International Referees Research Articles

Evaluation of effective demographic variables in competition performances of Turkish wrestling referees

Management of wrestling competitions of equal competitors is often assigned to successful referees. For this reason, it is important to determine the demographic variables that influence the referees’ level of success. In this context, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effective demographic variables in competition performances of Turkish wrestling referees using the logistic regression analysis. The purpose of this research was explained to the referees and voluntary participation was provided. The research data consist of demographic variables and the referee evaluation reports of the year 2016 calculated by the Central Referee Committee of the Turkish Wrestling Federation. The referees were classified as successful (between 7-8.5 points) and unsuccessful (between ≥8.5-10 points) according to their performance scores. Accordingly, the international referees were 49 times more successful than the national referees in a competition. The referees who wrestled at the international level were 6 times more successful than the referees wrestling at the national level and who did not wrestle. Referees whose ages 31-40 and ≥41 were 7.9 and 24.9 times more successful than ≤30 age respectively. Moreover, it was determined that those who were refereeing for social identity, a hobby, and other reasons in a competition were, respectively, 6, 39 and 22 times more possible to be successful than those who were refereeing for social status. Consequently, if a successful referee performance was desired, the ones should be selected as who were over 41 years of age and wrestled at the international level, and who were international level referees that were refereeing as a hobby or other. Thus, a more successful referee performance can be achieved in competitions.

A Compartive Study on the Recognition of Referees and Athletes Regarding Referee Judgment at Taekwondo Hanmadang

Taekwondo Hanmadang has been beloved by people from all over the world, which was first held in 1992 in order to help Taekwondo get settled as daily sports breaking away from competitive sports. In this study, the recognition on fairness of referee judgment of referees and athletes who participated in Tawkwondo Hanmadang was compared and analyzed to offer preliminary data to ensure fairness of referee judgment at Taekwondo Hanmadang which became the start of Poomsae. Data was collected by 51 international referees and 199 athletes, and values were analyzed by descriptive statics using a program called SPSS Windowx ver. 18.0 based upon 250 collected data, then the mean and standard deviation were calculated accordingly. The independent sample t-test was used to clarify the differences between the recognition of referees and athletes, and the following conclusion was obtained. Results of comparative analysis depending on affiliation on the judgment recognition show that referees tended to have a higher level of trust recognition than athletes in all judgments for fairness, accuracy, effort, scoring, skillfulness, morals, responsibility, understanding of others(athletes), quickness of judgment, determination, concentration, judgment standard, objectivity, intention, and match stream, while athletes tended to have great difficulties in trusting judgments for wrong decision, intention, and biased judgment compared to referees. Taking above into consideration, a difference of the recognition between referees and athletes was considered to have existed especially for the judgment. Therefore an in-depth research into the education and institutional system for fairness of judgment should be conducted.

Non-sanctioning of illegal tackles in South African youth community rugby

ObjectivesThe tackle event in rugby union (‘rugby’) contributes to the majority of players’ injuries. Referees can reduce this risk by sanctioning dangerous tackles. A study in elite adult rugby suggests that referees only sanction a minority of illegal tackles. The aim of this study was to assess if this finding was similar in youth community rugby. DesignObservational study. MethodsUsing EncodePro, 99 South African Rugby Union U18 Youth Week tournament matches were coded between 2011 and 2015. All tackles were coded by a researcher and an international referee to ensure that laws were interpreted correctly. The inter- and intra-rater reliabilities were 0.97–1.00. A regression analysis compared the non-sanctioned rates over time. ResultsIn total, 12 216 tackles were coded, of which less than 1% (n=113) were ‘illegal’. The majority of the 113 illegal tackles were front-on (75%), high tackles (72%) and occurred in the 2nd/4th quarters (29% each). Of the illegal tackles, only 59% were sanctioned. The proportions of illegal tackles and sanctioning of these illegal tackles to all tackles improved by 0.2% per year from 2011–2015 (p<0.05). ConclusionsIn these youth community rugby players, 59% of illegal tackles were not sanctioned appropriately. This was better than a previous study in elite adult rugby, where only 7% of illegal tackles were penalised. Moreover, the rates of illegal tackles and non-sanctioned illegal tackles both improved over time. However, it is critical that referees consistently enforce all laws to enhance injury prevention efforts. Further studies should investigate the reasons for non-sanctioning.

Revelations of a Pantheistic Poet: Dr K.V. Dominic in Conversation

Dr K.V. Dominic, English poet, critic, short story writer and editor, is a retired professor of the Post Graduate &amp; Research Department of English, Newman College, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India. He was born in 1956 at Kalady, a holy place in Kerala where Adi Sankara, the philosopher who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, was born. He took his PhD on the topic ‘East-West Conflicts in the Novels of R. K. Narayan’ from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala. In addition to innumerable poems, short stories and critical articles published in national and international journals, he has authored/edited thirty books so far. Another poetry book of Dominic translated into French by Dominique Demiscault is in the process of being published in France. Prof. Dominic is the Secretary of Guild of Indian English Writers, Editors and Critics (GIEWEC). He has conducted several national seminars and workshops all over India. He is one of the writers of the SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) countries’ magazine and participant of SAARC literary festivals. He is the editor and publisher of the international refereed biannual journal, International Journal on Multicultural Literature (IJML) and Editor-in-Chief of the GIEWEC’s international refereed biannual journal, Writers Editors Critics (WEC). He is also the publisher of the international refereed annual, New Fiction Journal (NFJ). International Poets Academy, Chennai conferred on him its highest award in 2009; The India Inter-Continental Cultural Association, Chandigarh conferred on him the Kafla Inter-continental Award of Honour Sahitya Shiromani in recognition of his contribution in the field of literature at the 10th International Writers' Festival at Trivandrum (Kerala) in 2014.

Perspectives on principal instructional leadership in Vietnam: a preliminary model

PurposeWorldwide interest in principal instructional leadership has led to global dissemination of related research findings despite their concentration in a limited set of western cultural contexts. An urgent challenge in educational leadership and management lies in expanding the range of national settings for investigations of instructional leadership. The current study addressed this challenge in the context of Vietnam, a nation with a very limited formal knowledge base in school leadership (Hallinger and Bryant, 2013b; Hallinger and Truong, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to describe the perspectives of Vietnamese primary school principals toward their role as instructional leaders, illuminate instructional leadership practices perceived as important by the principals, and develop a preliminary model of instructional leadership within the Vietnamese education context.Design/methodology/approachThis study was a qualitative inquiry that sought to illuminate the perspectives of Vietnamese principals toward their role as instructional leaders. The research employed semi-structured interviews with 27 primary school principals. Data analysis employed grounded theory in order to synthesize results gathered from the principals into a preliminary conceptual model.FindingsThe study yielded a preliminary model of principal instructional leadership in Vietnam. The authors’ model evidences similarities to western models of instructional leadership by including dimensions focusing on setting direction, managing curriculum and instruction and developing the school learning climate. Differences also emerged in terms of two additional constructs, building solidarity and managing external relationships. Other distinctive practices of Vietnamese instructional leaders also emerged in the findings which the authors suggest can be linked to the institutional, political and socio-cultural context of education in this society.Research limitations/implicationsKey limitations arise from the focus on primary schools, small size of the sample, absence of data from the Northern region of Vietnam, and lack of verification of principals’ perspectives with data from other stakeholders.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first empirical studies of Vietnamese school leadership submitted for publication in international refereed journals and the first study that has that sought to conceptualize the instructional leadership role of principals in Vietnam. Moreover, the study illustrates how conceptualizations of school leadership are shaped by features of specific societies. This lends credence to scholarly admonitions concerning the lack of universality of leadership theories.

Investigation of Ego and Task Orientation among International Wrestling Referees

Aim: study was to investigate any possible effect(s) of experiences from active membership and participation in task or ego orientations among referees in the sport of wrestling. Material: The sample consisted of 213 international referees from 30 countries (Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Russia, Poland, Hungary, U.S.A, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Egypt, Canada, Georgia, Croatia, Uzbekistan, Norway, Cuba, Belarus, &amp; Tunisia). Their age ranged from 26 to 60 yrs. old ( M =43, SD =8.6). During the procedure, the participants were asked to fill a specific questionnaire, the «Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire» (Duda &amp; Nicholls, 1992). Results: Results showed that the referees from elite wrestling level’ countries (Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, U.S.A., Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan, &amp; Cuba) are more task oriented than those from the non-elite wrestling level’ countries. Researchers believe that this occurred because referees from non-elite wrestling level’ countries might have less game-sport experience and more specifically in high level games. At the same time, the Olympic experience referees were more task oriented than the non-Olympic experienced. Conclusion: Referee’s decisions are an important issue in the sport milieu. The investigations in decision-making by referees and factors that affect it are rather scarce and research should focus on such topics. Improvement of decision-making by referees, would lead to safer and better performance. Thus, better understanding of referees’ behavior, through identification and operationalization of the factors affecting it, might lead to more effective selection, training and performance.

Internationalization, Deregulation and the Extension of Higher Education in Korea: A Further Note

The Korean government implemented several educational policies to enhance internationalization of higher education such as deregulation of higher education, classroom instructions in English, and faculty publications in international refereed journals. However, the speed of globalization has been lagging behind (Green, 2015). Alternatively, this Note suggests the merit of off-shore campuses that educate students globally and upgrade higher education nationwide. Inviting off-shore campuses from overseas would be a cost- effective way to boost internationalization of domestic higher education.

Comparative Study On Psychological Burnout Among Northern Region Referees

In light of the above and through the experience of the researcher as an international assistant referee and a lecturer for referees in the Egyptian Football Association, the importance of current research appears clearly in dealing with one of the football game which is influential in the field of sports and participates with others to show the honorable image of match levels for any sporting activity being practiced, as the nature of the psychological stresses faced by the referee, whether by crowd, press, media or referees committee with which he works, gives a great importance to its study. This is because of its role in raising the level of arbitration profession as well as developing and upgrading it to the desired level, which makes the practice of such football game a negative problem-free practice and gets rid of the negative aspects so as to give value and prestige to the referee in society.

The STARK-B database VAMDC node: a repository for spectral line broadening and shifts due to collisions with charged particles

Accurate spectroscopic diagnostics and modeling require the knowledge of numerous collisional line profiles. Access to such data via an online database has become indispensable. The STARK-B database is aimed at meeting these needs for widths and shifts of isolated lines of neutral and ionized elements due to electron and ion impacts. This database of the Paris Observatory is a result of scientific cooperation between S Sahal-Bréchot (LERMA) and M S Dimitrijević (AOB). Access to it is free, and it was opened online at the end of 2008. STARK-B is a node of the Virtual Atomic and Molecular Data Centre (VAMDC) and thus complies with VAMDC and Virtual Observatory standards. VAMDC is a European Union-funded collaboration among groups involved in the generation and use of interoperable atomic and molecular data. STARK-B now contains all our semiclassical-perturbation (SCP) calculated data for more than 123 neutral or ionized elements as published in international refereed journals. It is devoted to modeling and spectroscopic diagnostics of stellar atmospheres and envelopes, laboratory plasmas, laser equipment, and technological plasmas. Hence, the range of temperatures and densities covered by the tables is broad and depends on the ionization degree of the radiating atom. The modified semiempirical (MSE) results of calculations have begun to be implemented. In this paper, we highlight the key points of the method and the assumptions used in the calculations, which have lately been revisited. Then we present the database and its recent developments, as well as our ongoing work and our plans for the future.

Message from the New Editor-in-Chief.

Message from the New Editor-in-Chief.

Review of Fluvial Hydrodynamics: Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport Phenomena by Subhasish DeyGeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences Book Series, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; 2014; ISBN 978-3-642-19061-2, ISBN 978-3-642-19062-9 (eBook); DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-19062-9; 687 pp.; $139/€107.09/£93.50.

Review of Fluvial Hydrodynamics: Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport Phenomena by Subhasish DeyGeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences Book Series, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; 2014; ISBN 978-3-642-19061-2, ISBN 978-3-642-19062-9 (eBook); DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-19062-9; 687 pp.; $139/€107.09/£93.50.

유도 심판의 스트레스가 직무만족도에 미치는 영향

본 연구대상은 2013년 현재 유도심판으로 활동하고 있는 149명 중 1급 심판 98명(65.8%), 2급 심판 18명(12.1%), 국제심판 33명(22.1%)의 자료를 본 연구의 최종 유효 표본으로 사용하였다. 유도심판들의 기초배경을 측정하기 위하여 성별, 연령, 유도경력, 심판급수, 심판경력, 지도경력, 직업 등 총 7문항으로 구분하여 측정하였으며, 유도심판의 스트레스를 측정하기 위해 판정실책 4문항, 청탁 4문항, 판정항의 9문항, 체력부담 3문항, 가정생활 불충실 3문항, 여건부족 2문항 등 총 6가지 유형의 25문항으로 구성되었다. 심판활동에 대한 심판직무만족을 측정하기 위해 동료만족 5문항, 보수만족 5문항, 환경만족 6문항, 업무만족 4문항 등 총 4가지 유형의 20문항으로 구성하여 유도심판 겪는 스트레스 요인들과 스트레스의 문제해결을 위한 노력이 심판의 직무만족에는 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 파악하는 것이었다. This study examined 149 referees participating in the field of Judo judgment in 2013. 98 referees of the 1st level (65.8%), 18 referees of the 2nd level (12.1%) and 33 international referees (22.1%) were used as the final valid sample. To evaluate the basic background of referees, 7 categories, such as gender, age, Judo, and a referee career, a coaching career, the level of referee, and occupation were examined. In addition, 25 questions in 6 categories, such as misjudgment 4 questions, special consideration 4 questions, claims for judgment 9 questions, physical fitness burden 3 questions, disloyalty at home 3 questions, a lack of conditions 2 questions were tested for the stress of a judo referee. 20 questions in 4 categories, such as peer satisfaction 5 questions, salary satisfaction 5 questions, atmosphere satisfaction 6 questions, and working satisfaction 4 questions, were examined for job satisfaction as a referee in the field of Judo judgment. In particular, the effects of the factors causing stress for a referee and efforts to release the stress are explored. Based on the methods and data mentioned above, the results of this analysis were determined.

Introduction to Otto Kirchheimer, ‘Elite – Consent – Control in the Western Political System’

Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory is an international refereed open access journal, which publishes contributions on the transdisciplinary study of concepts. In classical rhetoric, ‘redescription’ refers to a rhetorical move that alters the use of a concept in one respect or another. The journal draws attention to conceptual moves within political theory, conceptual history and feminist thought, and highlights political agency within these moves. Political and feminist thought in various forms, whether in philosophical, historical or contemporary terms, is published by the journal. Unique in its focus in political and conceptual contingency, Redescriptions has been published since 1997. Redescriptions welcomes original scholarly contributions on any aspect of political and feminist thought, especially studies that take the changing and contested character of concepts seriously.All our previously published issues are freely available in our issue archive.

Heart rate responses of referees during the 2011 Eurobasket Championship

Vaquera, A., Renfree, A., Thomas, G., St Clair Gibson, A., & Calleja-Gonzalez, J. (2014). Heart rate responses of referees during the 2011 Eurobasket Championship. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 9(1), pp.43-48. The purpose of the study was to describe heart rate responses of referees during a major international basketball championship. Heart rate (HR) data was collected from 26 international referees officiating 48 matches (95 matches ‘worth’ of data) at the 2011 Eurobasket Championship. HR was subsequently normalised to percentage of theoretical maximum, and used to calculate time spent in different exercise intensity zones (Light, moderate, heavy, very heavy) across successive phases of the tournament and successive quarters (Q) of matches. Mean HR was 81.89±13.4% of theoretical maximum during match play, and there were no significant differences in HR recorded during different phases of the championship. However, relative HR progressively decreased with each quarter of the matches (Q1; 91.43±7.6%, Q2; 90.51±7.1%, Q3; 88.23±7.3%, Q4; 88.21±7.5% HRmax). This decrease in %HRmax recorded relative to Q1 reached statistical significance (P<0.05) in Q3 and Q4. Although percentage of total match time spent in ‘hard’ and ‘light’ exercise intensity categories remained similar across quarters of matches, there was a reduction in time spent in ‘very hard’ activity from 10.93±16.08% in Q1 to 5.73±10.36% in Q3 and 5.55±10.74% in Q4 (both P<0.05). This reduction in ‘very hard’ activity was accompanied by an increase in ‘moderate’ intensity activity from 15.06±14.29% in Q1 to 23.37±17.12% in Q3 and 24.35±20.31% in Q4 (both P<0.01). The data suggests that international basketball referees are unable to maintain initial exercise intensity for four successive quarters of championship play. This is in contrast to available data suggesting elite players are able to maintain or increase exercise intensity as matches progress. This has

European Journal Of Sport Science: The Influence of Wearing Compression Stockings on Performance Indicators and Physiological Responses Following a Prolonged Trail Running Exercise

The authors have analyzed 400 publications in international refereed journals, «European Journal of Sport Sciences» for the period from 2001 to 2012. The classification of scientific publications has been done, the tendencies in the development of major trends of sports science in Western countries have been identified.

The Ends of an Idiom, or Sexual Difference in Translation

Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory is an international refereed open access journal, which publishes contributions on the transdisciplinary study of concepts. In classical rhetoric, ‘redescription’ refers to a rhetorical move that alters the use of a concept in one respect or another. The journal draws attention to conceptual moves within political theory, conceptual history and feminist thought, and highlights political agency within these moves. Political and feminist thought in various forms, whether in philosophical, historical or contemporary terms, is published by the journal. Unique in its focus in political and conceptual contingency, Redescriptions has been published since 1997. Redescriptions welcomes original scholarly contributions on any aspect of political and feminist thought, especially studies that take the changing and contested character of concepts seriously.All our previously published issues are freely available in our issue archive.

Sovereignty and Political Representation

Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory is an international refereed open access journal, which publishes contributions on the transdisciplinary study of concepts. In classical rhetoric, ‘redescription’ refers to a rhetorical move that alters the use of a concept in one respect or another. The journal draws attention to conceptual moves within political theory, conceptual history and feminist thought, and highlights political agency within these moves. Political and feminist thought in various forms, whether in philosophical, historical or contemporary terms, is published by the journal. Unique in its focus in political and conceptual contingency, Redescriptions has been published since 1997. Redescriptions welcomes original scholarly contributions on any aspect of political and feminist thought, especially studies that take the changing and contested character of concepts seriously.All our previously published issues are freely available in our issue archive.

&lt;i&gt;Editorial&lt;/i&gt;

Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory is an international refereed open access journal, which publishes contributions on the transdisciplinary study of concepts. In classical rhetoric, ‘redescription’ refers to a rhetorical move that alters the use of a concept in one respect or another. The journal draws attention to conceptual moves within political theory, conceptual history and feminist thought, and highlights political agency within these moves. Political and feminist thought in various forms, whether in philosophical, historical or contemporary terms, is published by the journal. Unique in its focus in political and conceptual contingency, Redescriptions has been published since 1997. Redescriptions welcomes original scholarly contributions on any aspect of political and feminist thought, especially studies that take the changing and contested character of concepts seriously.All our previously published issues are freely available in our issue archive.

The elements of executive attention in top soccer referees and assistant referees.

The aim of the present study was to compare executive attention of top soccer referees and assistant referees at different levels of professional attainment. The sample consisted of 53 subjects (FIFA and national level) – 30 referees and 23 assistant referees. Executive attention of assistant referees was significantly better than the referees’ (p<0.01). Furthermore, extraclass and international referees demonstrated better executive attention than the first-league referees (p<0.01). The research results have proved that referees’ executive attention differs depending on their function and professional level, as well as indicated that the quality of abilities may influence the number and correctness of decisions made during a game. This elementary cognitive process may be strongly shaped by individual’s experience and age. This finding may be instrumental in screening referees and developing criteria for recruiting future referees.

Participating in International Academic Publishing: A Taiwan Perspective

There has been growing concern among researchers and scholars about how nonnative‐English‐speaking academics in the expanding circle (Kachru, , p. 520) cope with challenges while publishing in English in international refereed journals in the center. Most found that academics from peripheral countries where English is a foreign language, compared with native‐English‐speaking counterparts in the inner circle, suffer from a dual disadvantage: linguistic unsophistication and intellectual estrangement due to geographic isolation. It is thus imperative to understand how scholars from these countries address these challenges. This commentary focuses on the experiences of a group of applied linguists in Taiwan. It starts with an overview of the recent development of a higher education policy in Taiwan that aims to enhance the quality of local research output and thereby the ranking of local universities among Asian or international top‐tier universities. Then it addresses this policy's impact on local applied linguists' choice of venues for publishing research and the challenges they perceive in the process. It ends with suggestions for governments imposing this pressure on local scholars to revamp their evaluation standards and for mainstream academia and TESOL professionals and their counterparts teaching English as a foreign language to help these scholars share their voices in the center academia.