Interregional Disparities Research Articles

Manifestation’s Minimization of Social Exclusion In Ukraine Based on Overcoming Dysfunctionality of the Socio-Economic Systems Regulation

Achievement of balanced development of socio-economic systems of different levels lies in the plane of effective regulation of processes arising as a result of the action of various factors associated with negative phenomena of both an economic and social nature. Ensuring effective regulatory influence on the part of state and regional authorities is a guarantee of sustainable socio-economic development of the state and its regions, reducing interregional disparities, increasing the investment attractiveness of territories, preventing complications on a political, economic, and interethnic basis. This, in turn, is the basis of national state policy, as well as regional policy as its integral component. The modern dynamism of socio-economic development poses new challenges to the state due to the need to counteract the negative effects of the incessant transformations. We consider the strengthening of inequality and processes of social polarization caused by changes in the social structure of society to be the most striking of them. These changes have resulted today in the spread of such a negative social phenomenon as social exclusion. The problem of social exclusion in Ukraine and its regions is primarily related to the dysfunctionality of the processes of regulation of the main spheres of ensuring citizens' livelihoods, in particular, the spheres of employment, wages, social guarantees and the availability of social services. In addition, the significant risk for individuals to fall into the category of socially excluded today is caused by the presence of other destabilizing factors of an economic nature. These factors include the presence of significant imbalances in the labor market, in particular, a high level of unemployment and a reduction in the number of jobs, a significant level of poverty, including among the working population, the risk of not getting a job in accordance with the acquired qualification level and other factors that are especially threatening for the preservation and development of the human potential of the state.

The Influence of Economic Growth, Inter-Regional Disparities and Absorbed Labor on Welfare

The Influence of Economic Growth, Inter-Regional Disparities and Absorbed Labor on Welfare

How just is the low-carbon transition in coastal areas? Development of a composite vulnerability index for coastal low-carbon transition

The transition toward a carbon–neutral society requires social and economic sacrifices in certain regions, and the vulnerability of specific areas to low-carbon transitions may be particularly pronounced in coastal regions. This study focuses on the development and application of a composite vulnerability index that can assess climate justice in coastal areas from a low-carbon transition perspective. Facilitated by the developed indices, this study, focuses on investigating regional disparities stemming from the transition and exploring various policy options for alleviating the resulting burdens or damages associated with these inequalities.The initial step in developing indicators involved creating a scoping diagram to define the scope of vulnerability and to identify specific indicators for coastal low-carbon transition vulnerability. Subsequently, based on the parameters, dimensions, and measurement factors presented in the diagram, composite vulnerability indices were formulated. In the process of calculating the vulnerability index, weights were assigned to the indicators at both quantitative and qualitative levels, reflecting vulnerability factors and dimensions. Finally, the Coastal Low-Carbon Transition Vulnerability Index (CLCTVI) was established for three sectors: marine fisheries, carbon sink, and energy development. The CLCTVI was then applied to coastal regions in South Korea, and its regional and sectoral patterns were analyzed using basic statistics, scatter plots, parallel coordinate plots, and the geodetector method.The findings of this study highlight the following key points: the degree of vulnerability in coastal areas to low-carbon transitions varies across regions; the main factors contributing to high or low vulnerability in low-carbon transitions differ for each sector; only a few regions are simultaneously vulnerable across all sectors. In particular, various interactive effects among factors were identified in each sector, underscoring the need for considering the interactions among factors alongside dominant factors for sector-specific vulnerabilities in policy support for regions exhibiting low-carbon transition vulnerabilities. This study showcases how CLCTVI can effectively capture interregional disparities resulting from low-carbon transitions in coastal areas, thus providing insight to decision-makers regarding previously unaddressed regional disparities associated with low-carbon transitions.

Disparity in hospital beds’ allocation at the county level in China: an analysis based on a Health Resource Density Index (HRDI) model

BackgroundAs approximately 3/4 of the population lives in county-level divisions in China, the allocation of health resources at the county level will affect the realization of health equity. This study aims to evaluate the disparity in hospital beds at the county level in China, analyze its causes, and discuss measures to optimize the allocation.MethodsData were drawn from the Chinese County/City Statistical Yearbook (2001–2020). The health resource density index (HRDI) was applied to mediate between the influence of demographic and geographical factors on the allocation of hospital beds. The trends of HRDI allocation were evaluated through the growth incidence curve and the probability density function. The regional disparity in the HRDI was examined through the Lorenz curve, and Dagum Gini coefficient. The contribution of the Gini coefficient and its change were assessed by using the Dagum Gini decomposition method.ResultsFrom 2000 to 2019, the number of hospital beds per thousand people at the county level in China increased dramatically by 1.49 times. From the aspect of the HRDI, there were large regional disparities at the national level, with a Gini coefficient of 0.367 in 2019 and in the three subregions. In 2019, the Gini coefficient of the HRDI exhibited regional variations, with the highest value observed in the western region, followed by the central region and the eastern region. Decomposition reveals that the contribution of interregional disparity changed from the dominant factor to the least important factor, accounting for 29.79% of the overall disparity and the contribution of trans-variation intensity increased from 29.19% to 39.75%, whereas the intraregional disparity remained stable at approximately 31% and became the second most important factor.ConclusionThe regional disparity in hospital beds allocation at the county level in China was large and has not improved substantially. Trans-variation intensity was the main reason for the overall disparity and changes, and the intraregional disparity was more important than the interregional disparity for the overall disparity.

High Temperatures and Tourism: Findings from China

Climate change and its fluctuations exert significant impacts on the tourism industry, particularly through the influence of high temperatures as typical meteorological and climatic factors on tourists’ travel intentions, spatial behavior preferences, and destination choices. This study employs China as a case study to investigate the effects of high-temperature weather on tourism and tourist travel. By analyzing news reports, conducting observations, and examining statistics, an exploratory analysis of tourism in China under high-temperature scenarios reveals several noteworthy findings. Firstly, tourists seeking relief from the summer heat exhibit a preference for short-distance trips and destinations rich in natural resources. Secondly, heat-escape tourism products have gradually transformed over time, evolving from mountain heat escapes in the 1980s to waterfront vacations in the 1990s, artificial water leisure in the 2000s, and ultimately culminating in the development of heat-escape cities in the 2010s. Additionally, this study examines interregional disparities in summer tourism climate amenity across China using the Holiday Climate Index (HCI), the Tourism Climate Index (TCI), and daily data from 775 weather stations. It also provides a summary of the spatiotemporal evolution from 1961 to 2020 within the context of climate change, revealing intriguing findings. Moreover, a case study of Shanghai Disneyland demonstrates the greater significance of the holiday system compared to temperature constraints. This study aims to examine the interaction between high temperatures and China’s tourism in the context of climate change, providing a scientific foundation for government agencies and tourism enterprises to develop effective policies and plans.

Influence of demographic processes on multifunctional use of natural resources

It is on a daily basis that modern humankind encounters a challenge to provide basic resources for living. Population growth leads to the emerging need to use natural resources (fresh water, oil, natural gas, coal, arable soil, etc.). The supplies and use of these resources are a persistent problem. As the process of urbanization intensifies, the awareness of the limitations of specific commercially overused resources rises. These processes are tightly connected with environment impairment and sustainable development. New technologies do increase productivity but the ratio of labor force and job positions decreases, raising an issue of future working population. Population and human resources have a multidimensional impact on economic growth of each country, which also includes continuous use of natural resources. A balanced population distribution is one of the crucial factors of functional sustainability of space, natural resource use, and social prosperity. It is in late 2020 that our planet marks the population of slightly less than eight billion and the figures will grow up to 10 billion in 2050. Changes in the structure and number of population affect many aspects of our lives. It is of an utmost pertinence to understand modern demographic processes in order to meet many challenges regarding natural resource use as these challenges are directly connected with fresh water shortage, hunger and underfeeding, climate change, diseases, economic growth, energetics shortage, clashes and wars. Even though natural resources play an important role, it is the human resources that matter the most. The specificity and exceptionality of human resources make them more relevant than other resources and they are extremely pertinent for the economic growth of any given area. Investing in human resources is more effective than investing in any other resource because of the ability of self-renewal and growth. In addition, human resources may employ all their mental, physical, and other available potentials. Hence, special attention should be paid to demographic processes and other changes taking place in regard to population. The fast scientific-technological revolution transformed the relation between demographic processes and natural resources, i.e. natural resource management. Centralization and the introduction of the so-called agribusiness market approach based on new economic models resulted in massive increase of productivity and efficiency in natural resource use, which successfully met the needs of the growing population but also led to wealth accumulation. Nevertheless, the same process caused the vast decrease and degradation of arable soil and forests, over-usage of natural resources, and irreversible destruction of habitats. Humankind gradually entered into a vicious circle of demographic growth, urbanization, increased food demands and requests for natural resources on one side and the increasing degradation of these resources on the other side. Unsustainability of natural resource management based solely on agribusiness market principles (supranational or global framework, accumulation of private property or corporate wealth) is becoming more evident. The Republic of Srpska is currently employed in the final phase of demographic transition, which is conditioned by poor economic growth and tertiarization, inadequate use of natural resources, and favorable transportation-geographical position, which has already initiated biological disturbances. Given the population density and distribution, the Republic of Srpska is an extremely homogeneous area with pronounced regional and interregional disparities. One such unbalanced spatial population distribution has negative effects on natural resource use and the total socio-economic growth. Most areas are affected by depopulation. The situation is most alarming in undersized and mountain settlements and areas along the entity borderline. The negative demographic conditions are further complicated by the negative migration balance so a large-scale depopulation becomes an emerging problem. Negative demographic features resulting from the current socio-economic situation, historical factors, and geopolitical issues from the 1990s are typical of the Republic of Srpska. All these determinants clearly indicate the unbalanced concentration and the decrease in the number of population. Early 21st century is demographically challenging for the Republic of Srpska as the number of population decreases and birth rates are negative. We may infer that demographic resources of the Republic of Srpska are humble and insufficient in regard to potential use of main natural resources (arable soil, forests, hydropotential, and mineral ore). The renewal of demographic resources depends on the constantly decreasing birth rates and, unfortunately, increasing mortality rates. If we add negative tendencies of intensive population aging and emigration, we may infer that the future use of natural resources shall be a great challenge to the economic growth of the Republic of Srpska. Hence, a question remains how to most optimally use natural and demographic resources in order to achieve a more balanced socio-economic growth in the Republic of Srpska.

Frontal changes in medium-sized glaciers in Sikkim, India during 1988–2018: Insights for glacier-climate synthesis over the Himalaya

The study assesses terminus retreat of medium-sized glaciers (1988-2018) using geospatial dataset and field study in Sikkim which is under the direct influence of the Indian SW monsoon. It also explores the causes of intra-regional and inter-regional diverse patterns of glacier retreat under the purview of topographical and climatic factors to develop a glacier-climate synthesis over the region. Glaciers have retreated in a range from 63.9 to 3.9m yr-1 and lost a total area of ∼2.53% (0.08% yr-1) in the study area. The intra-regional heterogeneity in glaciers retreat seems to be caused by topographical factors in the study area. A comparison of glacier retreats with other parts of the Himalayas reveals a declining gradient from the northwest to the eastern Himalayas, broadly. This inter-regional disparity in the retreat rate seems to be caused by existing climatic regimes over different parts of the Himalayas. The results help to comprehend the glacier-climate synthesis over the Himalayan region.

An integrated perspective on the spatial–temporal characteristics of China’s manufacturing carbon emissions at the regional and industry levels

Given that manufacturing industry is the second-largest source of carbon emissions in China, effective carbon emission reduction plans require a comprehensive examination of the spatial–temporal characteristics (STC) of manufacturing carbon emissions (MCE) from both regional and industrial perspectives. However, most studies on the STC of MCE focus solely on regional perspectives, overlooking the importance of integrating both regional and industrial perspectives to fully understand the STC of China’s MCE. Moreover, there is limited research on the spatial disparities in China’s MCE. Building on a detailed carbon emissions inventory of 27 manufacturing industries across 30 provinces in China from 2001 to 2020, this study employed descriptive statistics, natural breakpoint classification, spatial–temporal transition, and the Dagum Gini ratio with its cluster decomposition method to analyze the STC of MCE from regional and industrial perspectives. The assessment of STC of MCE includes an examination of both spatial–temporal changes and disparities. Results show that the MCE of the three regions in China follow the order of east > central > west, with most of the super-heavy-duty MCE and heavy-duty MCE provinces located in the eastern and central regions. China’s three-tier manufacturing industries exhibit a pattern of “low-end high-end industries with small carbon emissions, while mid-end industries have large carbon emissions”. The regional differences show that the gap in the high-end MCE among the three regions is gradually narrowing, while the gap between mid-end MCE in the east and those in the central and western regions is widening. The overall disparities of MCE exhibited a continuous widening trend. In terms of sources, inter-regional disparities had the highest contribution rate, followed by intra-regional disparities, and super-dense disparities had the least contribution. Based on the research findings, this paper proposes targeted policy suggestions for carbon emission reduction in the manufacturing industry.

Spatial disparities and variation sources decomposition of energy poverty in China

Addressing energy poverty and promoting energy equity are crucial for China to eradicate poverty comprehensively and achieve shared prosperity. Through a combined dynamic evaluation approach to accurately measure the extent of energy poverty, this paper analyzes the staged time series, spatial distribution characteristics of energy poverty applies the Dagum Gini coefficient and variance decomposition to observe the imbalance characteristics of energy poverty and identify the sources of variation. The objective of this paper is to mitigate the influence of spatial disparities on coordinating efforts to eradicate energy poverty across different regions. Consequently, provides valuable insights for decision-making to effectively eradicate energy poverty and expedite the achievement of energy equity. The results indicate: The reduction process of energy poverty in China exhibit phased characteristics from 2000 to 2020, with significant variations in reduction levels among provinces. Different sources of energy poverty exhibits imbalanced spatial distribution and evolution. The overall disparity in energy poverty widens as the phases progress, with characteristic nodes experiencing a temporal delay of 2–3 years compared to the policy nodes. Inter-regional disparities are the primary spatial source of energy poverty differences, while energy use capacity is the main factor contributing to variation.

National and subnational burden of under-5, infant, and neonatal mortality in Ethiopia, 1990-2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

The under-5 mortality rate is a commonly used indicator of population health and socioeconomic status worldwide. However, as in most low- and middle-income countries settings, deaths among children under-5 and in any age group in Ethiopia remain underreported and fragmented. We aimed to systematically estimate neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality trends, identify underlying causes, and make subnational (regional and chartered cities) comparisons between 1990 and 2019. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD 2019) to estimate three key under-5 mortality indicators-the probability of death between the date of birth and 28 days (neonatal mortality rate, NMR), the date of birth and 1 year (infant mortality rate, IMR), and the date of birth and 5 years (under-5 mortality rate, U5MR). The causes of death by age groups, sex, and year were estimated using Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm). Specifically, this involved a multi-stage process that includes a non-linear mixed-effects model, source bias correction, spatiotemporal smoothing, and a Gaussian process regression to synthesise mortality estimates by age, sex, location, and year. In 2019, an estimated 190,173 (95% uncertainty interval 149,789-242,575) under-5 deaths occurred in Ethiopia. Nearly three-quarters (74%) of under-5 deaths in 2019 were within the first year of life, and over half (52%) in the first 28 days. The overall U5MR, IMR, and NMR in the country were estimated to be 52.4 (44.7-62.4), 41.5 (35.2-50.0), and 26.6 (22.6-31.5) deaths per 1000 livebirths, respectively, with substantial variations between administrative regions. Over three-quarters of under-5 deaths in 2019 were due to five leading causes, namely neonatal disorders (40.7%), diarrhoeal diseases (13.2%), lower respiratory infections (10.3%), congenital birth defects (7.0%), and malaria (6.0%). During the same period, neonatal disorders alone accounted for about 76.4% (70.2-79.6) of neonatal and 54.7% (51.9-57.2) of infant deaths in Ethiopia. While all regional states in Ethiopia have experienced a decline in under-5, infant, and neonatal mortality rates in the past three decades, the rate of change was not large enough to meet the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Inter-regional disparities in under 5 mortality also remain significant, with the biggest differences being in the neonatal period. A concerted effort is required to improve neonatal survival and lessen regional disparity, which may require strengthening essential obstetric and neonatal care services, among others. Our study also highlights the urgent need for primary studies to improve the accuracy of regional estimates in Ethiopia, particularly in pastoralist regions.

Determinants of Migration Flows in Highly Skilled Migrants Interprovince in Indonesia

Migration and regional inequality are two interrelated concepts. Inequality between regions can lead to migration. High-skilled migration, or migration of high-quality human resources, has great potential to reduce interregional disparities by helping development in the destination area. However, in reality, the flow of high-skilled migration tends to lead to more advanced provinces, especially the capital and its surroundings. This condition causes disparities between regions to increase. This study analyzes the phenomenon of internal high-skilled migration between provinces in Indonesia at a macro level using a modified gravity model approach and is estimated using the zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model. The results of this study show that the number of high-skilled populations in the provinces of origin and destination, geographical distance, average wages for workers, and the percentage of agricultural workers in the destination province, as well as the stock of migrants, influence the flow of high skilled migration between provinces in Indonesia. Increasing workers’ wages, access to transportation and information/social networks, as well as industrialization outside Java, need to be carried out to attract high-skilled migrants or keep high-skilled workers to remain in their provinces to realize equity between regions.

Evaluation, Regional Disparities and Driving Mechanisms of High-Quality Agricultural Development in China

Based on China’s new development philosophy and the connotation of high-quality agricultural development, this study constructed a six-dimensional comprehensive evaluation framework: innovation-effectiveness-sustainability-coordination-openness-sharing. The spatio-temporal-range-improved entropy approach and the Dagum Gini coefficient were applied to evaluate and analyze the level of regional disparities and the dynamic distribution characteristics of high-quality agricultural development in China in the period from 2010 to 2018. The result shows that the level of high-quality agricultural development in China has steadily improved in general, but there exist prominent structural problems. Concerning regional differences, it indicated a pattern dominated by the pattern of “high in the east and low in the west”, mainly arising from the inter-regional disparity, with a gradual downward trend during the selected period. This study also comprehensively explored the four-dimensional driving mechanisms (production conditions, productivity, production relations, and production efficiency), and further examined the driving paths of various variables and regional heterogeneity using a panel Tobit model.

Healthcare in Russia: Macroeconomic Parameters and Structural Issues.

The epidemiological crisis of 2020-2021 has revealed a number of imbalances and "bottlenecks" that have developed in the Russian healthcare system over the past 20 years as a result of a policy of limiting development to breakthroughs in individual areas accompanied by optimization of the sector. It became evident that one of the most acute problems is interregional disparity in terms of personnel and resource availability in the healthcare system, which determines the system's ability to respond to challenges and shocks. Solving these problems requires a comprehensive approach: simply increasing the sector's financing is not sufficient and must be accompanied by structural changes, in particular, modifying the education system and training new highly qualified personnel, creating an effective system of territorial distribution of personnel, and radically increasing the availability of high-end equipment, i.e., a transition to a new model of healthcare.

The ripple effects of large‐scale transport infrastructure investment

AbstractWe analyze the general equilibrium effects of an asymmetric decrease in transport costs, combining a large‐scale spatial dynamic general equilibrium model for 267 European NUTS‐2 regions with a detailed transport model at the level of individual road segments. As a case study, we consider the impact of the road infrastructure investments in Central and Eastern Europe of the European Cohesion Policy. Our analysis suggests that the decrease in transportation costs benefits the targeted regions via substantial increases in gross domestic product (GDP) and welfare compared to the baseline, and a small increase in population. The geographic information embedded in the transport model leads to relatively large predicted benefits in peripheral countries such as Greece and Finland, which hardly receive funds, but whose trade links cross Central and Eastern Europe, generating profit from the investments there. The richer, Western European nontargeted regions also enjoy a higher GDP after the investment in the East, but these effects are smaller. Thus, the policy reduces interregional disparities. There are rippled patterns in the predicted policy spillovers. In nontargeted countries, regions trading more intensely with regions where the investment is taking place on average benefit more compared to other regions within the same country, but also compared to neighboring regions across an international border. We uncover that regions importing goods from Central and Eastern Europe enjoy the largest spillovers. These regions become more competitive and expand exports, to the detriment of other regions in the same country.

Is School Funding Unequal in Latin America? A Cross-Country Analysis of Interregional Disparities in Public Spending

Education spending has increased significantly in Latin America, but less is known about how resources are distributed. Using original data, this study measures the inequality in per-pupil spending between regions with different levels of socioeconomic status within Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. We find that Brazil has the widest funding gap due to inequalities in local revenues between high- and low-socioeconomic-status regions. However, the country’s funding gap has narrowed over time. School funding in Colombia has become more regressive, but its gap is half the size of the gap in Brazil. The distribution of school funding in Peru has changed from being regressive to progressive. Education spending in Chile and in Ecuador is consistently progressive. However, while the progressiveness of funding in Ecuador is driven by transfers targeted at disadvantaged rural areas, the funding formulas in Chile address socioeconomic inequalities beyond the rural-urban gap.

МЕЖРЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ СБЫТОВЫХ НАДБАВОК ГАРАНТИРУЮЩИХ ПОСТАВЩИКОВ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ДО И ПОСЛЕ ПЕРЕХОДА НА МЕТОД СРАВНЕНИЯ АНАЛОГОВ

The article discusses interregional differentiation of sales markups of guaranteed (default) electricity suppliers (GESs) for domestic and non-domestic consumers in Russia. Since 2018, GESs tariff regulation was switched to the method of analogues’ comparison, which establishes the yardstick parameters of GESs. The tariff regulation reforming is the part of state policy intended to reduce territorial disparity between sales markups of GESs. The aim of this study is to estimate ranges of interregional differentiation of guaranteed (default) electricity suppliers’ sales markups after the switch to the method of analogues’ comparison. The hypothesis of this study states that the transition to the method of analogues’ comparison has reduced territorial disparity between sales markups of GESs. The study analyses the level ofinterregional differentiation of sales markups of GESs in 2014 – 2022. The oscillation index and the variation index have been calculatedd for the whole country divided by the scales of activity and in groups of guaranteed (default) electricity suppliers. The results of the analysis of the tariff decisions (139 GESs in 76 regions of Russia) show that the interregional disparity between sales markups in the 2-nd half of 2022 has decreased for domestic and non-domestic consumers but remains high due to the limited impact of the method of analogues’ comparison to reduce the territorial disparity between sales markups, which has been innated in its methodology. It is necessary to improve the methodology of analogues’ comparison regulation with regard to GESs and other types of regulated electric power industries.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛЬНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ЗАДЛЯ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ РЕГІОНУ

The article explores the prospects for transforming the institutional environment to ensure the competitiveness of the region. The digital economy is seen as a means of enhancing economic growth and increasing the competitiveness of regions and the country as a whole. It is concluded that at the national level it is important to adopt and strengthen the relevant institutional framework for digitalization. The organizational and economic mechanism for managing innovation activity in the region is considered as a system of interrelated elements that ensure the achievement of the goals of innovative development in the context of digitalization of the region's economy. It is presented in the work as a set of organizational and economic methods, methods, tools for influencing innovative activity in the region, based on a systematic approach to the large-scale introduction of digital technologies in regional management processes and technological processes of high-tech and knowledge-intensive enterprises in the region in order to increase the competitiveness of regional business and mass use digital technologies. Institutional transformation is considered in the work not just as a change, but as a transformation that affects the essential quality of the institution. The creation of a new institution in specific socio-economic conditions is considered as a multi-level process, at the highest level of which both conscious mental processes and the personal, collective unconscious are affected, as a result of the onset of a certain kind of events, information impulses are formed that reflect the need of a significant part of society in some institution. The proposed model for the transformation of the regional institutional environment contains such a specific mechanism as the mechanism of convergence, the application of which in practice will ensure the reduction of inter-regional and intra-regional inequality through the mechanisms of stimulating technological progress, the implementation of measures to develop innovative infrastructure in the region, etc. It is concluded that with a strategic focus on smoothing out interregional disparities and equalizing opportunities for access to digital assets, interregional and intercountry digital differences can be compensated through effective institutional measures taken by state, including regional, administration.

МОДЕЛЬ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ГОТОВНОСТІ ВНУТРІШНЬО ПЕРЕМІЩЕНИХ ОСІБ ДО ПРАЦЕВЛАШТУВАННЯ

Disparities of socioeconomic indices of Ukraine's regions are a scientific problem and a practical task that should be solved on a strategic horizon. Current regulation of regional development does not take into account the dynamic processes of disparity indicators in the long-term period, which leads to an incorrect definition of disparities regulation goals. The purpose of this article can be stated as the working out of a system for evaluating the disparities indicators, and disparities' dynamic shows the necessity to use a convergent-divergent approach. Convergent-divergent processes were analyzed for the following groups of indicators (demographic, productive, natural and ecological, foreign economic, and structural disparities) in 2007–2021 and for three classes of regions: with balanced, restrained, and unrestrained disparities. The analytical model for convergent- divergent processes of territorial development disparities is based on econometric models of assessing spatial β-convergence. It involves analysis of absolute and conditional convergence of regional development; assessment of convergence accounting indicators of regional disparities; verification of the hypothesis about the strengthening of disparities. In particular, obtained results of absolute convergence indicate that regions with unrestrained disparities of some spheres do not tend to grow faster than classes of regions with balanced disparities of the same spheres since even a lower level of disparities does not guarantee a higher rate of disparities reduction. Therefore, the convergence of disparities is a very long process. Results indicate the strengthening of divergent trends in the uneven development of regions and can be used to determine vulnerable areas with disparities in regions, and besides, this model is considered to be a decision-making supportive tool for the reduction of interregional disparities.

Statistical estimation of regional disproportions in bank lending in Ukraine

The article examines the processes of regional differentiation in bank lending. The creation of a special fund with mandatory involvement of bank representatives in management has been justified for the first time. The purpose of creating such a fund is to create more favorable conditions for lending in the regions. Based on statistical analysis, the conclusion is drawn that the type of regional development of bank lending in Ukraine, according to the studied parameters, can be unequivocally characterized as asymmetric. The main problem of interregional disparities in lending in Ukraine is the large volume of lending in Kyiv and several other industrial centers, coupled with the slow development of the provinces. Regional asymmetry in banking lending poses a serious threat and a critical challenge that Ukraine is already facing. Disparities in banking lending create several problems for the country, including a slowdown in national economic growth rates due to the need to allocate funds to reduce regional asymmetry, rather than stimulating development; the withdrawal and redistribution of financial resources; the emergence of depressed areas; an increase in social tension in the country; the intensification of disintegration processes, and so on. The study found that significant amounts of credit resources in Kyiv are used for trading and intermediation activities (trade financing, real estate transactions). However, the intensification of interregional differentiation in banking lending does not promote the transition of the economy to an innovative type of development. To overcome negative trends, it is necessary to ensure an inflow of credit resources to regions with a weakened resource base, which will contribute to accelerating their socio-economic development. To activate banking lending in other regions, it is proposed to create a special fund, which will provide economic incentives for lending activation. This will contribute to the redistribution of credit resources in other regions, which will help reduce asymmetry in regional development.

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ДИСПРОПОРЦІЙ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ РЕГІОНІВ УКРАЇНИ НА ОСНОВІ КОНВЕРГЕНТНО-ДИВЕРГЕНТНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ

Disparities of socioeconomic indices of Ukraine's regions are a scientific problem and a practical task that should be solved on a strategic horizon. Current regulation of regional development does not take into account the dynamic processes of disparity indicators in the long-term period, which leads to an incorrect definition of disparities regulation goals. The purpose of this article can be stated as the working out of a system for evaluating the disparities indicators, and disparities' dynamic shows the necessity to use a convergent-divergent approach. Convergent-divergent processes were analyzed for the following groups of indicators (demographic, productive, natural and ecological, foreign economic, and structural disparities) in 2007–2021 and for three classes of regions: with balanced, restrained, and unrestrained disparities. The analytical model for convergent- divergent processes of territorial development disparities is based on econometric models of assessing spatial β-convergence. It involves analysis of absolute and conditional convergence of regional development; assessment of convergence accounting indicators of regional disparities; verification of the hypothesis about the strengthening of disparities. In particular, obtained results of absolute convergence indicate that regions with unrestrained disparities of some spheres do not tend to grow faster than classes of regions with balanced disparities of the same spheres since even a lower level of disparities does not guarantee a higher rate of disparities reduction. Therefore, the convergence of disparities is a very long process. Results indicate the strengthening of divergent trends in the uneven development of regions and can be used to determine vulnerable areas with disparities in regions, and besides, this model is considered to be a decision-making supportive tool for the reduction of interregional disparities.