severe dysbacteriosis. The patients with preoperative dysbacteriosis had a higher rate of early postoperative diarrhoea (grade 2: OR = 4.53, 95% CI 2.28–9.00, grade 3: OR = 4.52, 95% CI 1.81–11.31), total complications (grade 3 40.7% vs. grade 2 25.9% vs. grade 1 12.7%, P < 0.001), and anastomotic leakage (grade 3 11.1% vs. grade 2 5.2% vs. grade 1 1.5%, P = 0.002). An interaction effect among preoperative dysbacteriosis and early postoperative diarrhoea on total complications was observed in rectal cancer patients (P for interaction = 0.007).ConclusionsAn imbalance of the intestinal microbiome exists in a considerable proportion of CRC patients before surgery. Preoperative dysbacteriosis is associated with higher rates of early postoperative diarrhoea, which further correlates with infectious complications and anastomotic leakage. However, the contribution of preoperative dysbacteriosis to the occurrence of anastomotic leakage needs to be clarified in further studies.Trial registration ChiCTR, ChiCTR1800018755. Registered 8 October 2018—Retrospectively registered, http://www.chictr.org.cn/ChiCTR1800018755.

Atractylenolide I inhibits antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome.

BackgroundAtractylenolide I (AT-I) is an active component that is isolated from Rhizoma Atractylodis macrocephalae and it exerts anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-coagulant properties, and has been widely applied in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. This study aimed to investigate the effects and possible mechanism of AT-I on intestinal dysbacteriosis in a mouse model.MethodsMice dysbacteriosis models were established and treated with AT-I, and the intestinal microbiome of the mice were compared. Using antibiotics-induced bacterial elimination in an intestinal dysbacteriosis-associated xenograft model, the gut microbiota-mediated anti-tumor mechanism was investigated.ResultsThe intestinal microbiome was changed in the dysbacteriosis mice compared to the control mice, and AT-I could affect the intestinal microbiome of the dysbacteriosis mice. Manipulation of gut bacteria in the intestines of the dysbacteriosis-associated xenograft model further confirmed that the inhibition of tumor progression by AT-I was mediated by the gut microbiota, and that the underlying mechanism involves down-regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. AT-I repressed the phosphorylation of p65-NF-κB as well as the downstream cytokines, IL-6 and IL-1β, in dysbacteriosis mice.ConclusionsAT-I may inhibit dysbacteriosis by affecting the intestinal microbiome via the regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. The present study provides a basis for the application of AT-I as an alternative medication for treating gastrointestinal disorders.

Thiamine modulates intestinal morphological structure and microbiota under subacute ruminal acidosis induced by a high-concentrate diet in Saanen goats

Ruminant animals are generally fed with starch-rich grain as the main energy source, and the incidence of metabolic diseases such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is high due to the intensive farming. Thiamin has been reported to alleviate SARA caused by high-concentrate diets, but the exact mechanism is not well understood. The goal of this study was to examine the role of thiamine in intestinal inflammation and microbiota caused by high-concentrate diets. The SARA model was induced by low neutral detergent fibre/starch ration to study the effects of thiamine on intestinal tissue structure and microbiota. 18 mid-lactation (148 ± 3 d in milk; milk yield = 0.71 ± 0.0300 kg/d) Saanen goats (BW = 36.5 ± 1.99 kg; body condition score = 2.73 ± 0.16, where 1 = emaciated and 6 = obese) in parities 1 or 2 were selected. The goats were randomly divided into three groups with six replicates: (1) control diet (C; concentrate:forage 30:70), (2) high-concentrate diet (H; concentrate:forage 70:30), and (3) high-concentrate diet with 200 mg of thiamine/kg of DM intake (H + T;concentrate:forage 70:30). The experimental period was lasted for 56 d. The small and large intestine, expression of inflammatory factor genes, tight junction protein genes, total antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota were measured. The results showed that SARA was observed in treatment H, whereas rumen fluid pH was improved in treatment H + T. Treatment H + T also significantly repaired the intestinal tissue structure damaged by SARA, improved the total antioxidant capacity of the small intestinal mucosa, reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in the small intestine tissue, and increased the mRNA expression of tight junction genes in small intestine tissue. The high-concentrate diet reduced the diversity of intestinal microbiota. When thiamine is added to the high-concentrate diet, the relative abundance of intestinal Firmicutes and beneficial bacteria represented by Lactobacilli were upregulated, and the relative abundance of Proteus, a marker of intestinal dysbacteriosis, returned to normal. In conclusion, thiamine supplementation could alleviate the damage to the intestinal tissue structure and microbial environment caused by SARA condition in dairy goats fed a high-concentrate diet.

Pathological changes in dogs with echinococcal infestation in the Tyumen region

Dogs are the definitive hosts of Echinococcus, so not only do they carry a dangerous infestation for farm animals and humans, but they are also exposed to the substantial toxic effects of helminths themselves. The present work aims to find out the pathological impact of Echinococcus on the intestinal microflora and some blood parameters in the organism of affected dogs under the conditions of the Tyumen region. The authors studied the pathological effect of the sexually mature parasites on the host organism in 8 mongrel dogs. The contents were inoculated on special nutrient media, followed by cell counting as part of the bacteriological analysis of fresh animal faeces. Bacteria were identified by microscopy of isolated cultures, examining morphological features and Gram staining. Blood was taken from dogs from the femoral vein in the morning before feeding for general and biochemical analysis. It was found that the digestive tract of the dogs infected with Echinococcus decreased in bifidoand lactobacilli by a factor of 2 (P&lt;0.001) compared with those of intact individuals. Escherichia increased by 1.6 times, Staphylococcus was augmented by 4.1, and Clostridium increased by 8.3 (P&lt;0.001), leading to intestinal dysbacteriosis, digestive disorders, and secondary toxicosis animals. General blood analysis showed a 30.2% reduction in erythrocytes, 26.7% in platelets and 32.4% in haemoglobin. This reduction is the result of the action of toxins in the body of the patients. In the leukoformula, changes are manifested by a slight increase in the proportion of granulocytes (by 6.6%) due to eosinophils (P&lt;0.01) and a decrease in agranulocytes (by 20.0%). Biochemical blood analyses of dogs with echinococcosis showed a 17.7% reduction in total protein and a 3-fold decrease in cholesterol. A 2-fold increase in creatinine and urea, a 3.2fold increase in bilirubin, a 2.6-fold increase in ALT and AST, and a 2-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase indicate inhibition of liver and kidney function.

Glycyrrhizin Attenuates Salmonella Typhimurium-Induced Tissue Injury, Inflammatory Response, and Intestinal Dysbiosis in C57BL/6 Mice.

Salmonellae are one of the most important foodborne pathogens, which threaten the health of humans and animals severely. Glycyrrhizin (GL) has been proven to exhibit anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties. Here, we investigated the effects of GL on tissue injury, inflammatory response, and intestinal dysbiosis in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected mice. Results showed that GL or gentamicin (GM) significantly (P < 0.05) alleviated ST-induced splenomegaly indicated by the decreased spleen index, injury of liver and jejunum indicated by the decreased hepatocytic apoptosis, and the increased jejunal villous height. GL significantly (P < 0.05) increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-6, and IL-10) in spleen and IL-12p40 mRNA expression in liver. Meanwhile, GL or GM pre-infection treatments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased ST-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6) expression in both spleen and liver and increased (P < 0.05) anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 secretion in spleen. Furthermore, GL or GM pre-infection treatment also regulates the diversities and compositions of intestinal microbiota and decreased the negative connection among the intestinal microbes in ST-infected mice. The above findings indicate that GL alleviates ST-induced splenomegaly, hepatocytic apoptosis, injury of jejunum and liver, inflammatory response of liver and spleen, and intestinal dysbacteriosis in mice.