Intersubjective Research Articles

Aspects ofbale(‘yes’) in Persian Discourse: Its Functions, Positions, and Evolution*

AbstractThis paper examines the different functions ofbale(‘yes’) in Persian by identifying its positions in the syntagmatic chain. As such, it reveals a significant correlation exists between the function types, various positions, and the frequency ofbale, which appears on the left periphery (LP), on the right periphery (RP), and in the medial, detached or free‐standing mode at a rate of 20.5%, 9.5, 2.1%, and 67.9%, respectively. On LP, it can function for all the three types (e.g. propositional, textual, and interpersonal) involved in it. Besides, on LP it is generally associated with textual and subjective usages, but its position on RP can be explained in terms of intersubjectivity. The function ofbaleas a detached thetical is argued to be predominant in an intersubjective phenomenon motivated by paying attention to/from the addressee. Furthermore, a diachronic survey of thebaledevelopment suggests that it has started as a connective, a confirmative, or an emphatic response markers on LP; then, it has moved to RP to fulfill more intersubjective usages.

Style and Intersubjectivity in Youth Interaction, by Dwi Noverini Djenar, Michael C. Ewing, and Howard Manns

Style and Intersubjectivity in Youth Interaction, by Dwi Noverini Djenar, Michael C. Ewing, and Howard Manns

Actions in Slow Motion: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections on Temporality in Actions and Intersubjective Understanding

This article examines the connection between actions, temporality, and media-based observation. Slow motion technology is currently being used especially in sports to examine and evaluate athletes’ actions more precisely in order to identify potential infringements of rules. Starting with a phenomenological perspective, this article engages in a critical assessment of the degree to which the intentions underlying athletes’ actions become clearer if their actions are slowed down using slow motion. It transpires that a more in-depth understanding is not possible because the process of time-stretching using media technology tends to obscure intersubjective understanding. Nevertheless, the use of different playback speeds does increase observers’ sensitivity to the temporality of action and observation. This is particularly the case when greater emphasis is placed on the body and its role in the formation and carrying out of intentions. With the phenomenological view and in special consideration of the body and the subjective intentionality, the paper contributes to a discussion about the connection of time and (inter-)action already led in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. These findings mark a contribution to empirical social research as well, which is increasingly using video material in action analysis and should take slow motion as a possible augmented but also manipulated access to actions into account adequately. To this end, this article suggests a method for identifying the merits and demerits of using slow motion to analyse actions, and discusses the methodological implications of temporality in observation.

Interpretación, corrección y objetividad: a propósito del fallo “Farina” y los límites a la creatividad interpretativa en la decisión judicial

Law is commonly understood as a system of legal norms that seeks to promote inter-subjective cooperation in order to achieve social peace. Its success depends not only on the existence of a harmonious set of general norms but also on the fact that judges follow a common and uniform interpretive platform. Otherwise, the instrumental value of law would be depreciated. Concerning the problem above, this paper aims to develop a series of objective criteria that judicial decisions should satisfy within the rule of law. In matters of judicial freedom and restriction, the paper attempts to reflect on the possibility to guarantee legal certainty, preserve human rights, and promote respect for dignity.

Psychiatrists Report Praecox Feeling and Find It Reliable. A Cross-Cultural Comparison.

Background: The psychopathological notion of the Praecox Feeling (PF) refers to an experience of strangeness and bizarreness that arises in a clinician during contact with a patient with schizophrenia. There is evidence that psychiatrists take advantage of this feeling in their diagnostic decisions despite the domination of an operationalized diagnostic approach.Methods: The article presents the results of a survey assessing the self-reported prevalence of the PF among psychiatrists in Poland and compares them with data from West Germany (1962), USA (1989), and France (2017) based on the same survey.Results: The study finds a consistent prevalence of reported feelings suggestive of the diagnosis of schizophrenia among psychiatrists of different cultural backgrounds and times. These feelings are independent of variables such as attitude toward schizophrenia, professional orientation, and professional experience and are considered reliable, even if not the most reliable, by the psychiatrists who have them. The study also finds that intersubjective phenomena, such as problematic affective attunement, gestures, and body language, are considered core to these feelings by the psychiatrists.Conclusions: The evidence confirms that psychiatrists' feelings about patients with schizophrenia are considered diagnostically relevant and calls for more deeply investigating the nature and diagnostic significance of these feelings. The article concludes with some speculations regarding the possible benefits of recognizing the PF in facilitating a psychotherapeutic encounter with psychotic patients.

A política de reconhecimento e a teoria da justiça de Axel Honneth

A partir do conceito de reconhecimento de Axel Honneth, considerado como uma necessidade fundamental do ser-humano, apresenta-se o núcleo de uma teoria da justiça que procura especificar as condições intersubjetivas de autorrealização individual. Pretende-se articular uma conceção normativa da justiça com a análise sociológica das sociedades modernas, através da reconstrução normativa e ao colocar a ênfase na liberdade social, baseada na dimensão intersubjetiva das instituições de reconhecimento. A liberdade social supõe o acesso às instituições de reconhecimento. Apresenta-se uma teoria da justiça que analisa as instituições num sentido amplo, através da reconstrução das práticas e condições de reconhecimento já institucionalizadas.

Why (a Theory of) Opportunity Matters: Refining the Austrian View of Entrepreneurial Discovery

The concept of entrepreneurial opportunity has undergone a period of useful critique and refinement since Venkataraman (1997) and Shane and Venkataraman (2000) employed the term as one of the defining features of entrepreneurship studies. This paper presents a novel Austrian reinterpretation of this concept as an intersubjective phenomenon that emerges from the dual entrepreneurial process of discovery and judgment. Just as markets can be described as price discovery procedures for existing goods, services, and resources, entrepreneurship can be usefully described as a price discovery procedure for future goods, services, and resources. This view retains the essential elements of Kirzner’s (1973) approach while also refining the opportunity discovery concept within an evolutionary realist framework for understanding entrepreneurial motivation and action.

Communicative Styles through the Prism of Intersubjectivity

The style people communicate has a significant impact on how they get the things they want, express needs, avoid conflicts, and make healthy intersubjective relationships. The success of communication is always the shared responsibilities of both communicators – the sender and the recipient. The article offers the theoretical assumptions and practical results of the research on the communicative correlation between the phenomenon of intersubjectivity, and the existence of the communication styles – assertive, aggressive, and submissive. The authors introduce a semiological approach to the paradigm of intersubjective processes, apply the conversation analysis to the material of English fictional discourse, and characterize the nonverbal profiles of the communication styles under investigation. The article aims at highlighting the specificity of intersubjectivity realization in different communicative styles according to the degree criterion and intensity features. The main findings of the research reveal the intersubjectivity as a communicative style forming principle, which differently actualizes the concept of ''self and other'' and manages the creation of the communicative climates (supportive or unsupportive) via verbal and nonverbal behaviors of the sender and the recipient who can or cannot demonstrate their intersubjective competence.

Formatività e lavoro nella società delle macchine intelligenti

Nell'economia digitale e delle macchine intelligenti, il paradigma di lavoro - che è definito nella sua dematerializzazione cognitiva e produttiva - impone un nuovo collegamento tra azione, sviluppo economico e umano. La generatività dei nuovi contesti sociali e lavorativi del nuovo Cyber Phisical Systems (CPS) è caratterizzata da una più forte plasticità funzionale e da una riorganizzazione attiva e autonoma dei processi di conoscenza. Ciò rende fondamentale ripensare la formazione non come un fattore di produzione ma come una condizione di crescita integrale della persona all'interno di un modello di learnfare basato su un diritto di apprendimento e la promozione della capacitazione del cittadino. Questa sfida coincide, per la ricerca pedagogica, con la necessità di promuovere un modello di formazione capacitativo in grado di favorire un habitus riflessivo e aperto all'alterità. Questo nuovo habitus si basa sulla connessione tra competenza, abilità e capacità di formare una cultura tecnologica umanizzante non pensata come strumento di potere o controllo ma piuttosto di speranza, intersoggettività per uno sviluppo umano consapevole e partecipato

Giving voice to human-robot intersubjectivity in loneliness contexts

Giving voice to human-robot intersubjectivity in loneliness contexts

Metaphors of Agony: Culture-bound Syndromes of Hyper-Independence

ABSTRACT This paper explores the commonalities of culture bound syndromes prevalent in hyper-independent cultures starting with Freud’s hysteria and ending with contemporary mass gun violence. Utilizing a complex systems lens this examination frames distress as suffering that goes beyond pathologizing an individual towards a collective cultural expression of pain. This is termed, unsoothability or a co-created, a multi causational, intersubjective systems phenomenon. A case vignette is included and implications for practice are touched upon.

Language as a system: meaning and sense

The article examines the dual nature of language as a system: actual (individual information system) and potential (individual conceptual system). If from the standpoint of the information system the act of speaking performed by the individual is a linguistic reflex, then from the standpoint of the conceptual system, the thought-speech activity actualized by the linguistic personality appears as an experience of reflection.Using the example of creolized discourse, it is shown how operating with language at the level of an information system puts an individual in the position of a passive consumer of the existing meanings (given), which excludes the possibility of considering him from the position of a speech subject. The latter turns out to be achievable in the case when the conceptual system is actualized as a correlate of thought-speech activity, the effectiveness of which is recognized at the level of meaning (created). It is substantiated that if a language as an information system can function without regard to the conceptual system, then the actualization of the language as a conceptual system is impossible without an information system, in the bosom of which it is hidden.It is argued that, in contrast to meaning, which, being objective, is subject to arbitrary subjectivization in the process of use due to the emotive valence of a word, meaning appears as an intersubjective phenomenon. Moreover, if the actual emotives are directly related to the language as an information system, then the potentials demonstrate their belonging to the language as a conceptual system.The article is addressed to philologists-communicologists, philosophers and culturologists who are interested in the issues of language as an activity, emotive linguistics, meaning formation.

Clinician’s Subjective Experience in the Cross-Cultural Psychiatric Encounter

Introduction: The clinical encounter is still at the core of the psychiatric evaluation. Since the diagnostic process remains basically clinical in nature, several authors have addressed the complexity of the clinical reasoning process and highlighted the role played by intersubjective phenomena and clinician’s feelings. Some recent studies have supported the view of a significant link between the clinician’s subjective experience during the assessment and the diagnosis made. In a globalized world, this issue requires a careful reflection, since cultural differences may affect the intersubjective atmosphere of the encounter, which may indirectly influence the clinician’s thinking. Methods: We used a previously validated instrument, named Assessment of Clinician’s Subjective Experience (ACSE), to compare the clinician’s subjective experience during the evaluation of Italian patients with the subjective experience of the same clinician during the assessment of foreign patients. The 2 patient groups (n = 42 each) were individually matched for known potential confounders (age, sex, categorical diagnosis, and clinical severity). Results: We found no significant differences in mean scores on all ACSE dimensions (tension, difficulty in attune­ment, engagement, disconfirmation, and impotence), which suggests that cultural diversity did not substantially affect the clinician’s subjective experience. However, the lack of information about the native country and linguistic proficiency of about a quarter of foreign patients may have limited the possibility to detect subtle or specific differences, especially with regard to the clinician’s empathic attunement. Conclusions: Although further investigation is needed, our preliminary findings may have significant implications for the reflection upon the clinician’s empathic experience as well as pragmatic consequences for the act of psychiatric diagnosis in the cross-cultural encounter.

Relações sócio-familiares e a construção da personalidade da pessoa transexual

Objetivo: Descrever o impacto das relações sociofamiliares na construção da personalidade das pessoas transexuais. Metodologia: Pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa, utilizou o método Narrativa de vida, realizada no período de 2016 a 2019, com 19 participantes transexuais e 14 familiares. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista narrativa, realizou-se a análise compreensiva de Daniel Bertaux e adotou o referencial teórico de Michel Foucault. Resultados: Evidenciou-se que a família e outras instituições sociais reproduzem e afirmam dogmas normatizadores e produzem ações de disciplina e controle sobre os corpos das pessoas transexuais durante o processo de amadurecimento, a fim de coagir a vivência das identidades de gênero. As relações intersubjetivas fortes aparecem como uma possibilidade de inversão dessa rejeição a aceitação da transexualidade. Conclusão: A aceitação sociofamiliar é um desafio para a aceitação e inclusão social das pessoas transexuais pela família e demais segmentos sociais.

Agents of transition? Young workers experiences of using private employment agencies in three Midlands cities

ABSTRACT Little attention has been given to young workers’ uses of private employment agencies as part of their job search and this paper seeks to rectify this omission. It does so by presenting a critique of recent interventions into the sociological debate about young people’s agency, especially as this applies to the transition from education to employment. By drawing upon recent realist sociology, the argument is developed that recent debate presents either an over-socialised or individualistic account of young people’s agency unable to establish meaningful accounts of young people’s decision-making and action. In contrast, the social realist emphasis on the reflective and deliberative human agent is used to construct an alternative understanding of young people’s decisions to use employment agencies by emphasising the importance of reflective deliberation, subjective intentionality and opposition. These themes are then explored by drawing on a large qualitative research project funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and providing unique and original data of the experiences of 134 young people making transitions into precarious employment in three cities in the Midlands of England.

Suspense, Empathy, Interpretation, and Formation: A Researcher’s Intersubjectivity Process of Conducting Psychobiography on Master Tai-Xu

Suspense, Empathy, Interpretation, and Formation: A Researcher’s Intersubjectivity Process of Conducting Psychobiography on Master Tai-Xu

Dignity as an Intersubjective Phenomenon: Experiences of Dyads Living With Serious Illness.

Research results suggest that illness can undermine patients' dignity and that dignity can be understood as an experience formed in communion with others. The aim of this study was, therefore, to illuminate the meanings of lived experiences of dignity as an intersubjective phenomenon from the perspective of dyads in palliative care. The authors analyzed transcripts from interviews with nine dyads using a phenomenological-hermeneutical method. Within the contexts of the dyadic relationship and the dyadic-health care professional relationship, the authors' interpretation revealed two meanings based on the participants' lived experiences: "Being available," related to responding and being responded to in terms of answerability and we-ness, and "Upholding continuity," linked to feeling attached through the maintenance of emotional bonds and being connected through upholding valued activities and qualities in daily living. The authors further reflected on the meanings in relation to philosophically grounded concepts such as presence, objectification, dependence, and dyadic body.

The Exchange of Words: Speech, Testimony, and Intersubjectivity By RichardMoran

The Exchange of Words: Speech, Testimony, and Intersubjectivity By RichardMoran

Comment to Stephen Seligman

When I was asked to read a work by Seligman, I accepted gladly becauseI was expecting an interesting ‘intersubjective encounter’ set against therepetitive interpretations that simply add more words to what has alreadybeen said or written. (...)

The Forgotten Phenomenology: “Enactive Perception” in the Eyes of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty

This paper compares the enactive approach to perception, which has recently emerged in cognitive science, with the phenomenological approach. Inspired by Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, the enactive theorists Alva Noë and Evan Thompson take perception to be a result of the interaction between the brain, the body and the environment. Their argument turns mostly on the role of self-motion and sensorimotor knowledge in perceptual experience. It was said to be entirely consistent with phenomenology, indeed its revival. However, this issue is under debate. To show this, I begin with analyzing the enactive conception as a physicalist attempt to overcome the challenge of dualism and representationalism. I then turn to Husserl’s transcendental method and argue that Noë’s solution, unlike Husserl’s, remains naturalistic, as it does not take the phenomenon of intersubjectivity and the constitution of the “cultural world” into account. Afterwards I turn to Merleau-Ponty and demonstrate that there is some certain common ground with Noë, but also major differences. I conclude that the enactive approach is not completely refuted by the phenomenological one, insofar as the latter partly contains the first. Yet the enactivists deal merely with the necessary physiological conditions of perception qua animal perception, not with the sufficient sociocultural conditions for the understanding of human perception, like the inquiry into the historical and linguistic circumstances under which the understanding of human mind is made possible. The reason why the recent transformation of phenomenology into neurophenomenology is perceived as a revival is virtually inherent to the specific scientific ethos of enactivism and reveals a certain oblivion of the objectives of philosophical phenomenology.