Dealing with failure in junior elite beach volleyball teams: Why trying to help can make things worse.

Family members of individuals experiencing a first-episode psychosis may experience disruptions in their interpersonal emotion regulation processes during this period, which may in turn lead to internalised stigma. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2023 and January 2024 with 101 relatives of patients receiving inpatient treatment for first-episode psychosis in a state hospital in Türkiye. Data were collected using a sociodemographic form, the Self-Stigma Inventory for Families of Patients with Schizophrenia and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. Associations were examined using Spearman's correlation, and linear regression assessed the association between self-stigma (independent variable) and total cognitive emotion regulation (dependent variable). Levels of internalised stigma were found to be low; however, they were significantly associated with total cognitive emotion regulation scores (β = 0.172, p = 0.049). Amongst the maladaptive strategies, self-blame, catastrophising and blaming others were positively associated with social withdrawal and concealment of the illness, whereas putting events into perspective was negatively associated with perceived worthlessness (p < 0.05). Differences were observed in certain subscales of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire across some sociodemographic variables; however, no significant differences were identified in the subscales of the Inventory for Families of Patients with Schizophrenia (p > 0.05). Maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies are associated with higher internalised stigma and social withdrawal amongst relatives of individuals with first-episode psychosis. Integrating cognitive emotion regulation assessment into early intervention frameworks may strengthen family-focused psychosocial support.

Research on interpersonal emotion regulation has illuminated how leaders can use four interpersonal emotion management (IEM) strategies-situation modification, cognitive change, attentional deployment, and modulating the emotional response-to help regulate subordinates' emotions and manage their work outcomes. However, this literature remains theoretically incomplete, because it has largely examined these strategies in isolation, overlooking the extent to which they coexist and interact in shaping subordinates' attributions and behaviors. To address this limitation, we adopt a person-centered approach to examine how leaders combine IEM strategies in distinct dyadic patterns (i.e., profiles) within leader-subordinate relationships. Drawing on the social role framework of interpersonal affect regulation and attribution theory, we further investigate the antecedents and outcomes of these patterns. Across four studies, we identify five stable dyadic IEM patterns-adaptive, moderate, inactive, pragmatic, and moderate-pragmatic-with the first four patterns emerging consistently across all four studies, and all five patterns emerging in three of the studies. We find these patterns are distinguished by dyadic-level leader IEM motives (i.e., coaching, compassion, and instrumentality motives) and are associated with distinct subordinate behavioral responses, such as organizational citizenship behavior and interaction avoidance toward the leader. Given the widely acknowledged prevalence and significance of emotions in the workplace, these findings have vital implications for theory and practice on IEM within organizations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

More than ears: Neural synchrony underlies the facilitating effects of active listening on reappraisal over acceptance during interpersonal emotion regulation.

ABSTRACT Although research has linked rumination to various hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis indicators, few studies have examined whether rumination – and its interpersonal counterpart, co-rumination – is uniquely associated with trait-like individual differences in HPA axis activity. The present study tested whether rumination and co-rumination were related to latent trait cortisol (LTC), a trait-like marker of individual differences in HPA axis activity, and whether these associations were moderated by current and lifetime histories of depressive symptoms. Undergraduates (N = 85; M age = 19.37 years) provided salivary cortisol samples four times daily (waking, 30 and 45 min post-waking, bedtime) over three 3-day sampling waves separated by 6 weeks. Rumination and co-rumination were assessed via self-report, and current and lifetime history of depressive symptoms via semi-structured interviews. An across-wave LTC was derived using the first two morning samples from nine collection days. Greater rumination and co-rumination were associated with lower across-wave LTC among individuals without a history of diagnosable depression. These results suggest that intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion regulation strategies are associated with individual differences in HPA axis activity primarily among those without a depressive history. This work provides novel insight into a potential physiological pathway through which rumination and co-rumination may shape the risk for the first onsets of depression.

Interpersonal emotion regulation is a central means through which people seek and provide emotional support. Understanding people's motives for engaging in interpersonal emotion regulation-and how these motives relate to the strategies they report receiving from and providing to others-can reveal the potential alignment or mismatch in why certain regulation strategies are deployed. In two daily life studies (Ntotal = 402), we captured interpersonal emotion regulation from the perspective of the person soliciting emotion regulation from others (i.e., intrinsic regulation) and providing emotion regulation to others (i.e., extrinsic regulation). In doing so, we explored whether people's regulation motives (i.e., to feel better, get work done, build relationships, and seek or provide perspective) predicted their perception of the regulation strategy (i.e., reappraisal, valuing, distraction, and suppression) they received from and provided to others in everyday social interactions. We found motives people held for turning to others to regulate their own emotions were largely not associated with strategies they reported receiving. However, motives people held for regulating others' emotions were associated with strategies they themselves provided. For instance, people reported making others feel valued and cared for more when holding a motive of wanting others to feel better, recommended suppressing emotions less when holding a motive to build social bonds, and encouraged reappraisal more when holding a motive to provide advice and perspective. Overall, our research highlights a potential gap between the emotional support people want from others and the emotional support they feel they receive, pointing to an avenue of intervention to improve relational and individual well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Fairness decisions often integrate affective responses within a social context, yet emotion regulation in this literature has been largely studied as a self-directed process rather than an interpersonal one. We examined how individual differences in other-directed emotion regulation—measured with the Emotion Regulation of Others and Self (EROS) scale—relate to behavioral and neural responses during fairness decisions in 138 adults completing a variant of the Ultimatum Game with human and computer partners during fMRI. Behaviorally, participants who more strongly endorsed worsening others' emotions rejected unfair offers more frequently, and this tendency interacted with offer fairness to amplify rejection of unfair offers. At the neural level, the left anterior insula tracked offer unfairness more strongly in social versus nonsocial contexts, consistent with sociality modulating the neural encoding of fairness. Right dlPFC activation during socially unfair offers was greater among individuals who preferred to improve others' emotions. Connectivity analyses revealed that social fairness sensitivity predicted stronger amygdala–orbitofrontal and amygdala–dmPFC coupling; the latter was further amplified among individuals higher in other-directed emotion worsening. Together, these findings identify interpersonal emotion regulation as an understudied source of variation in the affective and prefrontal systems supporting fairness-based social decisions.

Collective emotional responses represent responses of multiple people to an emotional situation. Such responses are ubiquitous in many contexts, such as conflicts, crises, and celebrations. However, a closer look at processes of collective emotions leads to an observation: Collective emotions often co-occurs with attempts to influence the emotions of the group. We refer to these attempts as collective emotion regulation, where members of groups aim to change collective emotions. In this article, we first define collective emotion and propose a model of collective emotion generation. We then define collective emotion regulation and distinguish it from related concepts such as interpersonal emotion regulation. We propose a process model to describe the unfolding of collective emotion regulation that helps organize a variety of behaviors previously discussed in other literatures. We further show how the concept can help explain collective behavior and design interventions aimed at regulating collective emotions. Finally, we discuss open empirical questions and future directions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Interpersonal emotion regulation (IER) is crucial for social coordination and inherently bidirectional, yet research has predominantly focused on how regulators affect targets, often neglecting the regulator's own experience and the dyadic neural dynamics supporting mutual benefits. This study (N = 68, average age: M = 20.61 ± 1.56, 100% female, collected in 2024 in China) investigated the behavioral and neural mechanisms of bidirectional benefits in IER, examining strategy-dependent (cognitive reappraisal, distraction) and role-specific (regulator, target) neural dynamics using functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning. Behaviorally, cognitive reappraisal induced greater valence improvement for both roles compared to distraction. At the single-brain level, prefrontal regions (frontopolar, left orbitofrontal cortex) and the right Broca area showed distinct activation patterns contingent on strategy and role; regulators exhibited stronger activation during cognitive reappraisal, while targets displayed pronounced right-lateralized activation (right orbitofrontal cortex, right Broca area) during distraction, supporting differing cognitive demands. Critically, multivariate pattern analysis of interbrain synchronization revealed that distributed patterns of neural coordination successfully decoded both the IER strategy employed and, notably, regulatory success for both regulators and targets. The regulator's frontopolar synchronization emerged as pivotal in these predictive interbrain synchronization patterns. These findings demonstrate that successful IER relies on a combination of role-dependent neural specialization and dyad-specific, strategy-aligned interbrain coordination, advancing our understanding of IER as a dynamic, multibrain process facilitating mutual emotional alignment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Regulating others' emotions is central to social functioning and mental health, yet little is known about which other-focused strategies are perceived as successful in everyday life. Contemporary theories propose that emotion regulation outcomes reflect not only inherent differences among strategies but also the extent to which they are flexibly adapted to situational demands. Across two ecological momentary assessment studies (EMA) in Germany (N=131; 2016 assessments) and the United States (N=219; 4303 assessments), participants reported their use of 15 other-focused emotion regulation strategies in social interactions and rated goal-contingent perceived success, emotional valence, relationship closeness, and their own baseline depressive and anxiety symptoms. Within persons, response-modulation strategies (e.g., validation, soothing) were associated with the highest momentary perceived success. By contrast, cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and problem-solving showed weaker links to perceived success that depended more on context, with more favorable associations in negative (versus positive) emotional situations. Between persons, higher depressive and anxiety symptoms were related to less frequent use of other-focused strategies, lower perceived success, and reduced flexibility in adjusting strategy use to emotional valence, with magnitudes varying by sample. All data were based on EMA reports from the regulator's perspective. In two studies, we provide everyday evidence that perceived success of interpersonal emotion regulation varies with both the strategies people select and their flexible adjustment to situational demands. Altered patterns of strategy use, perceived success, and flexibility among individuals with elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms highlight potential targets for assessment and intervention.

RETRACTION: Tracing Interpersonal Emotion Regulation, Behavioural Emotion Regulation Strategies, Hopelessness and Vocabulary Retention within Bing vs. ChatGPT Environments

The neurocognitive social-transactional model posits that interpersonal adversity during childhood heightens risk for mental health difficulties by altering how individuals engage with their social world. We conducted a scoping review to map current evidence for four candidate mechanisms, Trust, Mentalizing, Agency and Interpersonal Emotion Regulation (IER), linking interpersonal childhood adversity to mental health outcomes. We followed PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews and preregistered the protocol at https://osf.io/rt7cy. Through systematic searches, we identified quantitative studies that measured interpersonal Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), at least one candidate mechanism, and mental health outcomes in the same sample. A second reviewer independently assessed 10% of records at each screening stage. 78 studies met inclusion criteria. For Trust (15 studies), ACEs were associated with greater distrust and credulity which in turn predicted internalizing, externalizing and personality disorder symptoms. For Mentalizing (37 studies), they were associated with heightened uncertainty and reduced accuracy in understanding mental states, which was linked with internalizing, externalizing, psychosis and personality disorder symptoms. For Agency (26 studies), they were associated with a more external locus of control, which was associated with internalizing and psychosis symptoms. Evidence for IER was limited (3 studies) but suggested potential links to internalizing symptoms. Across mechanisms, findings were largely cross-sectional and based on self-report, with few longitudinal or task-based studies. Trust, Mentalizing and Agency emerged as promising transdiagnostic social-transactional mechanisms though which interpersonal childhood adversity may shape mental health outcomes, with more limited evidence for IER. Despite methodological gaps, these mechanisms may represent tractable targets for intervention research and trauma-informed clinical practice.

Perceived romantic relationship quality is critical for the sustainability of romantic relationships, particularly during the premarital period. Therefore, understanding the psychological mechanisms that contribute to relationship quality is essential. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between mindfulness, interpersonal emotion regulation, and perceived romantic relationship quality. The study included in 675 participants (396 female, 58.7%; 279 male, 41.3%) from across Türkiye, with an age range of 19 to 41+. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form (PIF), Perceived Romantic Relationship Quality Scale (PRRQS), Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Scale (IERS), Relationship Mindfulness Measure (RMM), and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Following confirmatory factor analysis to validate the factor structures for each scale, the proposed relationships were tested using two structural equation models. Additionally, Pearson Correlation Analysis was utilized to examine the associations among the variables. The findings indicated that mindfulness, interpersonal emotion regulation, and psychological resilience were significant positive predictors of perceived relationship quality. Furthermore, psychological resilience was found to mediate the relationship between mindfulness and perceived relationship quality. Similarly, resilience demonstrated a significant mediating effect on the relationship between interpersonal emotion regulation and perceived relationship quality. These findings highlight the pivotal role of resilience in translating the benefits of mindfulness and effective emotion regulation into higher relationship quality. The results have significant practical implications for clinical contexts, such as premarital counseling and psychotherapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing relational well-being. All findings are discussed within the context of the relevant literature, and recommendations for future research are provided.

BackgroundThe present intervention study aims to implement a course concept (ERTL) for emotion regulation (ER) in higher-education teacher training in Austria. ERTL was designed to prepare participants for emotionally charged situations in their future profession.ObjectiveThis study investigated the impact of an ER training program for primary pre-service teachers (ERTL). The development of ERTL takes into account the social environment encountered by pre-service teachers, focusing on training both intra- and interpersonal ER strategies (ERS). This is done within the context of emotional labor demands, socially challenging classroom situations, and individual experiences and preferences.MethodsQuantitative data were collected using a quasi-experimental design. The intervention (n = 86) and control (n = 42) groups completed questionnaires assessing intra- (RESS) and interpersonal (IERQ) ERS at two measurement points (pre- and post-intervention). Due to curricular guidelines, the intervention spanned 3 weeks across three modules.ResultsThe evaluation showed significantly increased arousal control (p = 0.03, robust ES = 0.74) and reappraisal (p = 0.011, ω2 = 0.012), as well as decreased rumination (p = 0.017, ω2 = 0.012), among students in the intervention group, with no significant changes in the control group. No significant effects were found in the interpersonal ER scales.ConclusionBased on these findings, the CSI model (Context-Situation-Individual), derived from the ERTL design, not only provides a promising framework for the intervention but also serves as a bridge between theory and practice for the application of ERS by teachers in the classroom. The further development of the ERTL prototype into five modules with more exercises on interpersonal ERS will provide additional insights.

Influence of teacher-student closeness on interpersonal emotion regulation in graduate students: Evidence from behavioral and hyper-scanning studies.

Intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation moderates longitudinal associations between peer victimization and depressive symptoms among Chinese children

Depressive symptoms are common among empty-nest older adults in China, yet the interpersonal emotion regulation patterns linked to these symptoms remain unclear. We compared interpersonal emotion regulation strategies in sadness and anger contexts between empty-nest older adults with high and low depressive symptoms (N = 129). Participants reported passive, proactive, and problem-solving strategies, and cross-context variability was used to index regulatory flexibility. Results showed that the high depressive symptom group used fewer passive strategies (e.g., acceptance, avoidance/denial) across both contexts and showed lower cross-context variability. In sadness, they employed more suppression but fewer Express and Solve strategies (e.g., communication, advice-seeking, planning, and problem-solving); in anger, they used more Express and Seek strategies (e.g., expressing and understanding feelings). These findings suggest that depressive symptoms in empty-nest older adults correlate with a maladaptive regulatory style, marked by reduced passive engagement, less proactive involvement, and more suppression in sadness, more inward aggression in anger, and limited cross-context flexibility.

Insecure attachment predicts borderline personality (BP), with emotion regulation widely recognized as a key mediator of this association. While interpersonal difficulties are central to BP, most studies have focused on intrapersonal emotion regulation, overlooking its interpersonal forms. Given the importance of understanding emotional and relational dysfunctions in BP, this study examined difficulties in Interpersonal Emotion Regulation (IER), investigating the role of maladaptive strategies—venting and excessive reassurance-seeking—as mediators in the relationship between attachment insecurity and BP. A total of 420 adults completed self-report measures assessing BP features (PAI-BOR: affective instability, identity disturbances, negative relationships, and self-harm), attachment orientations (ECR-12: attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance), and IER difficulties (DIRE: venting and reassurance-seeking). Pearson’s correlations tested associations among variables, and a path analysis was conducted, using attachment anxiety and avoidance as exogenous variables, IER difficulties as mediators, and BP features as outcome variables. Attachment anxiety was positively associated with all BP features and greater difficulties in IER (venting and reassurance-seeking). IER mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and BP features, with venting significantly mediating all BP dimensions. Findings highlight a self-perpetuating cycle of relational difficulties and emotional dysregulation in BP, with IER playing a crucial role. Excessive reliance on others for emotional regulation, likely stemming from mentalization impairments, may lead individuals with BP and anxious attachment to externalize distress, reinforcing negative moods and straining relationships. Psychological interventions should focus on breaking this cycle by enhancing emotion regulation abilities, fostering autonomy, and reducing maladaptive dependence on others for emotional relief.

This study aimed to validate the French version of the Interpersonal Emotion Regulation for Couples Scale (SIERC). The SIERC is a 22-item scale consisting of two forms: The SIERC-A assesses the perception of one’s own ability to regulate the partner’s emotions and the SIERC-B assesses the perception of the partner’s ability to regulate one’s own emotions. A total of 259 French-speaking participants (19–67 years, 215 females) from Switzerland completed the French version of the SIERC. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factorial structure of the original scale was confirmed in the French version. The Swiss sample was compared to the Spanish sample, on which the scale was originally developed, to test for measurement invariance. Results showed that strong invariance was achieved for the first- and second-order factors of the SIERC-A and the SIERC-B. Convergent and discriminant validity was obtained by correlating both forms of the SIERC with other variables known to be associated with interpersonal emotion regulation, such as emotional competence, attachment, or marital satisfaction. According to the results, the French version of the SIERC is a valid instrument to assess interpersonal emotion regulation in couples. L’objectif de cette étude est de valider une version française de l’Echelle de Régulation Emotionnelle Interpersonnelle du Couple (SIERC). Le SIERC est une échelle de 22 items composées de deux formulaires: Le SIERC-A évalue la perception de sa propre capacité à réguler les émotions de son partenaire et le SIERC-B évalue la perception de la capacité du partenaire à réguler ses propres émotions. Un échantillon total de 259 participant·e·s francophones (19–67 ans, 215 femmes) de Suisse ont complété la version française du SIERC. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires ont montré que la structure factorielle de l’échelle originale était confirmée dans la version française. L’échantillon Suisse a été comparé à l’échantillon espagnol, sur lequel la version originale a été développée, afin de tester l’invariance des mesures. Les résultats ont montré que l’invariance scalaire était atteinte pour les facteurs de premier et second ordre du SIERC-A et du SIERC-B. Les validités convergente et discriminante ont été obtenues en corrélant le SIERC avec d’autres variables connues pour être associées à la régulation interpersonnelle des émotions, telles que la compétence émotionnelle, l’attachement ou la satisfaction conjugale. . Selon les résultats, la version française du SIERC est un instrument valide pour évaluer la régulation interpersonnelle des émotions chez les couples.

ABSTRACT Objectives Self-compassion is a predictor of healthy interpersonal outcomes. There is growing interest in comparing the role of self-compassion between males and females, particularly in adolescence, which marks a unique period of social development. Methods Students from secondary schools were invited to complete questionnaires assessing self-compassion, interpersonal emotional regulation, relationship with parents, loneliness, peer problems, prosocial behaviours, and bullying experience. Baseline measurements coincided with the declaration of COVID-19 in Australia. Regression analyses were used to examine associations between self-compassion and measures of interpersonal behaviours, and the interaction of self-compassion and gender. Results Students (n = 553, 47% F, Mage 13.6) from 8 schools participated in this study. Regression models found self-compassion significantly associated with all interpersonal outcomes, except bullying perpetration. Self-compassion was significantly and positively associated with interpersonal regulation skills, perceiving parents as caring, and prosocial behaviour. Low self-compassion was associated with loneliness, perceiving parents as overprotective, peer problems, and bullying victimization. Boys reported significantly higher self-compassion than girls. Interaction results indicate that girls are more likely to bully when low in self-compassion, but not boys. Conclusion Findings demonstrated that self-compassion is associated with interpersonal behaviours among adolescents, differing between genders. Future longitudinal research should explore the directionality of these associations.