Abstract This article explores the multidimensional issue of drug policy in Turkey during the interwar era and its intersection with economic policy, public health concerns, and psychiatric discourse. As one of the world’s leading producers of opium, Turkey resisted international opium control conventions until the 1930s, viewing them as a means of Western economic domination. Parallel to this, domestic public debates increasingly framed addiction in medical terms, through the lenses of eugenics, nationalism, and racialized rhetoric. The article highlights the pivotal role of the psychiatrist Mazhar Osman in shaping these discourses, particularly through his reports to the League of Nations. In these reports, Osman portrayed addiction as a symptom of moral decay and presented Turkey’s repressive minority policies as a success in combatting the illegal drug trade. Drawing on archival materials, including government documents, medical literature, and contemporary newspapers, this study argues that Turkey’s opposition to international drug conventions was rooted not only in economic self-interest, but also in broader struggles over national sovereignty, modernity and the racialized construction of addiction as a social threat.

The United Nations (UN) is the foundation of modern international legal architecture, having been created in 1945 in response to the tragedy of World War II and the failure of the league of Nations. Its role is to ensure international peace and security, promote human rights, international cooperation and harmonious global development. The UN brings together 193 member states, making it the largest existing multilateral institutional framework. The UN Charter, adopted in San Francisco, remains the" Constitution of the international community, " providing the legal basis for all its powers. In essence, the emergence of the UN was a turning point in the evolution of international law, since for the first time states consented to create an organization with its own international legal personality, endowed with the ability to act and adopt decisions with global impact. The UN Charter enshrined the principle of collective security - a joint commitment of states to respond in solidarity to threats to peace-replacing the bilateral or regional system of the interwar period, marked by fragility and inefficiency. At the same time, the UN has become an indispensable forum for multilateral diplomacy, where states can express their interests, negotiate compromises and adopt legal instruments with universal applicability. Today, the UN functions as a complex network of specialized institutions, mechanisms and agencies designed to manage global problems of unprecedented diversity: armed conflict, international terrorism, climate change, migration, pandemics, unequal economic development, Food Crises, Energy Security, accelerated digitization or artificial intelligence. The UN system reflects, more than any other international structure, the interdependence of the contemporary world, in which regional events have immediate consequences for the entire international community.

In the past, historical research concerning the body supply of the Viennese Anatomical Institute during the inter-war period, the Second World War and the early years of the Second Austrian Republic was largely hampered by the fact that the so called "Leichenbücher" or "Leicheneingangsbücher" (documenting every single body, body part, etc. the institute received) of the Anatomical Institute had been deemed lost. Arecent find at the Department of Anatomy in Vienna has now provided us with this long missing source material reaching with ashort interruption from 1924 all the way into the first decades of the Second Republic.While this gap in source material has presented itself as an in some cases insurmountable issue for researchers, for example regarding the NS-era and the Pernkopf-Atlas during the late 1990ies, this find now provides ample opportunity for inquiries both for this time frame and beyond. This contribution shows the value the newly rediscovered books hold as source material based on ashort study regarding the bodies of the nine individuals whose bodies were transferred to the Viennese Anatomical Institute after their execution during the Second Republic between 1945 and 1950. This example illustrates that this find will enable new research in the form of single case studies, serial inquiries and statistical analysis alike which without this discovery would remain impossible.

Although it had ended up on the winning side at the end of the Great War, Romania had to find answers to a host of difficult questions. Probably the most pressing of these was the issue of armaments. Thrown by nationalist politicians into the midst of an industrial war, Romania, a medium-sized agricultural country, found few resources to adequately equip its army in wartime. Detached from its German alliances and anchored in a neutrality that actually meant military expectant, Romania could no longer procure supplies from its usual (traditional) suppliers in Germany and Austria-Hungary. Old orders were blocked and no longer sent to Bucharest. The Entente forces remained the only option for supplying weapons, but the needs of France and Russia were so great that it was difficult to help Romania on time. Transport difficulties after the collapse of Serbia added to the problem, so that much of Romania’s ammunition remained in storage or arrived with long delays after transiting Russian ports on the North Sea. The issue of armaments and its political responsibilities is the subject of this research. It also brings back into focus the debate on the responsibility of the Romanians for the war, which has remained open since the interwar years. While government statistics sought (and partially succeeded) to justify the government’s armament policy with all its shortcomings, the testimonies of combatants brought to light dramatic sequences from the sad epic of this war. Two distinct models of discourse emerged, coexisting under a hidden tension in the postwar period: the institutional narrative and the private narrative of the war. By examining the two versions, this study differentiates between two antagonistic dimensions of the narrative of armament, revealing a dichotomy that dismantles the myth of the unity of meaning in perceptions during the war years.

The article compares how two interwar anti-communist organisations – the Entente Internationale Anticommuniste (EIA) and the Promethean League – perceived events in the USSR. While the EIA focused mainly on the political system (communism) and the Comintern’s activities, the Promethean movement emphasised the USSR’s imperial and nationality policy and its internal effects. Thus, in the inter-war period, two approaches to the USSR emerged, which would constitute the main difference between anti-communist organisations in the twentieth century.

On 1 September 1917, the Royal Polish Judiciary was inaugurated, consisting of the Supreme Court and two appellate districts in Lublin and Warsaw. After the Republic of Poland regained independence in 1918, the Ministry of Justice took over supervision of the judiciary. The establishment of the Polish judiciary began under regulations and laws. Between four and six court districts operated within the Lublin Appellate District during the interwar period. The reconstruction of the Lublin Court of Appeal district began on 15 May 1918 and lasted until 1 October 1934, when its final transformation took place. Despite intensive work on many levels, the Lublin Appeal District of the interwar period did not extend its jurisdiction to the entire Lublin Voivodeship.

This article aims to analyse the representation of the Roma people in the films preserved by the British Pathé online archive. Drawing on Critical Romani Studies, visual anthropology and film analysis, it examines 21 news items to address the ways in which the image of the Roma was constructed during the interwar period. It seeks to shed light on the contradictory nature of these images, shaped by the rise of fascism and racism. The study demonstrates that British Pathé newsreels exhibited patterns of exoticisation; however, they also displayed new modes of representation that defied social perceptions of these communities.

ABSTRACT This study examines how the British Empire strategically circumvented the most-favoured-nation (MFN) clause through the policy of Imperial Preferences during the interwar period. While existing scholarship has explored cultural and economic rationales for imperial trade, this paper foregrounds legal and diplomatic manoeuvring as central to Britain and India’s evasion of international trade norms. By analysing treaty language, institutional ambiguities, and the evolving status of Commonwealth members, the research reveals how preferential agreements were structured to appear compliant while undermining MFN obligations. It shows how Britain exploited interpretive gaps – framing empire countries as non-foreign entities – to extend discriminatory trade advantages without formally breaching treaties. India’s alignment with this policy marked a significant departure from its earlier advocacy for unconditional MFN treatment at global forums. The paper highlights the contradictions between imperial solidarity and emerging notions of sovereign equality, exposing the fragility of multilateral trade norms. These practices, often justified through legal fictions and selective disclosure, triggered diplomatic protests and contributed to the broader rise of protectionism in the 1930s. By tracing these developments, the paper contributes to the historiography of imperial economic governance and offers insights into the legal foundations of trade exceptionalism that continued to shape postwar global commerce.

ABSTRACT In this article, I focus on F. W. Murnau's 1922 film, Nosferatu: Eine Symphonie des Grauens , and its connection to the concept of property and the haunting quality of its afterlives. Setting the film within both the historical context of interwar German society and fears of the ‘Schwarze Schmach’, as well as broader discourses in Black Studies globally, I argue that Nosferatu's emergence from the hold of the ship Empusa reflects lingering sentiments regarding the loss of German colonial ‘property’ in Africa, the racialisation of Black individuals, and insecurities about white German subjectivity post‐World War One. I highlight the interplay between the words ‘Besitz’, ‘Eigentum’, ‘Besetzung’, ‘Besatzung’ and ‘besessen’ in my discussion of property in the interwar period, the ship's hold figuring as the space through which subjectivity is both unmade and reconfigured.

Prominent figures in local history played a special role in the modernisation of urban areas during the interwar period. In this study, we examine the role of Bishop Visarion Puiu in the organisation and urban development of the Diocese residence of Bălți. During his twelve years as Bishop of the Diocese of Hotin, he demonstrated exceptional motivation that had a positive impact on the city in which he worked. While he is especially known for his achievements in constructing of religious buildings and churches, his activities in the 'modernisation' and organisation of Bălți's infrastructure are less well known. The proposals he submitted to the local public authorities toghether with the citizens' committee contributed to the street paving, teritory organisation, social and cultural initiatives that can still be seen in Bălți today.

Interwar Polish modernist prose employed two strategies in its response to traditional images of the Jewish body. The first attempted to expose the problematic nature of earlier representations by showing that their construction was, above all, changeable and dependent on the point of view of individual writers. The second saw these literary conventions and images as a cultural resource which needed to be deconstructed. These two strategies established a distance from how artistic clichés and social stereotypes were previously used and uncovered the cultural genesis of systems which sought to understand and reflect reality. In this sense, the new ways of observing and reading the Jewish body in the literature of the interwar period were an essential part of the modernist revision of the world-view of the nineteenth century.

This chapter explores the deceased Jewish body and the ways in which the dead contributed to the relationship of the living to their own Jewish identity in Poland. During the interwar period the dead Jewish body was a significant part of identity formation, which often led to conflict within Jewish communities. With the onset of the Second World War, the Jewish dead became central to debates about Jewish ethics and tradition. Through examination of yizkor books, newspaper articles, government records, Jewish community records, memoirs, testimonies, and journals, this chapter argues that the living utilized the Jewish dead to contend with issues of identity, gender, ethics, and tradition. By focusing on the dead Jewish body, this chapter ultimately investigates the intersection between tradition and modernity in Jewish eastern Europe.

In this study, I attempt to shed light on a specific aspect of French colonial policy in the Maghreb, focusing on the settlement in both Algeria and Tunisia during the interwar period. I consider this policy to have been the cornerstone of the French consolidation of their grip on both countries. This stems from the premise that the settlement process would contribute to giving the occupation its real meaning and actual implementation. Colonialism that lacks settlement is a formal colonialism. Therefore, the granting of land ownership to Europeans was both an end and a means for the colonial policy, which was based on numerous laws. In this study, I relied on well-known scientific methods, such as the descriptive method in addition to the statistical method through counting and inventorying the various lands that France controlled in both Algeria and Tunisia, in addition to our use of the analytical method, and this through analyzing the various historical phenomena that were mentioned in the various sources and references that dealt with the subject. This study is considered original, as all the studies that dealt with the subject of settlement during the French colonial period in both countries started from the first years of colonialism. The study concludes with several key findings, we reached many conclusions that were in the form of summaries, the most notable being that the French reliance on many laws and legislation by virtue of which they were able to seize large parts of the lands of Algerians and Tunisians, and to own them to Europeans in general and the French in particular, in order to achieve the French colonial project.

The article presents the situation of Polish teachers who worked in Brazil in the latter half of the 1930s, shortly before President Getúlio Vargas introduced nationalization laws. Based on archival sources, chiefly teachers’ questionnaires, the author discusses the working conditions of teachers working in Polish schools abroad, their remuneration, presenting their salaries in respect of their residence, type of school, and gender. The article underscores, albeit indirectly, how this professional group has been helping sustain Polish language and culture among the Polish diaspora in Brazil. It follows that the work of Polish teachers in Brazil might have been pro bono, or even missionary – it was a manifestation of their commitment to preserving the Polish national identity in the Polish emigration communities, despite financial hardships and imminent political changes. The article is an important contribution that facilitates the exploration of the history of the Polish community in Brazil and its educational activities in the interwar period.

Despite the bitter dispute that arose between Italy and Norway after the Amundsen–Ellsworth–Nobile transpolar flight of 1926, the Nordic country assisted with various organizational aspects of the airship Italia polar expedition of 1928. In particular, Adolf Hoel’s contributions to the preparations for the Italian polar mission were extensive and varied. The eminent Norwegian scientist made available to the Italians unpublished cartographic material, books, information on the Svalbard archipelago and polar equipment. The maps that Hoel gave to Gianni Albertini aided Italian rescue efforts after the crash of the Italia. Using Italian and Norwegian archives, this paper examines a little-known page of Italian–Norwegian scientific cooperation in Arctic exploration during the interwar period.

ABSTRACT This article examines the methods of ‘early Holocaust research’ developed by Jewish survivor scholars after WWII and interprets them as profoundly innovative, integrating inherited scholarly gestures and memorial practices associated with the Jewish tradition, as well as ethnographic and historiographical methods developed during the interwar period. Acting as a new kind of archivist-historians, survivor scholars practiced forms of multidimensional historiography that intertwined forms of history and memory, but also political and judicial action and forms of public history avant la lettre. By anticipating contemporary debates not only in Holocaust Studies but also in the epistemology of history, these historiographical practices invite us to reconceive the very conditions of historical knowledge. Exploring them more closely encourages a shift away from a form of interdisciplinarity in which history subsumes other disciplines as mere methodological tools, toward an interdisciplinarity in which historiography, the social sciences, and even literary and memorial forms of writing are brought together on equal epistemic footing within a genuinely integrated methodological paradigm. In this sense, these practices can be understood not simply as interdisciplinary but as a-disciplinary, deriving from a Jewish tradition of proto-disciplinarity and generating ‘undisciplined’ forms of knowledge that consciously resist established epistemic boundaries and thereby open up alternative, inventive ways of knowing in the face of genocidal destruction.

Abstract During the inter-war years, the Musées royaux du Cinquantenaire in Brussels launched a publicity campaign aimed at attracting foreign tourists, Belgian day-trippers and local visitors. Using traditional methods (posters, postcards) alongside innovative techniques (radio interviews, department store exhibitions), the museum tapped into emerging urban tourism marketing trends. Inspired by American practices, director Jean Capart collaborated with travel publishers, railway companies and tourism associations to brand the museum as a must-see destination. While official tourist offices played a minor role, private stakeholders were crucial. These efforts reflected broader societal shifts: a push for more democratic access to culture, economic challenges post-World War I and a growing belief in the power of advertising. Marketing was seen as a solution to financial pressures on the museum, aiming to boost attendance and public support. Although the campaign raised the museum’s visibility and enhanced Brussels’ appeal, visitor numbers remained low, limiting its overall success.

The article provides a comprehensive examination of the history of the establishment and development of the Rivne Regional Museum of Local Lore, tracing its origins from the earliest museum initiatives of the early twentieth century—the Volhynian Museum of V. Okeanytskyi and the Volhynian Economic Museum—to the present day. The main stages of the development of the museum’s collections are detailed, including their expansion during archaeological, ethnographic, and natural science expeditions, as well as the transformations the institution underwent in various historical periods: from the interwar years and the Soviet era to independent Ukraine. The study highlights the role of the museum as a key center for preserving the historical and cultural heritage of Rivne and Volhynia, contributing significantly to the formation of regional collective memory. Special attention is paid to contemporary trends in the museum’s activities: the implementation of innovative educational programs, the development of research initiatives, and the organization of cultural and educational events aimed at fostering patriotic education among young people. The article also sheds light on inclusive initiatives and digitalization projects—including the creation of tactile maps, the digitization of early printed books and artworks, and the launch of a new website—which integrate the museum into the sphere of contemporary cultural and creative industries. Furthermore, the sociocultural mission of the museum is analyzed as a space for preserving and actualizing national identity, especially in wartime conditions, when the need for societal consolidation and strengthening national consciousness becomes particularly acute. The article emphasizes the museum’s touristic appeal and its importance for shaping the image of the Rivne region both in Ukraine and internationally.

Goal: By presenting these letters in the current research phase and in the manner presented in this paper, the primary goals, compared to previous research, are to point out in more detail the connection between Kreševljaković and Patsch and to complement knowledge about the problems that accompanied creation in BH and Yugoslav historiography, one of the quite controversial work Poviest hrvatskih zemalja Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do godine 1463 (The history of the Croatian lands of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the earliest times to the year 1463). Approach: This paper contextualizes and presents two letters that BH historian Hamdija Kreševljaković sent to his colleague archaeologist and historian Carl Patsch in 1939. Through the paper, it was pointed out their cooperation at the beginning of the 20th century, which took place under the auspices of the Institute for the Study of the Balkans, which was founded in Sarajevo by Patsch. Special attention was given to the second letter which was sent by Kreševljaković to Patsch at the end of May in 1939, and in which he offers to write a chapter on the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Roman period for Napredak’s history. The letters are compared with other available sources and literature. Results: Presented and published letters have not been previously used in research. By publishing the complete text of the letters, they will become more accessible and usable in future research processes. Other research results may be useful when researching the topics that the author glanced upon in this paper Limits: The aim of this paper is not to offer any major conclusions regarding the intellectual connections between Bosnian and Herzegovinian researchers and foreign researchers in the interwar period, nor to deal in detail with Kreševljaković’s and Patsch’s intellectual profile. Although the letters have a potential for that kind of thing, they should be viewed in the wider context of the preserved correspondence of Kreševljaković and Patsch, but also other contemporaries, which was not done on this occasion. Originality/value: By publishing and commenting on the correspondence, a better insight is obtained to the intellectual history of the period to which the letters are related. In this sense, the main contribution of this type is precisely directed movement towards larger processing of correspondence, which could ultimately result in major conclusions.

This paper shows an overview of understanding the wind turbines, their historical evaluation and technological advancements in wind turbine design and how they work, capturing the progress from early wooden structures of the 19<sup>th</sup> century to contemporary high-capacity machines. Highlighted are significant milestones, including Blyth's first electric wind turbine and Brush's improved designs, followed by Poul la Cour's innovative aerodynamic concepts and substantial contributions made during the interwar years. The paper also shows wind turbines classification based on different concepts and their main components explaining their function and their design mechanism as rotor, blades & gearbox and how they work together to convert wind energy into electrical energy. Due to increasing interest in offshore turbines, wind energy looks like to have a particularly potential future. Even with improvements, maximizing turbine performance, reducing environmental effects, and integrating wind energy into the electrical grid are still difficult tasks with many challenges. Recent studies on complex aerodynamic systems and structural health monitoring reflect ongoing efforts to extend turbine lifetime and efficiency where the paper highlights two different studies MEMS sensors and SHM system. In order to address the present issues with wind energy use and to pursue sustainable, renewable, cost-effective energy solutions for the future, the paper's conclusion highlights the need for ongoing research and development. Future developments in smart grid and energy storage technologies will also be essential to improving offshore wind farms' dependability and efficiency. Through encouraging cooperation among scientists, engineers, and representatives, the shift.