Internet-connected Devices Research Articles

Interactional theory of childhood problematic media use.

The growth of mobile device access and ownership has yielded many opportunities and challenges for raising healthy digital media consumers. As adoption of mobile and internet-connected devices has increased among children, concerns for healthy child development have been expressed regarding excessive or problematic use. Although much theoretical and empirical work has been conducted evaluating adolescents' and adults' risks for dependence on various screen media (e.g., Gaming Disorder, Internet Addiction), little theoretical consideration has been expounded regarding the etiology and maintenance of problematic media use earlier in childhood (i.e., under age 12 years). The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework through which to investigate problematic media use in early childhood. Our theory, the Interactional Theory of Childhood Problematic Media Use (IT-CPU) merges developmental and clinical psychology theories, with communication and human-computer interaction perspectives. We outline distal and proximal factors that we hypothesize contribute to the development of problematic media use in childhood, and emphasize maintaining factors that could be targets for intervention. Finally, we provide recommendations for an interdisciplinary research agenda to test our proposed theory and inform experimental trials to prevent and treat childhood problematic media use.

Role of Internet of Things for Health-care Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic

Internet of Things (IoT) is already being implemented in the medical field to improve the treatment outcome. This technology also plays a significant role during the COVID-19 pandemic for the betterment of the infected patient. With such high levels of infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, organisations want to automate hospital facilities, so there is a need for this technology for improving hospital management and patient care system. A proper application & implementation of these technologies may reduce the chances of mistakes and provides effective control during the entire treatment process of COVID-19 patients. This short review identifies and discusses significant roles of IoT in taking up major healthcare challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. IoT helps identify the symptoms and provides a rapid treatment process with the help of internet-connected devices and networks. It automatically helps to manage the medical staff to maintain quality supervision. There are an adequate flow and better safety of the patient in the internet-connected hospital. It helps provides real-time information to create transparency in the treatment. In the future, this technology can predict the upcoming situation and make appropriate forecasting regarding this virus.

Network intrusion detection using multi-architectural modular deep neural network

The exponential growth of computer networks and the adoption of new network-based technologies have made computer security an important challenge. With the emergence of new internet-connected devices, the attack surface is increasing for cyber intruders. Many intrusion detection systems attempt to detect known attacks using signatures in network traffic. In recent years, researchers used several machine learning techniques to detect network attacks without relying on these signatures. These techniques generally suffer from a high false-positive rate which is not acceptable for an industry-ready intrusion detection product. In this paper, we propose a multi-architectural modular deep neural network model to decrease the false-positive rate of anomaly-based intrusion detection systems. Our model consists of a feed-forward module, a stack of restricted Boltzmann machine module, and two recurrent modules, the output weights of these modules are fed to an aggregator module to produce the answer of the model. The experiments are performed using CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset, and final models can be used in an IDS for generating alerts or preventing new attacks. The experimental results show improvement in the detection of some types of network attacks with accuracy as high as 100% for network-level attacks compared to related works.

Cyber Attacks Mitigation: Detecting Malicious Activities in Network Traffic – A Review of Literature

Cyber attacks are becoming more common and over the last decade, many attacks have made top news, targeting manufacturing firms and governmental organisations. Such attacks have triggered substantial financial damage and they've been trying to obstruct key public sector operations. Furthermore, as the Internet of Things (IoT) has arisen, the number of Internet-connected devices is increasingly growing and being easy target of cyber attacks. To counter cyber attacks, information security researchers rely extensively on intrusion detection systems (IDSs) that can identify suspicious activities by comparing patterns of documented attacks or detecting anomaly-based activities. This survey aims to tackle Trust, Protection, identification and activity on a wide scale networks and Internet of Things. The proposed research aims at developing a practically deployable cyber security solution to one or more of the cyber attacks. Multi-Stage Attacks (MSAs), APT, DoS attacks, wireless injection attacks, botnets or other malicious activities will be investigated. In this literature survey we are highlighting the work Performed throughout the area of cyber security by various researchers, various types of cyber attacks and its stages, various approaches to prevent cyber attacks, different challenges faced by a preventer, and some gaps in the research. This literature review is carried out by using the secondary data obtained from peer-reviewed journals and other sources on the web. This review aims to explain Detecting Malicious Activities in Network Traffic.

COVID-19-Related Home Confinement in Adults: Weight Gain Risks and Opportunities.

As the global COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, over 90% of U.S. adult residents are confined to their homes, with restaurants, shops, schools, and workplaces shut down to prevent disease spread. While it is a priority to mitigate the immediate impact, one area of great concern is the long-term effects of this pandemic on weight management in adults. As evident from previous research, small changes in body weight in relatively short time periods can become permanent and lead to substantial weight gain over time(1). Considering that the current situation could last a total of several months, this extended home confinement could exacerbate the problem of obesity in adults by substantially contributing to or exceeding annual weight gain.

Applications of Internet of things on Smart Grid

Internet of Things devices in public and private spaces has changed our lifestyle. For example, home automation applications that support smart devices, locks, keys, surveillance systems, and Internet-connected devices has change the way we interact with our living spaces. These systems are widely adopted; the Internet of Things digitally expresses concern on safety and security. This technology makes life easier, safety as its priority. The firewall is also very important for the Internet of objects. The algorithms designed for users should be unique and safety. The basic principle of the Internet of Things is based on the integration of information networks to make people’s lives easier. In this way, the objects can connect to each other and share information. The development of the Internet of Things has triggered by technology. A smart grid is an electricity network based on digital technology that is used to supply electricity to consumers via two-way digital communication. This system allows for monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to help improve efficiency, reduce energy consumption and cost, and maximize the transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain. The smart grid was introduced with the aim of overcoming the weaknesses of conventional electrical grids by using smart net meters. Smart Grid technologies contribute to manage IoT energy efficiently, which the present ones lack in the existing framework. The two-way communication between connected devices and hardware which can sense and respond to user demands makes the IOT smart grid better. A smart Grid with the help of these technologies is more resilient and less costly than the current power infrastructure

Introduction to the Special Issue on Evolving IoT and Cyber-Physical Systems: Advancements, Applications, and Solutions

Introduction to the Special Issue on Evolving IoT and Cyber-Physical Systems: Advancements, Applications, and Solutions

Exploratory Review: Self-Report IADL Assessments in the age of Internet-Connected Assistive Devices.

Internet-Connected Assistive Devices (iCAD), like accessible smartphones, tablets, computers, and apps, have become an integral part of everyday functioning for people with disabilities (PWD). The objective of this article was to identify self-report assessments having the relevance and clinical applicability for assessing satisfaction with performing Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) for PWD using iCAD. An exploratory review was conducted to identify self-report assessments that were appropriate, practical, clinically fit, and psychometrically acceptable, for assessing satisfaction with performing IADLs for PWD using iCAD. Thirty-two IADL assessments were identified, of which six met inclusion criteria. Four of six assessments did not specifically address iCAD usage, while two assessments had limited relevance and clinical applicability, for assessing satisfaction with performing IADLs for PWD using iCAD. This review establishes the growing need for a self-report IADL assessment that has been specifically designed and validated for assessing satisfaction with performing IADLs for PWD using iCAD.

Litigating trade secrets in China: an imminent pivot to cybersecurity?

The globalization of supply chains and digitization of corporate processes have resulted in both advantages and disadvantages for trade secrets management. Most trade secrets today are stored in digital environments, readily transferable through the cyberspace, and accessed remotely (including possibly overseas) by the relevant employees; very few of these secrets, related to the most traditional branches of industries that find it difficult to dematerialize, originate physically or are not subsequently digitized in order to be stored, transferred and/or protected. Such protection, though, is only relatively safe. The negative side of mentioned trends is that when trade secrets are located in the cyberspace—for example, in Internet-connected devices, or in the so-called ‘cloud’, or even in corporate intranets—they can also be accessed and sometimes misappropriated by unauthorized individuals or entities (mostly external to the company) from literally anywhere in the world. It is no surprise that trade secrets misappropriations occur mostly...

Transparency and Consent in Data-Driven Smart Environments

The Internet of Things (IoT) has come to be an umbrella term for internet-connected devices with sensory capabilities. These IoT appliances – often referred to as smart devices – take an increasingly prominent role in consumers’ daily lives. Connected security systems, remotely controllable lighting, smart wearables, thermostats, refrigerators and even voice-controlled assistants… Together, they form an invisible network of information aggregators, capable of capturing data from the physical world and communicating about this information via the internet. On the one hand, smart devices undeniably offer practical advantages and useful insights to their users. On the other hand, however, they also provide the means to compose a detailed account of consumers’ behavioral patterns. Combined with big data analytics, it all of a sudden becomes possible to not only anticipate consumers’ purchasing preferences, but also to deduce information about their private lifestyles and even map out certain personality traits. The pervasiveness of smart devices poses challenges that are particularly worrisome from a privacy and data protection perspective. Faced with consumers’ concerns regarding the protection and sharing of their personal data, this paper sheds light on the preservation of privacy in smart environments. Transparency and consent form the core concepts of this research. In this respect, notable emphasis goes to (i) awareness surrounding data collection practices and (ii) the implementation of consent mechanisms. The contribution features a two-step approach in view of balancing entrepreneurs’ thirst for data against consumers’ desire for privacy. Firstly, it is necessary to arrive at a solid understanding of the functioning of smart devices, in order to get a good grasp on how the selected transparency concerns manifest themselves in an IoT context. Along this route, attention is given to the occurrence of “low-quality consent” among consumers. Secondly, the paper argues that, notwithstanding consent, the integration of privacy enhancing technologies such as obfuscation and data minimization is necessary in view of ex ante containing the potential ramifications of data leakages. In that respect, the question is raised to what extent a technical rather than a legal responsibility exists to attain adequate levels of privacy and data protection. In conclusion, this paper submits that smart environments are indeed putting strain on the existing regulatory framework. Yet, in all likelihood, the much sought-after solutions to transparency and consent will largely be technological in nature and sprout from industry-driven efforts.

Cluster-Fault Tolerant Routing in a Torus.

The number of Internet-connected devices grows very rapidly, with even fears of running out of available IP addresses. It is clear that the number of sensors follows this trend, thus inducing large sensor networks. It is insightful to make the comparison with the huge number of processors of modern supercomputers. In such large networks, the problem of node faults necessarily arises, with faults often happening in clusters. The tolerance to faults, and especially cluster faults, is thus critical. Furthermore, thanks to its advantageous topological properties, the torus interconnection network has been adopted by the major supercomputer manufacturers of the recent years, thus proving its applicability. Acknowledging and embracing these two technological and industrial aspects, we propose in this paper a node-to-node routing algorithm in an -dimensional -ary torus that is tolerant to faults. Not only is this algorithm tolerant to faulty nodes, it also tolerates faulty node clusters. The described algorithm selects a fault-free path of length at most with an worst-case time complexity with the set of faulty nodes induced by the faulty clusters.

Teaching and Learning IoT Cybersecurity andVulnerability Assessment with Shodan through Practical Use Cases.

Shodan is a search engine for exploring the Internet and thus finding connected devices. Its main use is to provide a tool for cybersecurity researchers and developers to detect vulnerable Internet-connected devices without scanning them directly. Due to its features, Shodan can be used for performing cybersecurity audits on Internet of Things (IoT) systems and devices used in applications that require to be connected to the Internet. The tool allows for detecting IoT device vulnerabilities that are related to two common cybersecurity problems in IoT: the implementation of weak security mechanisms and the lack of a proper security configuration. To tackle these issues, this article describes how Shodan can be used to perform audits and thus detect potential IoT-device vulnerabilities. For such a purpose, a use case-based methodology is proposed to teach students and users to carry out such audits and then make more secure the detected exploitable IoT devices. Moreover, this work details how to automate IoT-device vulnerability assessments through Shodan scripts. Thus, this article provides an introductory practical guide to IoT cybersecurity assessment and exploitation with Shodan.

Doing Business using Cryptocurrency in Malaysia

As the society is becoming more digitised day by day, we are being constantly introduced with advanced smart technologies that transpire changes in our lives. The blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies came in at the appropriate time which has provided pathways and security for many vulnerable internet-connected devices as the technology uses distributed verification of transactions. Due to their unique features, cryptocurrencies carry value on their own and now can be used for trading and transactions. In many established markets, transactions and trading in cryptocurencies have been growing and many have seen them as potential assets and investment option. Nevertheless, in many other countries, cryptocurrencies are not very popular and due to lack of awareness, many of their citizens are yet to own any cryptocurrencies. This study assessed the awareness of cryptocurrencies among selected Malaysian public and tested certain determinants and found almost three quarter of the respondents were aware of them but none is owning even one digital currency. Among the determinants, age group, ethnicity and occupation status were found to have influenced respondents’ awareness about cryptocurrencies. If it is an interest of the government to promote the use of cryptocurrencies, necessary exposure campaigns as well as guarantee of control and security should be made a priority.

A Review of Practice and Implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smallholder Agriculture

In order to feed a growing global population projected to increase to 9 billion by 2050, food production will need to increase from its current level. The bulk of this growth will need to come from smallholder farmers who rely on generational knowledge in their farming practices and who live in locations where weather patterns and seasons are becoming less predictable due to climate change. The expansion of internet-connected devices is increasing opportunities to apply digital tools and services on smallholder farms, including monitoring soil and plants in horticulture, water quality in aquaculture, and ambient environments in greenhouses. In combination with other food security efforts, internet of things (IoT)-enabled precision smallholder farming has the potential to improve livelihoods and accelerate low- and middle-income countries’ journey to self-reliance. Using a combination of interviews, surveys and site visits to gather information, this research presents a review of the current state of the IoT for on-farm measurement, cases of successful IoT implementation in low- and middle-income countries, challenges associated with implementing the IoT on smallholder farms, and recommendations for practitioners.

A Literature Review: Intrusion Detection Systems in Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new and surging technological advancement where in which the Internet is connected to various day-to-day physical objects belonging to various domains and making them “smart” like that of various machine dependent processes, manufacturing processes and healthcare. It is a system of interrelated computing devices, machines and people. Internet-connected IoT devices brings several benefits in our daily life but are susceptible to security issues. These vulnerabilities to IoT systems create security threats for any smart environment formed around the aforementioned concept. Thus, there is a need for intrusion detection systems (IDSs) which are designed specifically for IoT systems in order to combat these security related threats and create a secure network for the smart environment. IoT devices tend to have limited computing and storage capabilities. Hence, conventional IDSs might not be suitable for such networks. Due to the specifications and protocols of IoT devices, intrusion detection in IoT systems proves to be a challenging task. Thus, the field of intrusion detection systems in IoT systems is one that requires research and considerable effort to address the key security issues and security threats. A literature review is presented on the IDS in IoT topic, with emphasis on the present-day research, challenges and future directions.

Blockchain Technology towards the Mitigation of Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

The Distributed Denial of Service attack become one of the most adverse effects among all Cyber-attack due to the high availability of the internet and unprotected internet-connected communication devices. There are many mitigation solutions available to reduce the risk of DDoS attacks, and the researcher represents many techniques to get rid of the DDoS attacks. The main challenge to identify and mitigate the attack is that attack traffic mixes with the legitimate system user traffic so it becomes very important to block the attack traffic because it costs in terms of money and system reputation. Blockchain technology presents the ideology of decentralized distributed database and transaction without the need of any central authority. But utilization of blockchain is not only limited to the financial sector but supply chain, IoT, hospitality sector used blockchain most. The most attractive features of the blockchain like immutability, distributed makes the use of blockchain for mitigation of various Cyber-attacks, and one of them is DDoS Attacks. The solution of DDoS attacks that utilize the blockchain is still in the infancy phase. In this paper, we propose the review or survey of DDoS attacks solutions based on blockchain. And also present the comparative study of Blockchain-based DDoS mitigation solutions for non-IOT domain or system. This paper also gives brief about the features of this interconnection of two emerging domain named DDoS Attacks and Blockchain Technology.

Reducing the Data Rate in Internet of Things Applications by Using Wireless Sensor Network

Du to the raising number of using Internet of Things (I O T) for personal and commercial devices and applications, as well as the continues needs for improving the quality of the performance for the internet – connected devices enhance the researchers to investigate solutions for managing the data through the network Because of the fact that the internet-connected devices needs addresses for each sensor node uses the IP-network and a large number of electronic modules is fabricated to be compatible with IPv4 only like NodeMcu, ESP8266, Arduino WIFI, and ESP32 with knowing that the IPv4 has a limited addresses number that will not be enough for the needs of IOT developments, Many researchers turned to IPv6. In the proposed system, another solution is suggested instead of the IPV6. The proposed idea is based on Non-IP Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) by connecting many sensing nodes to the sink-node that has an IP to forward the data to the server to be visualized in a web-portal. By this method, it is able to connect more than one node to the internet over only one IP, there for the data rate that are needed will be decreased. In addition, by using the non-IP network, the data rate and the power consuming by the sensor nodes have been reduced, the practical results are discussed for connecting four nodes over one IP4 and how it will reduce the data rate and the power consuming. In this work, the esp33 has been used as a Sink-node, and the wireless transceiver module( NRF24) has been utilized to transmit the data from nodes to esp32.

An efficient green computing fair resource allocation in cloud computing using modified deep reinforcement learning algorithm

Cloud computing provides services and resources in the Internet, and many applications are self-service-supported, on-demand resource allocation-adapted. These dynamic networks allocated necessary resource to the users’ need and they require proper resource allocation scheme. Since various resources are consumed by users if resource allocation is not proper, this leads the system to load imbalance nature. Using Internet-connected devices for storage and computation not only communicates the cloud resources but also connects the devices to network through various protocols. These changes make the network into a complex, dense, heterogeneous system. In this paper, a green computing fair resource allocation through deep reinforcement learning model is proposed to provide efficient resource allocation scheme to the users in the network. Conventional Q-learning model fails in dimensionality problem when the state space increases exponentially. The proposed model is combined with fair resource allocation with deep reinforcement learning to provide better allocation schemes compared to the conventional model.

Hijacking internet‐connected devices to provoke harmful oscillations in an electrical network: a feasibility assessment

Internet-connected devices will represent an increasing proportion of the load served by electric power systems. As these devices could conceivably be hijacked and controlled remotely by a malicious actor, they could represent a new threat vector against the dynamic security of a power system. Such attack strategies have not been considered in the existing literature on power system cybersecurity. As an initial scoping exercise, the present case study explores whether such devices could be remotely hijacked and then maliciously power-cycled at particular frequencies to deliberately provoke harmful oscillations in an electrical grid. To gauge the broad feasibility of this novel style of attack, dynamic simulations are performed on two representative test power systems, at differing levels of attacker and defender resources. These simulations show that power-cycling just 1% of consumer loads at a system's resonant frequency may sometimes provoke harmful electromechanical oscillations throughout a national grid. This novel simulation exercise, therefore, implies that cybersecurity vulnerabilities at the consumer side could jeopardise the physical integrity of a nation's entire electricity supply.

Make a hack-proof garage door opener: A new breakout board offers cryptographic security - [Hands On

I'VE BEEN MAKING ELECtronics projects for 15 years, but strong security was something I always considered out of my reach. Consequently, a fear of getting hacked limited the types of projects I would pursue, especially Internet-connected devices. But in May of 2019, I was handed the job of designing a cryptographic product for my employer, SparkFun. Among other things, SparkFun designs and sells breakout boards that allow makers to easily incorporate the capabilities offered by various integrated circuits into their designs. Now SparkFun wanted a board that would provide an easy on-ramp into the world of hardware-based cryptography.