International Market Economy Research Articles

Parent-Subsidiary Responsibility in the Development of Multinational Enterprises

As a core subject in the current international market economic activities, the parent-subsidiary company not only plays an important role in the development of multinational enterprises themselves, but also plays an important role in the bonding of cooperation between countries. However, the limitations of the traditional corporate law governance model, especially the limited nature of liability, make multinational corporations in the actual operation of many problems. Among them, the issue of responsibility sharing between parent and subsidiary companies is still one of the core issues that need to be continuously focused on at this stage, because the assumption of responsibility by parent and subsidiary companies not only has an important impact on the development of the international market economy, but also pays direct attention to the acquisition of creditor's interests. Through comparative research, historical research, and other research methods, the issue of responsibility-sharing among parent-subsidiary companies of multinational enterprises will be studied. The role of the corporate veil piercing system in responsibility-sharing will be analyzed based on domestic and foreign legislation and judicial experience. The aim is to identify a responsibility-sharing approach that promotes the development of multinational enterprises while safeguarding the interests of creditors.

The Danish Economy, 1973–2009: From National Welfare State to International Market Economy

ABSTRACT A number of long-term trends in the Danish economy changed around 1973. The decades before were characterized by the establishment of a welfare state with a high level of social security and an optimistic attitude to public planning. Many periods during the subsequent decades have witnessed a struggle against different specific economic problems, including how to pay for the welfare state. But the whole period since 1973 has been characterized by an overall movement from a national welfare state to a more international and market-oriented economy. The development can be divided into four separate phases based on changes in government and different policies: 1973–1982 is characterized by escalating economic problems, 1982–93 with an improvement in the macroeconomic balance except in employment, and 1993–2001 with a highly successful improvement, including in employment. During the period 2001–2009 the government did not show the same willingness to make reforms, but this period’s liberal-conservative government is the symbol of the transformation to a market economy.

CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION IN A CONTEST WITH THE STATE AND NATIONALISM

What is globalization? It is difficult to define globalization with a single definition although it is a buzz word of this century; this term has mesmerized and fascinated the world significantly. It is considered as the large scale convergence process, it is a multidimensional phenomenon the main agent to activate the merger of economy and culture of the local and distant as a result growing interdependence in all walk of life is eradicating the cultural, social, territorial and religious barriers. The advocates of globalization predict that that through this process poor or developing countries can improve their economies and can raise the standard of living of their common people while the opponents of globalization claim that uncontrolled or free international market economy is benefitting the multinational corporations mostly operated by the entrepreneurs of the western world at the expense of local businesses, local cultures and common people. The advancement of technology and free market economy are working together to create a new globalized and interconnected world. The dynamic and ever-changing technological revolution involving the creation of a computerized network of communication, transportations, and exchange the acceptance of a globalized economy, the enlargement of world capitalist market system is absorbing ever more areas of the world and orbit of production, exchange, and consumption. As the world is experiencing and exploring the massive waves of ideas, norms, values, beliefs and hard products through direct as well as indirect channels not only media but tourists, businessmen, NGO’s, migrants are transferring their ideas, beliefs, and ideas from one part of the world to another.

Crime reporting practices among traders at Alaba International Market, Lagos

In the field of contemporary study of victims in most developing countries worldwide, the reporting of personal victimization has received more attention by scholars than business victimization. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to examine the influence of business crimes reporting practices among traders on the development of the Alaba International Market, the traders and national economy. The study was conducted between October 3 and 8, 2015, in Lagos, Nigeria. It collected quantitative data from 245 respondents that were randomly selected from traders at the market. These were complemented by qualitative data collected through In-depth Interviews and Focus Group Discussions with purposively selected participants. The data were analyzed. The quantitative data found that 82.1% of the respondents attributed the victimization of small businesses to organized crimes by youth. The qualitative data indicated that the Alaba Market investors will reduce the unemployment rate in Lagos if the government stop frustrating the traders with the tax burden. The study concluded that business crimes prevent economic development. It suggests partnership among stakeholders for the provision of closed-circuit television cameras to prevent business violence and induce economic development at Alaba International Market.

COUNTERACTION TO LAWBREAKING IN THE SPHERE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN UKRAINE: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT

Foreign experience shows that intellectual activity becomes a defining and decisive driving force of any development. First of all it defines the strategy and tactics of social and economic progress of any country. National administrative and legal legislation in the sphere of intellectual property protection is based on the requirements of the international conventions, their principles and market economy bases. However, the condition of struggle against offences in the sphere of intellectual property in our state does not meet requirements of nowadays. For many years Ukraine is included into number of first ten states of the world with the highest level of offences in this sphere which certifies about the presence of problems which need immediate resolving. In article on the basis of the analysis of scientific views of scientists and norms of the legislation the dynamics of counteraction to offences in the sphere of intellectual property is ascertained. The essence of such important legal category as intellectual property is defined. The causes and conditions which promote to the occurrence of offences in the sphere of intellectual property in Ukraine are ascertained, and also possible ways of overcoming determinants of offences in this sphere are outlined. Having carried out the historical and legal analysis of legal regulation of counteraction to offences in the sphere of intellectual property, it’s necessary to notice that for today there is a considerable quantity of laws and by-law regulatory legal acts which to some extent counteract offences and protect the rights ofpersons in this sphere. A considerable quantity of such acts caused the necessity of their systematization that in its turn will promote to effective and qualitative counteraction to offences in considered sphere. It’s supposed as necessary and expedient to adopt a uniform normative-legal act which would define main principles of counteraction to offences in the sphere of intellectual property in Ukraine.

Global Contemporary Art Tourism: Engaging with Cuban Authenticity Through the Bienal de La Habana

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the role of the Bienal de La Habana in the production of local authenticity for international contemporary art travelers. Since 1984, this biennial art exhibition has mirrored Cuba’s international policy interests with its selection of artworks, from an initial promotion of nonaligned international solidarity to an increasing visibility of North American and European artists. Under the motto “Between idea and experience”, its 2015 iteration favorited site-specific and socially engaged art works that “blurred the limits between art and life”, reportedly facilitating the encounter between international art tourists and local residents in Havana in their quotidian private and public living spaces. This analysis is framed by the State’s current tourism campaign “Cuba Auténtica”, which highlights the nation’s “rich cultural tradition, [its] history and immaterial heritage, [its] visual and performing arts”, and will draw from data gathered from participant observation, archival research, and secondary literature analysis. This paper speaks to concerns about the staging of cultural uniqueness for niche tourism publics, such as the elite international community of contemporary art tourists. The Cuban case further illustrates the convergence of the cultural industries with tourism development in developing regions negotiating access to the international market economy.

Food Tourism, with the approach of Presenting Central Plateau of Iran's Local and Indigenous Cuisine

Food plays an important role in the construction of locations and tourism destinations. Climate, culture and history of a region shape its food characteristic and since food is considered as a subset of cultural tourism or heritage, such a link between the location and cooking ways were used in tourism in several. The food can be understood as a tool to direct and guide tourists throughout the regions or countries. Central Plateau of Iran having diverse population centers, owns a great treasure of local and indigenous foods which the same feature can introduce this region as a major hub for Iran's food tourism. This research has been prepared through documentary, librarian and surveying methods and tries to introduce the vast table of local and domestic foods of Central Plateau of Iran and submit them to the national and international tourism market economy.

Research on the Trend of Yen Exchange Rate and International Crude oil Price Fluctuation Affected by Japan’s Earthquake

Purpose: Whether this earthquake would become a turning point of the high oil price and whether it would have big impact on yen exchange rate are two issues to be discussed in this paper. Design/methodology/approach: To analyze deeply the internal relations between changes in yen exchange rate caused by Japan’s earthquake and price fluctuation of international crude oil, this research chooses middle rate of yen exchange rate during the 45 days around Japan’s earthquake and price data of international crude oil to do an empirical study, uses VAR model and HP trend decomposition to estimate the mutual effect of yen exchange rate change and price fluctuation of international crude oil in this period. Findings: It has been found in the empirical study with VAR model and HP filter decomposition model on the yen exchange rate and the international crude oil price fluctuation during 45 days around Japan’s earthquake that: the fluctuation of yen exchange rate around the earthquake is one of the main reasons for the drastic fluctuation of international crude oil price in that period. The fluctuation of international crude oil price directly triggered by yen exchange rate occupies 13.54% of its total variance. There is a long-term interactive relationship between yen exchange rate and international crude oil price. The upward trend of international crude oil price after the earthquake was obvious, while yen exchange rate remained relatively stable after the earthquake. Originality/value: As economic globalization goes deeper, the influence of natural disasters on international financial market and world economy will become more and more obvious. It has a great revelatory meaning to studying further each kind of natural disaster’s impacts on international financial market and world economics.

Fleets of Tarshish: Trading Ventures and Other Tall Tales of the Bible

ABSTRACTThis article reconsiders the issue of exchange (or trade as it is often called) in ancient Southwest Asia. It does so by tackling the widespread assumption, based on neoclassical economics, that there was an “international market economy” based on long distance trade. I challenge that assumption both by analysing the metaphorical image of exchange in biblical texts con-cerning Solomon and by drawing upon archaeological evidence and theoreti-cal considerations. By doing so, it is possible to reassess and redefine three key economic features of the ancient world: surplus, exchange, and market. Surpluses were produced by farmers for difficult times ahead, long-distance exchange was primarily in preciocities, and markets were generated out of lo-gistical concerns with provisioning armies and not primarily for profit (as is the case with most markets throughout history). I also find that the merchant was a very despised figure in the ancient world, for he was at the same time diplomat, tax collector, usurer and landlord. In light of this evidence, the arti-cle closes by asking why neoclassical models have become so popular in the last 25 years.

Improving communication with foreign speakers on the shop floor

Thanks to the international labour market and global economy, an increasing number of foreign languages are spoken in the workplace. Dutch companies in the metalworking and technological industries asked for support to improve communication on the shop floor with workers who do not speak the official company language.Having various foreign languages on the shop floor brings the risk of miscommunication, which may result in unsafe situations, accidents, and health problems.The aim of the project described in this paper was to develop tools that companies can apply directly to improve bidirectional communication on the shop floor. We did this in co-creation with professionals from several companies. The information was gathered by collecting workplace practices and experiences as well as by conducting literature research.We developed a brochure with tips and an online dictionary.The brochure describes how companies can apply basic measures to improve communication on the shop floor: (1) determining the company’s official language(s) on the shop floor, (2) interpreting, (3) translating, (4) working with pictures, (5) organising the work in order to minimise language barriers, (6) learning the official language as a second language.An online dictionary was launched with specific terminology for the metalworking and technological industries. The terms have been translated into 12 languages, and include their phonetic pronunciation. Also 80 pictograms have been included, giving a non-verbal means for communication.The materials were launched in January 2011. In mid-October, nearly 1200 companies had already consulted the online dictionary and/or downloaded the tips.

Embracing globalization: university experiences among youth in contemporary Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyz government policy following independence called for the improvement and expansion of higher education as an important strategy to successfully enter the international market economy. Young people were to become a resource for economic growth and prosperity. However, even though the number of higher education institutions and enrolment levels have dramatically increased, the quality of secondary education, as well as the demand for professional and skilled labour, have decreased. These factors pose challenges for the organization of higher education and the quality of universities. Today, eager, but often unskilled, youth find themselves in university settings where many become disenchanted with formal instruction and seek other activities, purposes and futures This article describes and discusses these dynamics witnessed as part of a larger case study on universities and university reform in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, between 2007–09.

Gini Eşitsizlik Katsayılarıyla Cemaatlerin 19. Yüzyıl Sonlarında Osmanlı Vilayetlerindeki Coğrafi Dağılımlarının Belirlenmesi

The Ottoman society had a heterogeneous community structure that is different from our time. There were seven big communities that were determined by the base religious identity in censuses. There were numerical distributions of the communities in the 33 provinces in the 19th century. In this study, the character of geographical spatial distributions of communities with Gini inequality measurement is examined. Findings show that, the Muslim, Rome and Armenian communities were the essential elements. The other result found by this study is that, at the end of the 19th century international market economy remained in regional level, not at the national level.

The new Dynamics of Indian Foreign Policy and its Ambiguities

Thanks to the cumulative effects of high economic growth, steady integration with the international market economy, rapid strides in business processing, successful introduction of new technologies of communication and the induction of nuclear weapons and delivery capacity to national defence strategies, the international status of India has altered radically over the past decade. Increasingly, in the domestic political arena, India's leaders see their country as a global player, rather than as a low-income country with poor infrastructure and mass poverty. Suddenly, India is 'everywhere'; but what does it amount to in terms of foreign policy, particularly in terms of the contradictions that underpin it? This article examines the anomalies and missing elements of India's foreign policy, which sometimes create a sense of vagueness and incoherence about her intentions on, and likely reactions to, issues affecting her vital interests. The article illustrates this argument on the basis of an analysis of some core concerns of India's foreign policy, such as nuclearisation, Kashmir, terrorism and India's position in South Asia.

The New Dynamics of Indian Foreign Policy and Its Ambiguities

Thanks to the cumulative effects of high economic growth, steady integration with the international market economy, rapid strides in business processing, successful introduction of new technologies of communication and the induction of nuclear weapons and delivery capacity to national defence strategies, the international status of India has altered radically over the past decade. Increasingly, in the domestic political arena, India's leaders see their country as a global player, rather than as a low-income country with poor infrastructure and mass poverty. Suddenly, India is 'everywhere'; but what does it amount to in terms of foreign policy, particularly in terms of the contradictions that underpin it? This article examines the anomalies and missing elements of India's foreign policy, which sometimes create a sense of vagueness and incoherence about her intentions on, and likely reactions to, issues affecting her vital interests. The article illustrates this argument on the basis of an analysis of some core concerns of India's foreign policy, such as nuclearisation, Kashmir, terrorism and India's position in South Asia.

One Size Does Not Fit All

January 2004 · Historically Speaking2 1 Counterrevolution in all its variants. The collectivist delusionwas fladyincompatiblewith an international division of labor: when the formerwas ascendant, the latter could notsurvive . For collectivism invariablyattached itself to the ready means of the nation-state, and once so ensconced, it helped to stoke aggressive , beggar-thy-neighbor nationalism. In a world of centralized and increasingly regimented states whose interests could not help but clash, conflict was inevitable. In the years afterWorld War ? there was a partial reconstruction of the international economy, led by the United States, Western Europe, andJapan. But the continued ascendancy of the Industrial Counterrevolution made true globalization impossible. After all, the bulk ofthe world's population, located in the Communist bloc and the so-called Third World, lived under rabidly collectivist regimes thatrejected theveryideaofan international market economy. Only in the past couple ofdecades has the counterrevolutionarymomentum exhausted itselfin disillusionment and failure. And as overweening state control has receded—with the opening of China, the fall ofthe Soviet empire, and many Third World countries' abandonment of state-dominated models of development— market connections have been reestablished. The death ofthe dream ofcentralized control has marked the rebirth ofglobalization. But the collectivist past continues to cast long shadows. The move toward more liberal policies has occurred amidst the ruins of the old order, and so has had to contend with grossly deformed conditions. The transition, as a consequence, has been wrenching and often brutally painful. And that transition is far from complete. The world economyis Uttered still with the wreckage of discredited systems, constrainingthe presentand obscuring the future. Life has left the old regime, but the dead hand ofits accumulated institutions , mindsets, and vested interests continues to weigh heavilyupon the world. Against that dead hand—which includes, among other things, the ideologicallydistorted misunderstanding of globalization's past—the cause of freedom must contend for many decades to come. Brink Lindsey is the director ofthe Cato Institutes Centerfor Trade Policy Studies. One Size Does Not Fit All Alfred C. Mierzejewski BrinkLindseyattempts to provide a general explanation for opposition to free markets and globalization. He contends that a movement straddling ideological divisions between Left and Righthas promoted the adoption oftop-down, centraUzed control since the late 19th century. In doing so, he makes a laudable effort to use historyto explain current developments. In reading his essay, I wondered whether there was a theoretical framework underlying Lindsey's analysis. Therefore, I decided to read his bookAgainst the DeadHand: The Uncertain Strugglefor Global Capitalism. His article is a summary ofthe historical component of that work, omitting the theoretical and contemporary political aspects. Interestingly , he bases bis argument in the book on the theoretical concepts oftheNobel prize winning economist Friedrich von Hayek. Having been a student ofthe ideas ofHayek and those ofhis mentor Ludwig von Mises for manyyears, I find Lindsey's use ofHayek's theories enUghtening. In his book, Lindsey provides a good summaryofsome ofHayek's key insights that is intelligible to the reader unfamüiarwith economic theory and unwilling to wade through the Austrian's dense prose. Probably the most important of Hayek's ideas presented by Lindsey is the notion ofmarkets as discovery mechanisms. Hayekis jusdyfamous for this concept. Markets , in addition to helping us allocate resources, are also a means for finding useful knowledge and makingit available to consumers everywhere. Markets are capable of doing these wondrous things because they are decentralized. Lindsey points out how those who criticize markets as chaotic are wrong. Markets in fact involve a good deal ofplanning, buton a decenrraUzed basis. For this reason, theyare much more effective than any central planning apparatus could ever be.1 Using Hayek as a foundation, Lindsey builds an explanation, summarized in his article , ofhowcentraUzed, top-down governance became the dominantpoUtical and economic model in the late 19th century. He correcdy points to the widespread fear of change as a critical factor leading people to seek refuge in collective solutions. Lindsey is rightto typifythis as an atavisticimpulse. SociaUsm is in fact a backward lookingphilosophy. Lindsey calls the entire drive toward centraUzation a "backto the future" oudook. I would suggest that "advancing to the past" would be more apt. He also righdyhighUghts the engineering mentaUty which, as...

Institutional Innovation in International Governance to End Hunger

Much in the world has changed since the creation after World War II of the IMF, World Bank, and GATT (since 1994 the WTO). Yet the essential rationale underlying these institutions-the need for some form of international economic and trade policy coordination-remains more important today then ever before. This is notably the case in relation to food and agriculture where, notwithstanding striking gains in global agricultural productivity and growth, many countries and people remain chronically food insecure. While many criticisms of the global economy and global institutions are wellfounded, it is hard to think of a future in which international trade and global institutions play no part. The task is to redefine objectives in a global economy, and to restructure institutions to meet these objectives. This paper focuses mainly on redefining objectives; detailed proposals for restructuring institutions are the subject of a forthcoming book, Ending Hunger in Our Lifetime: Globalization and Food Security (Runge et al. forthcoming). How can economic policies, development assistance, and especially trade policies be redefined to respond to the food insecure? First, food security is not only a national, but a global issue that inevitably involves economic and political interdependence. Efforts to deny this interdependence, and to nationalize food and agricultural policies, have resulted in inefficient and distorted it alone responses to the food problem. These policies are driven by a fear of global market forces, and a somewhat justified sense that LDCs are their victims. International institutions should thus not only increase the efficiency of the global food distribution system but also its fairness and justice. A fair or just distribution of food is central to dealing directly with the poor, and providing an underpinning for a world system based not only on economic logic but also on the logic of civil society. Only if participants in the international market economy believe they have a fair opportunity for success will they become stakeholders in market institutions, including global trade liberalization. How should institutions be restructured to m et these objectives? Such a redefinition has three dimensions, one horizontal, one vertical, a d one psychological. The horizontal dimension involves the breadth or reach of global institutions, their coverage of issues such as food production and trade and related issues of environment, health, and the conservation of scarce resources such as soil and water. The vertical dimension turns on the authority and control that international institutions and organizations exercise in relation to national governments and local authorities. These, too, are issues not only of efficiency but also of justice, and go to the heart of debates over national sovereignty, local self-reliance, and the definition of development as freedom (Sen 1999a). Third, institutional reform, especially directed at food security, must come squarely to terms with the meaning of security itself, in which confidence about future prospects offers the assurance of economic and social opportunity (see Runge 1981).

Bolivia and the United States: A Limited Partnership

Bolivia and the United States: A Limited Partnership

TRAITS OF SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS OWNERS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENTREPRENEURS IN SINGAPORE, THE USA, RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN

This paper discusses the differences and similarities between the attitudes of entrepreneurs in four distinctly different localities of the world, with regard to the traits they believe to be important to their success as entrepreneurs. Over four hundred entrepreneurs were studied in four different countries: The United States, Singapore, Russia, and Kazakhstan. The US represents a more developed and established training environment. Singapore is one of the exciting "Tiger" countries and is embarking on a major thrust aimed at developing indigenous entrepreneurs. Russia and Kazakhstan are countries struggling to develop entrepreneurship as they attempt to enter the international market economy. Kazakhstan, though a much smaller country, is making far better progress in developing entrepreneurship than is Russia. The findings reveal the differences in attitudes and traits of entrepreneurs in differing ambiences of experience, economic development, and cultural experiences. In the increasingly smaller global business climate of today, this is important information to consider. As is the case with the authors of this study, business owners and entrepreneurs are all interacting with entrepreneurs in other countries of the world, and we must discover how we are similar, and how we differ, if we are to successfully interact and build a powerful entrepreneurial economic future.

Tales from the ‘global’ economy: Cross-national production networks and the reorganization of the European economy

This essay considers the reorganization of the European economy in light of the fundamental new phenomena emerging in the international market economy: cross-national production networks in economically heterogeneous regions. Cross-national production networks have emerged as part of a reconstitution of competition and production best characterized as ‘Intelism’, visible especially in the cutting-edge electronics sector. The East Asian regional case is used here to illustrate how cross-national production networks operate in practice. Cross-national production arrangements may become decisive elements in the Eastern transition to a market economy, the reintegration of Europe and the evolution of Europe's regional position in the ‘global’ economy. Underpinning the discussion is the assertion that core attributes of the new ‘global’ economy may be found in national foundations, regional architecture and an ‘Intelist’ production influence.

Adam Smith and the Spanish Inquisition

Spain in the Eighteenth century was in two minds about the economic thought of the Enlightenment reaching it from other parts of Europe. The first half of the century has been aptly characterised as a period of ‘ideological hesitancy’, but in the second half the hesitancy came to an end. The liberal cause, and its main instruments the Sociedades Economicas de los Amigos del Pais, made great strides. Political economy, then a brand new science, was welcomed by the liberal statesmen like Jovellanos and Campomanes who flourished under Carlos III. Their primary concern was that Spain might lose heavily if she were too slow getting into the new international market economy, and they regarded works like Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations as important guides to the industrial and commercial policies Spain should pursue.Others were more cautious. Intellectuals trained in the Aristotelian tradition were often more concerned about the moral quality of the new economics, and about the moral costs of pursuing the kind of policies that flowed from it. These are concerns which today, after a further two hundred years experience of market economy, are even more alive now than they were then. It is worth reflecting on whether these critics were entirely the reactionary flat-earthers they are customarily dismissed as being. History is written by the victors, and the Enlightenment won this engagement, so it is only to be expected that in our standard accounts the Aristotelian opponents of the Enlightenment come out badly.