Combined effectiveness of omega-3 PUFA-rich fish oil supplementation and high-intensity interval training in obesity associated metabolic dysfunction: Protocol for a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.

The present study outlines the progressive power program (PPP), a structured exercise protocol developed for adults with overweight and obesity. The PPP integrates high-intensity interval training (HIIT), high-intensity functional training (HIFT), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) within a progressive 12-week framework. Participants complete three 50-minute sessions per week, delivered either face-to-face or remotely, using bodyweight exercises and self-regulated pacing guided by heart rate monitoring and perceived exertion. The protocol is described in sufficient detail to ensure reproducibility and adaptability across diverse clinical, community, and online settings. Emphasising accessibility, safety, and participant autonomy, the PPP aims to reduce barriers related to equipment, supervision, and location. Standardised procedures for anthropometric, functional, and behavioural assessments reinforce methodological rigour. By combining evidence-based exercise modalities with scalable delivery strategies, the PPP offers a resource-efficient and adaptable approach to promoting physical activity and supporting weight management. Its methodological design aligns with public health priorities by addressing physical inactivity, reducing sedentary behaviour, and improving health outcomes in at-risk populations.•Designed a progressive 12-week exercise protocol incorporating HIIT, HIFT, and MICT modalities.•Assessed feasibility and reach by comparing face-to-face and remote delivery formats.•Evaluated physical, functional, and behavioural outcomes before and after the intervention.

Exercise interventions can effectively reduce blood pressure (BP), but the optimal exercise modality and dose remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the effects of different exercise modalities and doses on systolic and diastolic BP using Bayesian network meta-analysis and dose-response modeling. Randomized controlled trials published up to April 2025 were searched, and a total of 105 randomized controlled trials were included. A random-effects model was applied to conduct both the network meta-analysis and dose-response analysis. Combined training and high-intensity interval training produced the most significant reductions in BP. Combined training reduced systolic BP by -12.05 mm Hg (95% CrI, -15.08 to -9.05) and diastolic BP by -6.20 mm Hg (95% CrI, -7.79 to -4.62), while high-intensity interval training reduced systolic BP by -10.97 mm Hg (95% CrI, -14.97 to -6.95) and diasatolic BP by -6.42 mm Hg (95% CrI, -8.68 to -4.16). Yoga and tai chi had moderate effects, whereas aerobic exercise, isometric exercise training, and resistance training showed relatively weaker effects. Dose-response analysis revealed a nonlinear U-shaped relationship, with the greatest benefit observed at ≈830 metabolic equivalents/min per wk, and the optimal doses varied by exercise modality. All exercise modalities can significantly reduce BP levels in individuals with prehypertension and established hypertension, and there is a nonlinear dose-response relationship between exercise volume and BP levels.

Arterial stiffness (AS), an independent cardiovascular risk factor, is elevated in individuals with overweight or obesity. Exercise is a key non-pharmacological intervention, yet the comparative efficacy and optimal dose across modalities remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different exercise types and doses on AS in overweight and obese populations. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and Embase identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to August 2025. Bayesian network meta-analysis and dose-response analysis were conducted using Stata 17.0 and R software. 40 RCTs (n = 2,064) were included, covering five exercise modalities: aerobic exercise (AE), resistance training (RT), combined AE and RT (CT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and HIIT + RT. Compared with controls, AE (SMD = - 0.81), RT (-0.48), HIIT (-0.87), and HIIT + RT (-0.95) significantly reduced arterial stiffness, whereas CT showed a borderline reduction (SMD = - 0.39, 95% CI: - 0.79 to 0.00). HIIT + RT ranked highest in efficacy, followed by HIIT, AE, and RT, with CT ranked lowest. Bayesian dose-response analysis demonstrated a nonlinear L-shaped association, with a minimum effective dose of 92 MET-min/week and the overall benefit approaching a plateau at approximately 670 MET-min/week. Modality-specific plateau ranges were approximately 720 MET-min/week for AE, 390 MET-min/week for HIIT, and 550 MET-min/week for HIIT + RT. No significant dose-response relationship was identified for RT or CT. Exercise improves arterial stiffness in individuals with overweight or obesity. AE, HIIT, and HIIT + RT showed favorable effects, although the apparent superiority of HIIT + RT should be interpreted cautiously because the available evidence remains limited. The findings support the use of modality-specific dose ranges, rather than a single overall dose estimate, to inform individualized exercise prescription. Further large-scale direct randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.

High intensity interval training characteristics associated with exercise enjoyment in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) was originally designed to improve athletic performance, but a growing body of research over the past decade has highlighted its positive impact on various other health outcomes. However, concerns exist regarding HIIT's suitability for those unaccustomed to regular exercise, as its high intensity may impact tolerance and adherence. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the associations between various objective adherence metrics and the resultant changes in peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2PEAK) and lactate threshold (LT) in older adults completing six-month home-based HIIT. Healthy older adults (n = 233, 60-84 years, 54% female) were randomized to six-month, thrice-weekly home-based HIIT or a passive control group. Adherence in the HIIT group was objectively monitored using a Polar watch and heart rate sensor and quantified as frequency (sessions/week), intensity (minutes ≥ 80% HRPEAK/session), duration (session duration, min), and total adherence (cumulative MET-min; overall exercise volume summed across sessions from session duration and mean %HRPEAK). For each metric, adherence was expressed as a percentage of completion relative to the planned amount. V̇O2PEAK and LT were assessed using a modified Balke treadmill protocol to volitional exhaustion. To account for multicollinearity, partial least squares regression (PLSR) models assessed associations between adherence metrics and changes in V̇O2PEAK or LT. The PLSR analysis, accounting for baseline V̇O2PEAK, age, sex, and country where data-collection took place, revealed a positive association between post-test V̇O2PEAK and total adherence (Selectivity fractions (SF) = 0.70 [0.19; 0.93]), frequency adherence (SF = 0.54 [0.08; 0.86]), and intensity adherence (SF = 0.44 [0.07; 0.80]), but not with duration adherence (SF = 0.11 [- 0.08; 0.54]). For LT, PLSR analysis revealed no associations with any adherence metrics. Superior HIIT adherence (i.e., total, frequency, and intensity) was associated with larger V̇O2PEAK gains in older adults. Notably, total adherence demonstrated the strongest predictive contribution among the adherence metrics, suggesting that overall exercise volume may be especially relevant for improving V̇O2PEAK in this context. In contrast, adherence metrics did not predict changes in LT, despite the exercise group experiencing significant LT improvements, indicating that LT adaptations were not strongly explained by variation in HIIT adherence in this sample. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07443189 (Registration date: 02.03.2026, retrospectively registered).

ABSTRACT Making a HIIT examined the associations of co-designing and using HIIT workouts within health and physical education lessons on students’ enjoyment, autonomous motivation, basic psychological needs, and self-efficacy towards HIIT. Participants (12–14 years) were divided into: 1) a co-design group (n = 122, 48% female), who co-designed the workouts and completed an 8-week intervention using them; 2) a HIIT-only group (n = 100, 44% female), who completed the 8-week intervention; and 3) a control group (n = 86, 52% female), who continued with normal lessons. Questionnaires were completed immediately after the first and last HIIT workout. To understand the association of participating in the co-design process, co-design and non-co-design group responses after the first workout were compared. To understand the effect of using the co-designed workouts, multi-level models compared the responses of the three groups over time. Workout co-design and use were not significantly associated with any outcomes of interest. Enjoyment, autonomous motivation, autonomy, and self-efficacy were rated neutral to positive and remained stable throughout the intervention regardless of group. Perceived competence and relatedness decreased slightly over time irrespective of group (β = −0.36; −0.47). Future studies should continue to support students’ basic psychological needs during school-based interventions and consider co-designing aspects of these interventions beyond the workouts.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous endurance exercise (END) induce distinct neuromuscular adaptations, with END particularly enhancing fatigue resistance during sustained submaximal contractions. However, the motor unit (MU) mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. This study investigated MU firing adaptations associated with changes in time to task failure following END and HIIT. Sixteen healthy men were randomly assigned to END or HIIT (n=8/group) and completed six sessions over 14 days. HIIT involved 8-12 × 60s intervals at 100% peak power output, separated by 75s recovery; END involved 90-120 min of continuous cycling at ~65% VO2peak. Before and after training, participants performed a non-fatiguing isometric contraction at 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), followed by a sustained contraction at 30% MVC until failure, while high-density surface EMG signals were recorded from the vasti muscles. Signals were decomposed and MUs tracked across sessions. MU firing rates displayed a biphasic response to fatigue: an initial decline (first phase) followed by a later increase (second phase). Post-intervention, only the END group increased time-to-task failure and delayed the onset of the second phase (p=0.021), which correlated with time to failure (r=0.70). The END group also showed less attenuation in firing rate at failure (50% vs 30% MVC difference: END=0.56 Hz; HIIT=2.8 Hz; p=0.011), which was also associated with total endurance time (r=0.72). These findings suggest that END-induced fatigue resistance is associated with specific MU firing adaptations that enhance the central nervous system's ability to optimise MU recruitment and firing dynamics during fatigue development.

Infective endocarditis is an infectious heart disease strongly associated with morbidity and mortality. Up to half of the patients with infective endocarditis require heart valve surgery. While early exercise-based rehabilitation is well documented for patients recovering from heart surgery for non-infective endocarditis, there is limited research on those who have undergone valve surgery due to this infection. This study aimed to explore the early aerobic training in this patient population. A single-centre prospective feasibility study was conducted using the UK Medical Research Council's framework for complex interventions. The study investigated the feasibility (recruitment, retention, adherence), safety, acceptability, and preliminary functional outcomes of 4 × 4 interval training in this patient population. Training session data included the number, duration, and intensity, which were monitored via the Apple Watch S5 (Present Age-Predicted Maximum Heart Rate) and the Borg RPE scale. Functional outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 3 months post-surgery, including sub-maximal oxygen uptake (treadmill protocol), 6-min walk test, and quality of life (HeartQoL, EQ-5D-5L). Sixteen patients consented to participate, with 12 initiating the intervention and 11 completing it, yielding a retention rate of 91.7%. Training adherence averaged 73.1% of the minimum expected sessions, with high participant satisfaction and no serious adverse events reported. At the 12-week follow-up, participants demonstrated measurable change in functional capacity, including an increase in workload capacity (+ 95 W), METs (+ 3.4), and 6-min walk test distance (+ 219m). Health-related quality of life also showed a noticeable increase, with HeartQoL physical and emotional scores increasing by 1.0 and 1.3, respectively, and EQ-5D-5L VAS scores rising by 17.2. The EQ-5D-5L index increased from 0.61 at baseline to 0.87 after 12weeks. Interval training, when conducted with appropriate safeguards and tailored to individual needs, is a feasible and safe intervention for patients recovering from endocarditis and cardiac surgery. The observed improvements in functional capacity, quality of life, and patient satisfaction support the need for larger controlled studies. Clinical Trials, ID NCT05703022. Registered on 25 November 2021, http://www. gov.

To compare the effects of exercise training modalities on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in adults with hypertension. Systematic review and network meta-analysis. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central and Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library were systematically searched from November 2024 to August 2025. Randomised controlled trials evaluating the effects of exercise training (intervention duration ≥4 weeks) compared with a non-exercise control condition or another exercise modality on 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure were included. 31 trials were included, with 67 arms and 1345 participants. In the network meta-analysis, compared with the control, combined training (mean difference (MD) -6.18 mm Hg, 95% credible interval (CrI) -11.45 to -1.21), aerobic training (MD -4.73 mm Hg, 95% CrI -7.53 to -2.01), and high-intensity interval training (MD -5.71 mm Hg, 95% CrI -11.31 to -0.002) reduced 24-hour systolic blood pressure. Reductions in 24-hour diastolic blood pressure were observed with combined training (MD -3.94, 95% CrI -6.47 to -1.34), aerobic training (MD -2.76, 95% CrI -4.21 to -1.34), high-intensity interval training (MD -4.64, 95% CrI -8.21 to -0.72) and pilates (MD -4.18, 95% CrI -7.18 to -1.17). Exercise-versus-exercise comparisons were inconclusive with respect to superiority between modalities. Aerobic training (continuous and interval) and combined training significantly reduced 24-hour blood pressure. Evidence for dynamic and isometric resistance training remains uncertain. Data on non-conventional exercise modalities such as pilates and recreational sports are limited and imprecise for the management of ambulatory blood pressure.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and small-sided games (SSG) are widely used in team-sport conditioning. However, the relative effects of these factors on key physical fitness outcomes in male adolescent team-sport athletes remain unclear. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials directly comparing HIIT and SSG interventions lasting at least 4 weeks in male adolescent team-sport athletes aged 10 to 19 years. Because baseline differences may exist across studies, effect sizes were calculated using pre-post change scores. Random-effects models pooled standardised mean differences with small-sample correction using Hedges' g, and results are reported with 95% confidence intervals. Seventeen randomised controlled trials involving 402 male adolescent team-sport athletes were included, with 12 studies on soccer and 5 on basketball. No significant between-group differences were observed for VO₂max (SMD = 0.05, 95% CI - 0.28 to 0.39, I² = 22.8%), VIFT (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI - 0.08 to 0.56, I² = 0%), CMJ (SMD = 0.02, 95% CI - 0.24 to 0.28, I² = 0%), ≤ 10-m sprint (SMD = - 0.11, 95% CI - 0.38 to 0.16, I² = 0%), ≥ 20-m sprint (SMD = - 0.14, 95% CI - 0.39 to 0.11, I² = 0%), or COD (SMD = 0.00, 95% CI - 0.45 to 0.45, I² = 62.5%). In contrast, HIIT showed a significant advantage over SSG for Yo-Yo IR1 (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.74, I² = 0%). Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses showed that excluding any single study did not materially change the direction or magnitude of the pooled effect sizes. In male adolescent team-sport athletes, HIIT and SSG showed comparable improvements in VO₂max, VIFT, CMJ, ≤ 10-m and ≥ 20-m sprint, and COD, whereas HIIT was superior to SSG for Yo-Yo IR1. PROSPERO (CRD420261293288).

Evaluation of high intensity interval training in patients with a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit in a randomized controlled trial - Rationale and design of the 'Right HIIT' study.

High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Post-PCI Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically active visceral fat depot surrounding the myocardium and coronary arteries, allowing locally secreted mediators to influence cardiac structure and function. In obesity, EAT expands and shifts from a cardioprotective to a pro-inflammatory and profibrotic phenotype, implicated in the coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Aim. To summarise current evidence on the effects of physical activity on EAT volume and adipokine secretion in patients with obesity and to outline the clinical implications of these relationships. Materials and methods. A narrative literature review was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. In total, 39 publications meeting predefined inclusion criteria – randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses – were analysed. Results. The reviewed studies show that endurance and resistance training markedly reduce epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) compared with non-exercise conditions. Evidence from quantitative syntheses suggests that this reduction is only partly explained by weight loss and aerobic, resistance, high-intensity interval and combined training programmes generally raise adiponectin levels, with high- intensity interval training (HIIT) producing the strongest effect. Conclusions. Structured physical activity lasting at least 12 weeks significantly reduces EAT volume and favourably modifies its adipokine secretion profile, partly independently of weight loss. These findings support physical activity recommendations in obesity that prioritise cardiometabolic risk reduction as the primary therapeutic goal rather than focusing solely on body-weight control.

Poststroke fatigue (PSF) affects nearly half of all stroke survivors and significantly hinders rehabilitation and daily functioning. There is no established treatment. Low cardiorespiratory fitness may contribute to PSF, suggesting aerobic training as a potential intervention. In this 2-center, randomized, open-label, blinded end point trial, we evaluated a home-based, supervised cardiorespiratory interval training program (HS-CITP) in individuals with PSF (Swedish Fatigue Assessment Scale score ≥28) 1 to 7 months poststroke. Participants were randomized (1:1) to either HS-CITP or usual care with self-directed activity after early supported discharge. The intervention consisted of 35-minute cycling sessions performed 3 times per week at 70% to 80% of maximum heart rate for 8 weeks. The study was powered to detect a 9-point between-group difference on the Swedish Fatigue Assessment Scale. The primary outcome was self-reported fatigue (Swedish Fatigue Assessment Scale score) at 8 weeks (postintervention), and the secondary outcome was peak oxygen uptake (mL/kg per minute) at 8 weeks. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle using adjusted between-group comparisons. Forty-five participants were randomized; the mean age was 64 years, and 56% were women. Forty-three participants completed the postintervention assessment (HS-CITP: n=22; control: n=21). Adherence to HS-CITP was 92%, and no adverse events were reported. In adjusted analyses, compared with the control group, HS-CITP significantly reduced fatigue (between-group mean difference -5.35 Swedish Fatigue Assessment Scale score points [95% CI -9.03 to -3.67]; P<0.001) and improved cardiorespiratory fitness (+4.48 mL/kg per minute [95% CI, 3.41-5.54]; P<0.001). No significant group-by sex interaction was observed. Supervised home-based interval training significantly reduced PSF and improved cardiorespiratory fitness, with good adherence and no safety concerns. These findings support integrating structured aerobic exercise into stroke rehabilitation. Larger, longer-term trials are needed to confirm durability, determine the optimal timing poststroke, and evaluate other exercise modalities. URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03458884.

This study investigated the effectiveness of integrating intermittent training, interval training, and small-sided games (SSGs) within a structured 3:1 micro-cycle to enhance aerobic capacity (VO2max) in young soccer players. Over 16 weeks, 30 semi-professional U16 and U19 players completed a periodized training program involving aerobic, strength, speed, and tactical components. VO2max was assessed pre- and post-intervention using Yo-Yo test. One-way ANOVA conducted on post-intervention VO₂max improvement revealed a significant between-group difference (F(1, 28) = 5.47, p = 0.027, η2 = 0.07), with U19 players demonstrating greater improvements (M = 29.49, SD = 12.39) compared with U16 players (M = 22.35, SD = 10.27). A mixed-design ANOVA showed a significant main effect of group across time (F(1, 27) = 131.19, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.83), indicating substantially higher overall aerobic gains in the U19 group. The group × time interaction did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.065), although a trend-level effect suggested a potential influence of age-related factors on training response. Correlation analyses indicated that lateral-position players exhibited stronger associations with VO2max improvement (U16: r = 0.78; U19: r = 0.94) compared with central-position players (U16: r = 0.21; U19: r = 0.17). These outcomes show the impact of integrated training models and mention the importance of age- and position specific conditioning in youth soccer.

Effects of repeated periods of high-intensity interval training on myocardial function in patients with metabolic syndrome: A 16-month follow-up.

This study aimed to examine the differential effects of two Tabata-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) modalities-calisthenic/plyometric-focused versus kettlebell-focused exercise-on neuromuscular performance and physiological adaptations in competitive table tennis athletes. Twenty-four male athletes (aged 18-24years) were randomly assigned to a calisthenic/plyometric HIIT group (n = 12) or a kettlebell HIIT group (n = 12). Both groups performed their respective Tabata protocols in addition to regular table tennis training, three days per week for eight weeks. Flexibility, agility, sprint performance, vertical jump height, peak and average power output, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) were assessed before and after the intervention. Analysis of normally distributed data was performed using a 2 (group) × 2 (time) mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA). When significant interaction effects were detected, post-hoc comparisons were conducted using paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Both HIIT methods resulted in significant improvements in most measured parameters (p < 0.05). The calisthenic/plyometric protocol led to greater gains in agility, flexibility, and vertical jump performance, indicating enhanced neuromuscular function. Conversely, the kettlebell protocol elicited superior improvements in sprint performance. Both groups demonstrated increases in VO₂max; however, these changes were not significantly different between groups. Tabata-based HIIT effectively enhances neuromuscular and physiological performance in table tennis athletes; however, adaptations differ based on exercise modality. Calisthenic/plyometric-focused HIIT preferentially improves agility, mobility, and explosive leg power, while kettlebell-focused HIIT yields greater benefits for speed and aerobic capacity. These findings demonstrate that modality-specific HIIT programming is a practical and time-efficient approach to target sport-specific performance demands in racket sport athletes. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07403461), registered on 16/01/2026.

We compared two exercise intensities on lean and fat mass among older people with HIV (PWH). The High Intensity Exercise to Attenuate Limitations and Train Habits (HEALTH) randomized sedentary PWH ≥50 years to 16 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME), both with resistance exercise. Body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and week 16. Primary outcome was percent change in body fat percentage (ratio of fat mass to total mass). Secondary outcomes included percent change in lean, fat, appendicular lean (ALM), and total mass. Linear regression models examined between- and within-group changes from baseline to week 16. Of the 95 participants with pre- and post-DXA scans, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 58 [54-61] years, 14% female, 14% Black, and 14% Hispanic. Fat percentage decreased by -3.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -5.2, -1.6) in HIIT and -3.3% (95% CI: -5.3, -1.6) in CME. Fat mass decreased by -3.5% (95% CI: -5.9, -1.0) in HIIT and -3.8% (95% CI: -6.3, -1.3) in CME. Lean mass increased by 1.7% (95% CI: 0.7, 2.7) and ALM by 3.3% (95% CI: 1.3, 5.3) in HIIT and 1.2% (95% CI: 0.2, 2.2) and ALM by 2.6% (95% CI: 0.6, 4.6) in CME. Although both arms had significant improvements compared to baseline, no between arm comparisons were statistically significant. Supervised HIIT or CME combined with resistance training for 16 weeks is an effective strategy for improving body composition in previously sedentary older PWH.

This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on appetite-related hormones (Ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)), appetite perception, and anthropometric measures in overweight and obese young men. Thirty male participants (age: 22.6 ± 1.7 years; weight: 101.4 ± 7.4 kg; body mass index (BMI): 31.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2) were randomly allocated into HIIT (n = 10), HIFT (n = 10), and control groups (con) (n = 10). The intervention groups received supervised training three times a week for 8 weeks, including running-based HIIT based on maximal aerobic speed (MAS) or HIFT (six bodyweight exercises). Training intensity in both groups was monitored using BORG-CR10 perceived exertion scale (RPE). Measurements were taken at baseline and after an 8-week training period. A mixed ANOVA analysis was used to analyze the data. HIIT and HIFT protocols significantly increased plasma levels of PYY, GLP-1, feeling of hunger, and improved body fat percentage (BF%), waist and hip circumference, VO₂max, and vVO₂max compared to the control (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant changes in ghrelin levels (p = 0.53), appetite ratings (fullness (p = 0.48), satiety (p = 0.72), and desire to eat (p = 0.20), weight (p = 0.14), and fat-free mass(FFM) (p = 0.11). Additionally, BMI, and fat mass (FM) decreased significantly in the HIFT group, compared with the control (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings of this study indicated that HIIT and HIFT increased fasting levels of GLP-1 and PYY, heightened hunger perception, and improved body composition and performance. HIIT showed relatively greater percent changes in PYY, GLP-1, feeling of hunger, and performance, while HIFT had larger percent changes in anthropometric outcomes. Trial Registration: IRCT20191207045644N2. Registration date: 2024/03/04. URL:https://www.irct.ir/search/result?query=IRCT20191207045644N2 https://www.irct.ir/search/result?query=IRCT20191207045644N2.