International Nature Research Articles

On the Issue of Defense and Protection of Rights to the National Olympic Emblem in the Russian Federation

Introduction: the legal protection of Olympic symbols in the Russian Federation is based on the institution of recognition of unfair competition provided for by the Federal Law “On Protection of Competition,” which is discussed in this paper. Purpose: consider the effect of the Federal Law “On Protection of Competition” in relation to the rules for the defense and protection of rights to the national Olympic emblem. Methods: the methods of deduction were used (in terms of the reception by the national legislation of the main provisions of the Olympic Charter on the possibility of using symbols only subject to an appropriate agreement with the International Olympic Committee) and induction (in the study of the requirements imposed on the national Olympic emblem by the international normative legal acts). Results: the paper analyzes the national Olympic emblems in the context of their definition in the Olympic Charter, systematizes the aspects of regulating national Olympic symbols that are used by states to individualize the venue of specific Olympic Games, to convey to the public the concepts and traditions of the state in the modern world (for a situation when the games are held in a particular state and they create a special Olympic symbol, characterizing such a state and specific Olympic Games), and the rights to them. Conclusions: the paper concludes that the fourth part of the Russian Federation’s Civil Code should regulate the legitimate use of sporting event symbols, taking into account the need to comply with international acts in cases where the sporting event is of an international nature.

Features of electronic (virtual) internationalisation of higher education in Russia and Kazakhstan

Introduction. The use of information and communications technologies in the sphere of higher education has received its new embodiment in promoting universities into the global educational space. The aim of the study was to find out how electronic internationalisation is implemented in some universities in Russia and Kazakhstan and what the prospects for its development are. Materials and methods. The survey was implemented on the basis of the methodology for scrutinising Englishlanguage pages of university websites, developed by the Russian Council on International Affairs in 2015. Materials from 5 English-language versions of websites of state universities in Russia and 5 websites of state universities in Kazakhstan were used. The used methods involved induction of empirical material collection; comparative method of studying the results; analysis and generalisation. Results. The most stuffed website sections of all selected five Russian universities are “About the University” (100%), “Contacts” (96%), “University History” (90%), “Admission” (96%), “University Mission and Strategic Goals” (93%), “Science and Research” (90%), “Units and Departments” (80%), “Foreign Partners” (80%). In 80% of the universities, all or most (2/3 of the total number) curricula in the English language have no news blocks in English or additional materials about the programmes (presentations, videos, booklets, etc.). The section “Career” in English is the most problematic in almost all of the surveyed universities. It is singled out as a special section only in 60% of the explored Russian universities. The most stuffed website sections of all selected five Kazakhstani universities are “Contacts” (84%), “About the University” (60%), “Admission” (60%) and “Science and Research” (50%). The other sections are less than 50% complete. Moreover, the section “Career” (28%) is the most problematic in terms of data content. The study showed that the Russian state universities which are in the top 5 in terms of student numbers are striving to improve the English-language versions of their websites and translate website sections into other popular languages. The survey of the Kazakhstan universities showed the opportunities for the development of electronic internationalisation in the country. Conclusion. Electronic internationalisation is a new promising form of international communication for universities in Russia and Kazakhstan. Some recommendations were formulated to develop electronic (virtual) internationalisation for both countries: translation of websites into other foreign languages; regular updating of information along with the development of strategic and marketing plans; promoting international identification of universities; use of digital marketing; due account of the immersive nature of internationalisation.

Discourse complex <i>i da</i> ‘and yes’ as a dialogue actualizer in modern Russian speech

The article examines semantic and pragmatic features of the discursive complex i da (“and yes”). The relevance of the research is explained by the active inclusion of i da in contemporary speech practice, various genres and styles over the past decade, which was not observed before. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the element i da becomes the object of linguistic analysis for the first time. This study contributes to the understanding of the discursive complex i da in the context of modern linguistic practices. The findings of this research can be beneficial for further linguistic studies and practical applications. The element i da is not recorded in dictionaries and reference books, which also testifies to the novelty of the material presented in the article, which was extracted from the “National Corpus of the Russian Language”, the electronic media bank “Integrum”. The paper is also based to some degree on the personal observations of the authors. This study provides a fresh perspective on the linguistic element i da, contributing to the existing body of linguistic research. The research was conducted within the framework of the structural and descriptive method using semantic, syntactic, and contextual analysis. As a result, the main discursive role of the complex i da was established, i. e., maintaining the interactive nature of conversation through a ‘delayed response’ mechanism, which allows considering i da as a feedback marker. The discursive complex i da involves a real or potential (in the case of a monologue) interlocutor/opponent in the discourse, performing the role of a dialogic actualizer. The core seme of the complex (‘agreement’) can be explicitly supported by the context, and the addressee of the agreement can be not only the ‘other’ but also the speaker himself. The study reveals the rhetorical potential of i da in monologic speech. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the discursive complex i da, highlighting its role in dialogic actualization and its rhetorical potential in monologic speech. The variants of punctuation design of the complex i da identified during the research indicate the need for its further study and the creation of a theoretical basis for subsequent codification in punctuation guides. The study proposes a hypothesis about the appearance of i da in Russian as a result of calquing English phrases and yes / and yeah, which are of international nature. This research emphasizes the importance of further investigation into the discursive complex i da, its punctuation variants, and its origins in the Russian language.

The Status of Anti-Piracy of The Optical Media Board: Basis for an Enhanced Standard Operating Procedure

The rampant piracy issue in the Philippines has significant repercussions for both the entertainment industry and the government. To address this concern, the Optical Media Board (OMB) was established in 2003 as a government agency; responsible for enforcing intellectual property laws related to optical media. Despite the OMB’s efforts, piracy remains a persistent problem, particularly in the digital domain. The researcher conducted surveys among OMB personnel and licensed clients, utilizing a quantitative descriptive method and purposive sampling technique.The comprehensive evaluation of the OMB’s anti-piracy efforts revealed that the board was very effective in several key areas, including: intelligence/enforcement operations, information campaigns, digital piracy operations and quasi-judicial functions. Both OMB personnel and clients acknowledged the high effectiveness of these areas. However, there were perceptible differences in the perception of information campaigns among the respondents. The study recommends that the OMB intensify its efforts in this domain by disseminating information about piracy trends, emerging threats, and best practices to stakeholders. This collaborative approach aims to enhance the overall effectiveness of government-led anti-piracy initiatives. Furthermore, the challenges faced by the OMB are highlighted in the study, particularly the international nature of piracy operations, which is widely regarded as a formidable obstacle.

Chinese Multinationals and Europe’s Geoeconomic Turn: The De‐Globalization of the Chinese ICT and Automotive Industry?

Amid increasing geopolitical tensions between Western powers and China over the alleged state-capitalist nature of Chinese corporate internationalization, European governments have introduced a set of political measures tightening their trade and investment regimes on grounds of national security and economic competitiveness. This article analyzes how this “geoeconomic turn” in Europe affected the internationalization of (state-backed) Chinese firms into Europe and hence the establishment of Sino-European corporate relations. With a focus on the Chinese ICT and automotive industries, we zoom in on corporate internationalization by distinguishing two modes: (a) outward foreign direct investments (greenfield investments and mergers and acquisitions) and (b) the formation of collaborative ties (strategic alliances and joint ventures) with European companies—a hitherto underexplored form of Sino-European corporate relations. Our analysis is predicated on a comprehensive dataset consolidating information on both modes of internationalization for the period 2000–2023. We show that, in relation to investment numbers, Chinese companies continue to expand into Europe, even if values are decreasing. We also find that the formation of collaborative ties (strategic alliances and joint ventures) has not halted but increased in the wake of Europe’s geoeconomic turn, indicating a further intensification of Sino-European corporate relations, though under the radar of tightening investment policies and mechanisms. When unpacking the variegated impact of the geoeconomic turn on Chinese companies’ internationalization strategies in Europe, our study also finds, however, that its ramifications vary substantively—not only per sector but also among companies exposed to varying degrees of party-state permeation. Applying a novel fine-grained measure to party-state permeation, the article shows that the geoeconomic turn seems to have affected predominantly those leading Chinese firms with a high party-state exposure.

A cyberterrorist behind the keyboard

Abstract Given the diverse backgrounds of people living in modern societies as well as the international nature of cyber-terrorist threats, profiling the type of person behind cyber-mediated crimes has become a norm in terrorist profiling practice. This study contributes to timely efficient terrorist profiling and threat assessment by showcasing an automated content analysis of cyber-mediated terrorist texts, using natural language processing technology and AI-assisted analysis. To characterise the terrorist type of texts and provide clues to threats, the study employs a ‘psycholinguistic profiling’ approach to authorship analysis (Grant 2008). That is, it seeks to describe the likelihood of an author’s engagement in violent extremist activity, identify motives for violence, and provide clues vis-a-vis would-be and actual violent behaviours. The study takes twenty texts produced by international terrorists involved in jihadism and far-right violent extremism as a case study. The findings reveal the investigative value of automated psycholinguistic profiling for security and intelligence practitioners, with the semantic patterns yielding helpful information for an understanding of the criminal nature of terrorist language. Also revealed is the attentional pattern of extremists and their discourse together with clues-based conclusions about text type, as well as ‘warning’ behaviours and motives for aggression which vary according to the authors’ ideological differences.

Отечественная доктрина правовой природы института морской перевозки груза (конец XIX — начало XX в.)

The article is devoted to understanding the legal nature of the institution of maritime transportation of goods in the domestic legal doctrine, characteristic of the legal thought of the period under review. The institution under study, having the specifics of public international law, private international law, civil law, administrative law, as well as due to its close connection with other related institutions of maritime law, has emerged as an institution that cannot be regulated within the framework of one branch of law without taking into account all the features its historical and legal specificity. The presence of multifaceted reflections on the legal aspects of the contract for the carriage of goods by sea reveals the main contours of what constitutes its nature as a legal institution, and indicates its significance for the state system and economy of that era. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that during the period under review, an independent concept of the international public legal nature of the institution of maritime transportation of goods was formed in different interpretations, which did not receive final confirmation, and maritime trade law remained a structural part of trade law.

Sleep-aiding music therapy for insomnia: Exploring EEG functional connectivity of sleep-related attentional bias

Study objectivesThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep-aiding music and sleep-related attentional bias based on electroencephalography (EEG) functional connectivity (FC) in patients with insomnia disorder (ID), to evaluate the effectiveness of music in aiding sleep. MethodThis study included 30 participants, comprising 15 patients with ID and 15 healthy controls (HCs). Six types of music were selected for sleep aid, and a dot-probe task based on sleep-related attentional bias was utilized to collect behavioral and EEG data. Vigilance bias and disengagement bias were measured using reaction time and EEG FC. Differences in sleep-related attentional bias before and after the intervention of music were explored to evaluate the sleep-aiding effects and identify EEG biomarkers. ResultsCompared with HCs, patients with ID showed decreased sleep-related attentional bias of EEG FC between occipital-central and temporal-frontal lobes. Among the six types of music, International Standard Sleep Aid and Lullaby had a greater impact on decreasing vigilance bias in the ID group. Additionally, the International Standard Sleep Aid and Nature Sound were more effective in decreasing disengagement bias in the ID group. This study also examined the resting-state EEG FC of patients with ID before and after the intervention of music. The results showed that the FC in the temporal, frontal, and occipital lobes significantly differed before and after the intervention of music, especially with the use of International Standard Sleep Aid, Lullaby, and Alpha Sound Wave. However, it is worth noting that these three types of music showed no similarities in EEG FC, in contrast to the result of sleep-related attentional bias of EEG FC. ConclusionThis study found that the sleep-related attentional bias of EEG FC has more distinct characteristics when compared to resting-state EEG FC. The results suggest that the sleep-related attentional bias of EEG FC could be a potential biomarker for assessing the sleep-aiding effect of music interventions. International Standard Sleep Aid was the most effective for patients with ID among six types of sleep-aiding music. These findings could facilitate the development of personalized therapies for patients with ID. Clinical trials registrationChinese Clinical Trial Register, http://www.chictr.org.cn, ID: ChiCTR2400081608.

Social Conflict In Margot Lee Shetterly’s Hidden Figures Novel

The purposes of this study to find out the kinds of social conflicts exist Hidden Figures Novel and to describe how the impact of the social conflicts on characters such as Dorothy Voughan, Marry Jackson, Katherine Jhonson, Christina Darden and the other black people character in this novel. The data in this research part of the novel that is related to the social conflict. The source of data comes from the novel Hidden Figures. The method of the research is descriptive qualitative research. By using the Soerjono Soekanto’s theories (2017). He stated there are five kinds of social conflict. The five social conflict are conflict of an International Nature, Political conflicts, conflicts between social classes, Racial conflicts, and Personal conflict. Then there are five impacts of social conflict in his theory.

Untangling the significance of the Ukraine and the Netherlands vs Russia Case on the determination of the international nature of the conflict and on the onset of the use of force by the Russian Federation against Ukraine: 2022 OR 2014?

This article will draw from the ECtHR’s judgement of 30/11/2022, without offering a direct commentary on that decision. My aim is to build upon the Court’s stance and analyse it in the context of the international framework of the use of force. I believe it gives rise to a prolific discussion on jus ad bellum, which allows, by resorting to case-law and relevant documents and scholar’s legal theories, to question whether the violation of the prohibitive principle of the use of force in international relations only occurred when Putin authorized a “special military operation” in 2022, or if it goes back to 2014. I am going to endorse this latter viewpoint, but not before putting in prominence the Court’s assessment on the ECHR’s extraterritorial application and whether it allows to link the Russian Federation to the “separatists’” warlike acts, imparting an international nature to an apparently internal armed conflict.

Down the Rabbit Hole of Investment Arbitration and Ethics

This article addresses the role of arbitrators and the everlasting tension amongst personal morals and interpretive rigour. Critiques of investment law have traditionally underscored the lack of balance in power between foreign investors and host states under BITs and FTAs and have especially emphasized how investment arbitration is a mechanism that aggravates imbalances and engenders inequitable outcomes. Frequent appeals for the reform of investment arbitration resonate amongst scholars, states, and international organizations, with the appointment of arbitrators and their conduct facing intense scrutiny. Arbitrators, endowed with powers akin to those of adjudicators, demonstrate at times a concerning attitude towards the rigorous interpretation of applicable laws, often overlooking the public international law nature of BITs and FTAs and, on occasion, approaching investment disputes as though they were merely commercial arbitration cases. The conflation of the two types of arbitration has had adverse effects, resulting in dubious awards and decisions. The increasing number of so-called mega-awards exacerbates the problem, as their significance for host states is not necessarily commensurate with the rigor of the legal reasoning underpinning them. This has progressively led to an erosion of trust in investment arbitrators and numerous calls for greater accountability of arbitrators. However, one may argue that even the most rigorous interpretations of BITs and FTAs unavoidably favour the interests of foreign investors due to the inherent nature of such agreements, which prioritize the rights and protections of foreign investors over the interest and welfare of host states and their populations.

Comparison of D2 vs D3 lymph node dissection for RIght COloN cancer (RICON): study protocol for an international multicenter open-label randomized controlled trial

BackgroundColon cancer is a global health concern, ranking fifth in both new diagnoses and deaths among tumors worldwide. Surgical intervention remains the primary treatment for localized cases, with a historical evolution marked by a focus on short-term outcomes. While Japan pioneered radical tumor removal with a systematic categorization of lymph nodes (D1, D2, D3), the dissemination of Japanese practices to the West was delayed until 90th of last century. Discrepancies between Japanese D3 dissection and the CME with CVL principle persist, with variations in longitudinal margins and recommended procedures. Non-randomized trials indicate the superiority of D3 over D2, but a consensus is lacking.MethodsThis prospective, international, multicenter, randomized controlled trial employs a two-arm, parallel-group, open-label design to rigorously compare the 5-year overall survival outcomes between D2 and D3 lymph node dissection in stage II-III right colon cancer. Building on prior studies, the trial aims to address existing knowledge gaps and provide a comprehensive evaluation of the outcomes associated with D3 dissection. The study population comprises patients with right colon cancer, ensuring a focused investigation into the specific context of this disease. The trial design emphasizes its global scope and collaboration across multiple centers, enhancing the generalizability of the findings.DiscussionThis study’s primary objective is to elucidate the potential superiority in 5-year overall survival benefits of D3 lymph node dissection compared to the conventional D2 approach in patients with stage II-III right colon cancer. By examining this specific subset of patients, the research aims to contribute valuable insights into optimizing surgical strategies for improved long-term outcomes. The trial’s international and multicenter nature enhances its applicability across diverse populations. The outcomes of this study may inform future guidelines and contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the standardization of colon cancer surgery, particularly in the context of right colon cancer.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03200834. Registered on June 27, 2017.

Autocratization Spillover: When Electing an Authoritarian Erodes Election Trust across Borders.

The rich literature on election trust predominantly uses domestic determinants as explanatory factors. But given the international nature of the autocratization wave, can an autocratization event across borders erode election trust? This article argues that an authoritarian's electoral success in a neighboring country can shatter democratic norms and demonstrate the viability of authoritarians. This autocratization event abroad can thus reduce citizens' principled support for democracy and its political system. Consequently, citizens across borders are less likely to see democratic elections as the "only game in town" and they have less trust in elections. To test this idea, I study the spillover effects of the 2018 Brazilian presidential election, in which an authoritarian candidate won decisively. Using the AmericasBarometer in Colombia that was launched throughout this election, I find that the election trust of Colombian citizens erodes after Jair Bolsonaro's electoral success. To probe into the mechanism, I uncover that his electoral victory leads Colombian citizens to be less supportive of the domestic political system and reduces their principled support for democracy. The causal mediation analysis demonstrates that these two variables mediate the effect of the authoritarian's electoral success on election trust. These findings on autocratization spillover effects illustrate the importance of external autocratization events in the study of election trust.

A History of International Engagement in the Council for Exceptional Children Since 1980. Part 1: Organizational Components

Abstract Is the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), arguably the largest professional organization in exceptional education in the world, international or not? What does it mean to be international? An integrative literature review of primary sources of CEC news articles, reports of initiatives and workgroups, and columns in CEC publications that provided records of the Council’s internationally related thinking and activities involving countries outside the United States and Canada was conducted to reconceptualize CEC’s international nature since 1980. In this article, we report the findings from these sources that provide evidence of international aspirations and activities at times for six organizational components of CEC—mission and vision, policy, units, committees, work groups, and membership. There were instances of international thinking and efforts in these components. Both are necessary for meaningful international engagement, as neither is sufficient on its own. Our results suggest, though, that each may have been wanting. Recommendations are provided on how CEC can increase its global engagement through these elements.

Managing the risks against carbon neutralization for green maritime transport

Maritime transport plays a vital role in global trade. With low transport costs and high service reliability, approximately 80% of products are transported by sea. The international nature of maritime transport supports globalized production and consumption patterns. As a result, maritime transport is uniquely influenced by the convergence of environmental, geopolitical, and social factors. One of the environmental factors linked to maritime transport is emissions. Although many steps have been taken to reduce emissions within the scope of carbon neutrality by implementing new technologies and policies, the volume of emissions produced in maritime transport is still relatively high and threatens global sustainability. This research attempts to estimate the volume of carbon emissions produced by international shipping using the Simple Exponential Smoothing method. After highlighting the situation, this research aims to determine the risks that cause carbon emissions and which should be prioritized using the Graph Theory and Matrix Approach. This approach draws attention to the fact that a scientific basis has remained in the background. This study emphasizes the scientific basis of the method used to estimate carbon emissions, ensuring that geopolitical and social risks are taken into account as well as environmental factors. Thus, it offers a more comprehensive perspective to help managers and decision-makers in developing emission reduction strategies, contributing to the greening of maritime transport.

Prominence, Promotion and Positioning of the ‘Thesis by Publication’ in Six Countries

AbstractThe international nature of doctoral education creates interesting tensions where national systems, institutional policies, disciplinary customs, individual supervisor preferences, and doctoral researcher needs meet. The Thesis by Publication (TBP), a model where published works are included within the thesis, is available to doctoral researchers in many disciplines and institutions, but it is not a universally accepted format or approached in a homogeneous way. Policy has been known to shape practice, yet we know little about how institutional policies shape TBP practices across different national contexts. This study presents a content analysis of policy documents related to the TBP in public universities across six countries: Australia, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Our goal is to understand the prevalence of the TBP and related policy documentation in different contexts, and how the model is promoted and positioned within the doctoral landscape. Findings from our study challenge the often-stated notion that the TBP is a universally understood format. Our findings also show the risks in the absence of explicit policies, as well as the possible inequalities that may arise as a result of a lack of policy transparency and synergy within and across contexts.

Violation of laws and customs of war (Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), committed on behalf of and in the interests of the Russian Federation: problems of criminal legal response

The article is devoted to clarifying the question of whether criminal measures can be applied to legal entities in the event of an authorized person committing a crime on behalf of and in the interests of a legal entity under Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Based on the interpretation of the norms provided for by paragraph 4 of part 1 of Article 96-3 and part 2 of Article 96-4 of this Code, a legal conflict has been identified, which consists in the presence of a declarative norm on the possibility of applying such measures in this case (paragraph 4 of part 1 of Article 96-3 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and a norm that excludes such a possibility (part 2 of Article 96-4 of this Code). It offers the basis of application of measures of criminal and legal nature in relation to legal entities to consider through the prism of a set of three conditions (components), namely: 1) commission by an authorized person of criminal offenses provided for in a specific paragraph of part 1 of Art. 96-3; 2) committing these criminal offenses on behalf of and/or in the interests of a legal entity (depending on its wording in the relevant paragraph); 3) belonging of legal entities to the type provided for in Art. 96-4 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is established that, in view of the legal status of combatants who are involved by the State in armed conflicts of an international or non-international nature and take part in hostilities on the side of the relevant belligerent party in the composition of regular and irregular troops, are representatives of this party, that is, they act on behalf of and in the interests of the relevant governments, the State that involved them in hostilities. Such combatants, accordingly, act on behalf of and in the interests not only of the state, but also of the relevant state formation, including military ones. At the same time, in case of committing such unlawful acts by an authorized person of the state or a legal entity under the effective control of the state or a subject of state property, it bears exclusively civil responsibility for the benefit received and the damage caused (part 2 of Article 96-4 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). It is proposed to eliminate such a conflict by excluding from paragraph 4 of Part 1 of Article 96-3 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine an indication of Article 438 of this Code.

National implementation of the Regulation establishing the European Public Prosecutor’s Office in Germany

The text tackles the European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO), which is a European body responsible for investigating, prosecuting, and bringing to justice the perpetrators of crimes detrimental to the Union's financial interests. While the EPPO has been established only by way of enhanced cooperation, involving originally 20 – and soon thereafter 22 – Member States, the fight against crimes affecting the financial interests of the Union is a common effort of all Member States of the European Union. Mostly international nature of the crimes against the Union’s interests makes necessary to create, develop and uphold such a supranational structure, as a most effective one.The EPPO relies on existing structures and human resources in participating Member States. Notwithstanding that the EPPO Regulation is directly applicable in the Member States, there is still a need to adjust the domestic legal framework to ensure that it is able to effectively carry out its tasks of investigating and prosecuting. The following contribution intends to provide an overview of the organizational and legislative measures that have been taken in Germany to this end.

Ensuring the Principle of Legal Certainty as a Way to Counteract the International Terrorism

Introduction. Due to its antisocial and destructive nature, terrorism constitutes a particular threat to the public, national and international security. It is one of the global problems of our time, which leads to the increased tension, has the high conflict potential and extremely negative effect on development and life of a society, a separate state and the globalcommunity on the whole. Cooperation between the national states and the international organisations for combating the international terrorism is most often restricted to the individual cases. In this context, the principles of law, which represent the concentrated essence of the universal values and ideals underlying the legal regulation of the social relationships, become particularly acute and relevant. The present article aims to analyse the theoretical and practical aspects of the principle of legal certainty in counteracting the international terrorism. Materials and Methods. The object of the study is the principle of legal certainty as a tool of counteracting the international terrorism. The dialectical method of cognition was used as the main research method, the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and the specific legal methods (empirical and legalistic) were also used. Results. It has been proved that the spread of extremism and terrorism constitutes a threat to the present day international and national legal order. The necessity to formulate a unified general definition of the concept of “terrorism” and to implement the principle of legal certainty in counteracting the international terrorism has been substantiated. Discussion and Conclusion. The research has revealed the need for an optimal and efficient solution for implementation of the non bis in idem (“not twice for the same”) principle with regard to the terrorist crimes (primarily of the international nature), endowing the universal jurisdiction over them, which allows criminal prosecution of the criminals regardless of their location, citizenship or territory, where the individual crime has been committed. The theoretical and practical value of the results obtained is the capacity thereof to be used both in the field of scientific research (for further theoretical study of the problems of counteracting the international terrorism) and in the field of law-making (for improving the Russian Federation legislation on counteracting terrorism). Bearing in mind future research, the special attention should be paid to the optimisation of the legal framework, enhancement of the regulatory legal mechanisms aiming to prevent in an optimal way the international terrorism as a social phenomenon.

Linking sufficiency and the protection of biodiversity: An issue of political implications, framing, descriptiveness and interdisciplinarity?

The dramatic loss of biodiversity is caused by the use of resources and land. One strategy aiming at reducing the use of resources and land is sufficiency, which consequently could be a strategy for protecting biodiversity. This article therefore examines the extent to which sufficiency in the context of biodiversity conservation is already being addressed by nature conservation associations and the scientific community. To this end, publications were analysed firstly with regards to the understanding of sufficiency, secondly with regards to the considered links between sufficiency and biodiversity as well as thirdly with regards to the considered fields of action. The systematic identification and evaluation of scientific publications (for the years 2017–2021) and publications by German and international nature conservation associations shows that few publications address the link between sufficiency and biodiversity. And when they do, the link often remains unspecific. Possible reasons are that sufficiency potentially has broader political implications, that the term is not descriptive and that other terms are used to describe similar strategies. Other potential explanations are that several framings for the need for sufficiency are possible and that linking sufficiency and biodiversity requires interdisciplinarity. Drawing on the results and the discussion, an argument in favour of using the term ‘sufficiency’ and further research is presented. Moreover, a sufficiency typology is developed and questions are raised that could form the basis for future research on linking biodiversity conservation and the various aspects of sufficiency.