Health Organization International Research Articles

Determinants of Alliance Formation and Dissolution Among International Health Organizations: The Influence of Homophily and Institutional Power in Affinity Communication Networks

Guided by institutional theory, this study examines how homophily and institutional power influence the tie formation and dissolution of interorganizational collaboration networks. The analysis focuses on longitudinal network data collected from 174 international non-governmental organizations and inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) whose mission and main activities revolved around HIV/AIDS and other related health topics such as substance use, alcohol use, and smoking. This study conceptualizes collaboration as an affinity communication network and uses Separable Temporal Exponential Random Graph Modeling to investigate the effects of organizational and sector level attributes. The results reveal the important role that homophily plays in terms of geolocation and topic alignment. Furthermore, the results show IGOs’ role in driving these global partnerships. Implications on how to sustain global health alliances are discussed.

Ethical codes in the Arab region: comparisons and differences

ABSTRACT Within the professional practice of psychology the code of ethics characterizes what is morally right or wrong, by means of a set of principles, values, and standards of conduct. While there are numerous international mental health organizations that incorporate ethical guidelines such as the APA and EFPA; these codes still fall short in providing guidelines for psychologists working in non-western cultures, especially when there are no universally adopted and valid cross-cultural ethics codes. This paper explores various challenges psychologists in the Arab region face when using a western code which does not reflect the values and traditions of their culture. A comparison of several ethical codes from different Arab countries is presented, with a focus on challenging areas of interest such as confidentiality, informed consent and multiple relationships.

Medicine and Health “in the Least Civilized Regions”

Abstract In nations with large Indigenous populations like Guatemala and Ecuador, overlapping narratives of nationalism, public health, and race signal the complexity of modernizing health care. Various variables—race, gender, class, geography, the role of the state, divisions within the ruling class—impinged on people’s health care decisions. To analyze how racial thought and public health influenced each other during Guatemala’s predominantly dictatorial rule and Ecuador’s authoritarian but more participatory government at a time when the most significant international public health organization—the Rockefeller Foundation (RF)—sought to improve public health in both countries, I combine transnational and comparative historical analyses of the first half of the twentieth century. Triangulating Guatemalan, Ecuadorian, and RF archives and focusing on the primacy of Indigenous voices reveals an interactive matrix of different types of racism in Guatemala, Ecuador, and RF that shaped indígenas’ (Indigenous people’s) engagement with, exclusion from, or rejection of public health initiatives and scientific medicine. The politics of indigeneity was as consequential for public health as scientific developments. Many state agents and RF representatives used public health contexts to mobilize social constructions of race and ethnicity that advanced their agendas and marginalized indígenas. In turn, indígenas often determined the extent to which authorities’ aspirations matched their accomplishments.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES (KAP) TOWARD DENGUE FEVER IN CALI, COLOMBIA

ABSTRACT Dengue fever is a vector-borne disease transmitted by the Aedes (Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus) mosquito, with a presence in more than 100 countries and a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in the Americas. As an alternative to mosquito habitat control, international health organizations propose community empowerment methodologies shaped by recommendations resulting from the understanding of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of communities toward the disease. This study focuses on the Ladera region of the city of Cali, Colombia, a community identified as high risk for dengue fever in a dengue-endemic city. The objective is to understand KAP toward dengue fever of the people in the region after the 2010 dengue epidemic, when extensive educational campaigns were conducted to fight the disease. One hundred forty-six people were surveyed in four health facilities, each located in a different comuna (commune) of the study area. Sixty-eight percent of the respondents were female, 83 percent were between the age of 18 and 65, and almost half of the sample only completed elementary education. Indices were calculated for each dimension of the survey. Results are compared by comuna within the region and to a recent similar study conducted in Cali. The X 2 statistic was used to test for the significance of socio-demographic variables (that is sex, age, and education) on the responses to the survey questions and the indices values. A multinomial regression model was run using as a dependent variable each KAP index and as independent variables the socio-demographic variables. Results show individuals exhibit medium to high levels of knowledge, positive attitudes, and medium to low levels of practicing preventive measures. Spatial patterns on the indices and responses to questions in the sample were not identified. Socio-demographic variables do not show strong relationships with the knowledge, attitudes, and practices indexes. Results are comparable to those obtained in a more recent KAP study conducted in the city. These findings can help determine differences between communities to design and improve initiatives targeted to the needs of populations at risk and identify behavioral changes through time.

A Systematic Review on the Association between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A systematic review aimed to investigate the association between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), its prevalence and incidence, potential factors associated with its occurrence and its impact on mortality among these patients. We performed the literature search in PubMed, Scopus and PsycInfo from inception to February 2022 and identified 19 studies: ten cross-sectional, 5 that included cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, and 4 retrospective cohort studies. The reported prevalence of COPD ranged from 2.6% to 52.7% in patients with schizophrenia and between 3.0% and 12.9% in patients with bipolar disorder. Two studies reported an annual incidence of COPD of 2.21 cases/100 person-years in patients with schizophrenia and 2.03 cases/100 person-years in patients with bipolar disorder. Among the risk factors evaluated in three studies, only advanced age was consistently associated with the presence/occurrence of COPD in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; the role of tobacco consumption was not investigated in those three studies. According to two studies, the likelihood of mortality from COPD showed an over 3-fold increase in patients with schizophrenia and a 2-fold increase in those with bipolar disorder compared to the overall population; COPD was also associated with increased inpatient mortality. Available data indicate that COPD in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is a major public health problem. National and international health organizations should strive to specifically address this issue by creating awareness about this health problem and developing specific programs for screening and early intervention aimed to reduce the burden of COPD in these populations.

Do they really support "your freedom of choice"? FoPNL and the food industry in Brazil.

In 2020, Brazil approved the introduction of a new front-of-package nutrition labeling (FoPNL) in the format of a magnifying glass (MG) after years of discussion. There is currently a lack of understanding of the role of the food industry in that process. This study aimed to describe the corporate political activity (CPA) of the food industry and conflicts of interest situations, as they happened during the development and approval of a new FoPNL system in Brazil. We undertook bibliographical and documentary searches using material from food companies, trade associations and front groups involved in the regulatory process. We (1) collected information about the case study context, (2) collected data from documentary sources, and (3) prepared a synthesis of the results and a timeline of key events. During the FoPNL regulatory process in Brazil, the food industry opposed the introduction of warning labels, a model supported by health authorities and implemented with success in other countries in Latin America. The food industry rather promoted a traffic-light labeling system, known to be less effective at guiding individuals to make healthier food choices. Later in the process, when it was evident that its preferred model would not be used, and a MG would rather be introduced, the food industry argued for the use of a different version of this FoPNL model. We found that the food industry, all along the process, was directly involved in and influenced the development of the FoPNL, by providing technical support, advising and lobbying policymakers. The food industry also established relationships with a consumer non-governmental organization and nutrition professional societies. The food industry also produced and disseminated information supporting its position in order to influence public opinion and high-level decision makers, and used the legal system to delay the process. The FoPNL in Brazil is neither aligned with the recommendations of international health organizations nor with existing independent scientific evidence. The new FoPNL, as adopted in Brazil, reflects some of the preferences of the industry; it is likely that the influence of that sector during the legislative process was pivotal, even if its initial proposal was not adopted.

The Current Landscape of COPD-Related Clinical Trials Registered on the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform: A Comprehensive Analysis of Study Characteristics and Publication Status.

Despite studies investigating the publication rates and factors influencing publication outcomes of clinical trials in some disease fields, there is a notable lack of research focusing on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) clinical trials. This study aims to explore the characteristics of COPD-related clinical trials and identify factors associated with publication status and publication time. A systematic search was conducted on the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform on April 28, 2022, to identify completed interventional clinical trials related to COPD. Various trial features were analyzed, and factors influencing publication status and time were examined. A total of 2577 completed interventional clinical trials focusing on COPD were identified. A total of 42.76% of trials enrolled ≤50 participants. The majority of trials were randomized (81.72%), blind (57.39%), parallel-assignment (59.14%), single-center (51.30%), multi-arm (83.86%), nonindustry funded (52.00%), and conducted for therapeutic purposes (73.11%). The 2-year cumulative publication rate was found to be 27.9%. The median time of study duration, dissemination lag, and publication lag were 17.27, 21.07, and 24.70 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that sample size, blind design, and study phase significantly influenced the likelihood of publication, while intervention model, primary purpose, study phase, funder, and study duration were significant factors affecting publication time. The findings highlight the inadequacy of large multi-center interventional clinical trials for COPD and indicate a low 2-year cumulative publication rate. Strengthening collaboration among investigators and adopting scientifically robust designs for larger phase 3 clinical trials are crucial to advancing COPD research and enhancing publication outcomes.

Exercise-Based Knee and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention.

The Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy and the American Academy of Sports Physical Therapy have an ongoing effort to create evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for orthopaedic and sports physical therapy management and prevention of musculoskeletal impairments described in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). This guideline focuses on the exercise-based prevention of knee injuries and provides an update on the 2018 guideline, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2018;48(9):A1-A42. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.0303 J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2023;53(1):CPG1-CPG34. doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.0301.

Global Challenges of Modern Era: Cardiovascular Diseases at The Beginning of XXI Century

At the beginning of XXI century cardiovascular diseases continue to be the most significant problem for modern medicine as the field of theoretical scientific knowledge, practical medicine, social, economic and domestic political spheres of activity in most countries of the world, and against the background of the outbreak of modern pandemics they have taken on the outlines of serious challenges to humanity, its viability. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that the population of the whole world feels the consequences of cardiovascular diseases expressed in the steady disability of the adult population, demographic decline, low life expectancy and high mortality rates. As analyzed in the article, these facts have become a serious basis for finding the ways to combat cardiovascular diseases on a global scale coordinating the actions and efforts of different countries in a single common task. In the work the author focuses the main attention on how important it is to convey the message to the international community that the problem of cardiovascular diseases is not only a strictly medical one and that it is beyond the power of healthcare organizations to solve it alone, even having mobilized all their capabilities. The purpose of the research:To create a general picture of cardiovascular pathology in the modern world as a global social problem in order to find ways to correct the activities of national and international health organizations, as well as non-medical organizations to combat heart pathologies.

Epidemic Intelligence Models in Air Traffic Networks for Understanding the Dynamics in Disease Spread - A Case Study

Aim/Purpose: The understanding of disease spread dynamics in the context of air travel is crucial for effective disease detection and epidemic intelligence. The Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Hospitalized-Critical-Deaths (SEIR-HCD) model proposed in this research work is identified as a valuable tool for capturing the complex dynamics of disease transmission, healthcare demands, and mortality rates during epidemics. Background: The spread of viral diseases is a major problem for public health services all over the world. Understanding how diseases spread is important in order to take the right steps to stop them. In epidemiology, the SIS, SIR, and SEIR models have been used to mimic and study how diseases spread in groups of people. Methodology: This research focuses on the integration of air traffic network data into the SEIR-HCD model to enhance the understanding of disease spread in air travel settings. By incorporating air traffic data, the model considers the role of travel patterns and connectivity in disease dissemination, enabling the identification of high-risk routes, airports, and regions. Contribution: This research contributes to the field of epidemiology by enhancing our understanding of disease spread dynamics through the application of the SIS, SIR, and SEIR-HCD models. The findings provide insights into the factors influencing disease transmission, allowing for the development of effective strategies for disease control and prevention. Findings: The interplay between local outbreaks and global disease dissemination through air travel is empirically explored. The model can be further used for the evaluation of the effectiveness of surveillance and early detection measures at airports and transportation hubs. The proposed research contributes to proactive and evidence-based strategies for disease prevention and control, offering insights into the impact of air travel on disease transmission and supporting public health interventions in air traffic networks. Recommendations for Practitioners: Government intervention can be studied during difficult times which plays as a moderating variable that can enhance or hinder the efficacy of epidemic intelligence efforts within air traffic networks. Expert collaboration from various fields, including epidemiology, aviation, data science, and public health with an interdisciplinary approach can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the disease spread dynamics in air traffic networks. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers can collaborate with international health organizations and authorities to share their research findings and contribute to a global understanding of disease spread in air traffic networks. Impact on Society: This research has significant implications for society. By providing a deeper understanding of disease spread dynamics, it enables policymakers, public health officials, and practitioners to make informed decisions to mitigate disease outbreaks. The recommendations derived from this research can aid in the development of effective strategies to control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases, ultimately leading to improved public health outcomes and reduced societal disruptions. Future Research: Practitioners of the research can contribute more effectively to disease outbreaks within the context of air traffic networks, ultimately helping to protect public health and global travel. By considering air traffic patterns, the SEIR-HCD model contributes to more accurate modeling and prediction of disease outbreaks, aiding in the development of proactive and evidence-based strategies to manage and mitigate the impact of infectious diseases in the context of air travel.

A Three-Year Longitudinal Study of Risk Factors for Suicidality in North Korean Defectors.

This longitudinal study examined risk factors for future suicidality among North Korean defectors (NKDs) living in South Korea. The subjects were 300 NKDs registered with a regional adaptation center (the Hana Center) in South Korea. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using the North Korean version of the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview to diagnose mental disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Subjects were also asked about sociodemographic and clinical factors at baseline. At follow-up after three years, the NKDs (n = 172 respondents) were asked to participate in an online survey, responding to self-questionnaires about suicidality. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore associations between baseline variables and future suicidality among NKDs. Thirty (17.4%) of the 172 survey respondents reported suicidality at follow-up. The presence of health problems over the past year, any prior suicidality at baseline, a higher score on a trauma-related scale, and a lower score on a resilience scale at baseline were associated with greater odds of suicidality at follow-up after adjusting for age, sex, and educational level. Of all mental disorder categories, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, agoraphobia, and social phobia were also associated with significantly increased odds of suicidality at follow-up after adjusting for age, sex, educational level, and prior suicidality at baseline. Resilience, a previous history of suicidality, and the presence of lifetime depressive disorder and anxiety disorder should be given consideration in mental health support and suicide prevention in NKDs.

Transition Rates from Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo to Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness

AbstractPersistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a chronic dizziness disorder that is newly listed in the World Health Organization (WHO)'s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) revised in 2018. In this study, I selected definite cases of the first occurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) among vertigo patients who visited our clinic in the past 1 year, and retrospectively reviewed the age at the first visit, gender, affected side, previous medical conditions, type of BPPV, and their tendency toward transition to PPPD. Eligible patients were new first-ever cases of BPPV who visited our clinic during the 1-year period from June 1, 2020, to May 31, 2021, and who met the diagnostic criteria for BPPV established by the Japan Society for Equilibrium Research. There were 311 cases, including 120 men and 191 women, with a male:female ratio of 1:1.6; hence, the majority of patients were women. The mean age ± standard deviation was 60.7 ± 17.8 years. Men ranged in age from 14 to 88 years, with a mean age of 64.2 ± 16.3 years. Women ranged in age from 11 to 90 years, with a mean age of 58.5 ± 18.5 years. Thus, the average age of the men was higher. As for the type of BPPV, there were 172 cases of posterior semicircular canal-type BPPV (canalolithiasis), 79 cases of lateral semicircular canal-type BPPV (canalolithiasis), and 60 cases of lateral semicircular canal-type BPPV (cupulolithiasis), with the posterior semicircular canal-type BPPV (canalolithiasis) being the most common. In regard to the affected side, the right side was affected in 164 cases and the left side in 147 cases; thus, involvement of the right side was more common. The time to remission was less than 0.5 months in 86 cases, less than 1 month in 69 cases, less than 2 months in 50 cases, less than 3 months in 22 cases, and more than 3 months in 57 cases. Remission was achieved in less than 3 months in 72.9% of cases. The course remained unknown in 27 cases, as the patients discontinued their clinic visits. There was only one case of a 75-year-old man and one case of a 70-year-old woman who transitioned to PPPD. Both cases had left-sided posterior semicircular canal-type BPPV (canalolithiasis). The man had underlying hypertension, while the woman had underlying hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The rate of transition from BPPV to PPPD was 0.6% when cases with an unknown course were included, and the rate was as low as 0.7% when cases with an unknown course were excluded. Thus, the frequency of transition from BPPV to PPPD is low.

Exploring the wider societal impacts of sexual health issues and interventions to build a framework for research and policy: a qualitative study based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts in OECD member countries

ObjectivesSexual health is a complex public health challenge and can generate wide-ranging health, social and economic impacts both within and beyond the health sector (ie, intersectoral costs and benefits). Methods...

Self-care and nature in the private and professional practice of healthcare professionals in Belgium

Abstract Several scientific communities and international health organizations promoting an interdependent human-nature health perspective are calling upon healthcare professionals (HCP) to integrate this vision into their practice and become role models. However, rising cases of stress, burnout, and depression, among this group jeopardize this potential and their self-care. Therefore, we conducted an exploratory qualitative study focusing on how HCP relate to their self-care, their relationship with nature and its implementation into their professional practice. Semi-structured interviews with 16 HCP were executed, transcribed and imported into NVivo. Using the six-step framework, we conducted a thematic analysis, followed by two-step member-checking. Three main findings arose. First, participants employ various self-care strategies outside of work whenever possible. Second, their nature experiences can be drawn along a continuum ranging in level of intensity, attitude and reciprocity, which does not seem to be disclosed during consultation. Third, the reflexive interviews may have led to increased awareness and agency on the former topics, which we have termed ‘nature-connected care awareness’. A preliminary framework to stimulate nature-connected care awareness could support HCP in becoming a role model.

Social media and digital communication during the pandemic

During the first wave of COVID-19, the uncertainty about a prospect vaccine combined with the constant media bombardment have fueled the fear of strict periods of confinement measures, creating a fertile ground for fake news and misleading social media debates. This paper studies how the public attention to certain pandemic-related topics and the social media activity of health and policymaker influencers impact the energy sector. Our findings suggest that during periods of growing attention to the term “Coronavirus”, social media activity of policymaker influencers exhibits a negative relationship with the energy sector. However, given the positive and scientific connotation, when the public attention to the term “Vaccine” increases, we observe a positive impact of international health organizations.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES IN THE CONTEXT OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE

Preserving the mental health of the population is an essential prerequisite for the development of a stable, safe and prosperous society. Despite the fact that in the last decade all international health organizations have paid great attention to mental health, the development of this area is not so smooth, especially in RA. One of the main reasons is the lack of communication between mental health professional centers and the public. The purpose of the article is to consider the role of public relations in psychological services, which play a large role in shaping social attitudes and opinions about mental health care. The results of the study showed that the quality and knowledge-based of psychological services are issues of strategy of psychological centers, and individual psychologists are sole onec, who bear the responsibility, based on the principles of their virtue.

Study of the Turkish translation and abbreviation of international health organizations

Diğer alanlarda olduğu gibi Uluslararası örgüt adlarının da Türkçeleştirilmesi ve bunlara Türkçe kısaltmalar oluşturulması kuramsal ve uygulamalı çeviri çalışmaları açısından oldukça önemlidir. Uluslararası Örgütler Birliği’nin Yıllığına (Uluslararası Örgütler Yıllığı, 2021) göre uluslararası politikada temel alınan sınıflandırmaya dayanarak 21 farklı örgüt ve 17000 faal örgüt vardır. Bu çalışma kapsamında bunların tamamını incelemek söz konusu olamayacağından, sadece küresel çaptaki sağlık örgüt adlarının Türkçeye çevirisini ve kısaltmalarını inceleyeceğiz. Bu çalışmada uluslararası sağlık örgütlerinin tamamının daha önce yapılmış olan çevirilerini ve kıslatmalarını inceleyerek, çevirisi yapılmamış olanları da ilk defa bu çalışma kapsamında Türkçeye aktararak kısaltma önerisinde bulunacağız. Bu örgüt adlarının çevirisinde güçlüklerin nelerden kaynaklandığını, sıklıkla kullanılan terimlerin neler olduğunu, ne tür çeviri stratejisi kullanmak gerektiğini belirtmeye çalışacağız. Zira bu örgütlerin bazıları uluslararası olmasına rağmen Türkiye’de yer alan uluslararası örgüt listelerinde hiç yer almamaktadır. Uluslararası ilişkiler ve sağlık alanında Türkiye’nin temsili için bu örgüt adlarının Türkçeye çevrilmesi ve kısaltmalarının oluşturulması zorunluluktur. Çalışmamız kapsamında uluslararası örgüt adlarının çevirisinde hedef kültür odaklı bir çeviri stratejisi uygulayacağız. Çeviri yöntemleri olarak özellikle sözcüğü sözcüğüne çeviri yöntemine ve ödünç alma stratejisine başvuracağız. Çevirilerde sağlık alanında kullanılan terimceyi yeğleyeceğiz, bu da tüm çeviri süreci boyunca tutarlılığa ve anlaşılırlığa önemli ölçüde katkı sağlayacaktır. Özellikle terimler arasında eşdeğerliliğin sağlanması ve erek kitle tarafından kolay anlaşılabilir olması temel amacımızı oluşturacaktır. Zira pek çok çalışmada ve uluslararası örgütler konusunda oluşturulan listeleme girişimlerinde aynı örgütün farklı çevirisi ile karşı karşıya kalmaktayız. Diğer yandan bir dilde örgütün adı çok uzun bir biçimde ifade edilirken, diğer dilde kısa bir biçimde adlandırılması da söz konusudur.

Clients' Perspective towards Family-centered Care Health Services of Family-provider Partnership

Abstract
 Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the family-centered care health services of family-provider partnership in Baghdad/ Iraq.
 Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study is conducted in Baghdad Province. A cluster samples of 440 clients who review family centered care for the purpose of health services. The instruments underlying the study phenomenon deals with client's socio-demographic characteristics and family centered care questionnaire which include (partnership related to decision-making team, supporting the family as the constant in the child’s life, family-to-family and peer support and supporting transition to adulthood). The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its credibility. The data were collected by using interview techniques method and analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.
 Results: Findings show participants age, the mean age for clients' is 39, the age 20-29 years old were recorded the highest percentage among (n=179; 40.7%), female were predominated among clients who reviews family-centered care (n=281; 63.9%), the illiterate clients were records the highest percentage (n=97; 22%), most of reviews health services in terms of vaccines (n=188; 42.7%). The clients who included in the study sample were expressed a poor level of family-provider partnership. There were significant differences in family-provider partnership health services with regard to clients' education level and types of services were received at p-value <0.05.
 
 Conclusion: Partnerships between family and providers are out of the ordinary. In order for a fast evolving health care system to be effective, family-provider collaboration in care design, delivery, and assessment is essential. To improve care and results, stakeholders are increasingly recognizing the importance of focusing care on the patient and incorporating patient and family viewpoints.
 Recommendations: Family health centers need to be monitored and evaluated periodically with regards to providing health care services according to the standard, which is reflected in gaining the confidence of the individual in the health center. , Further researches need to be conducted in evaluating the quality of health services of family health care centers, based on international standards approved by international health organizations.

High Incidence and Mortality Diseases Control is more Imperative Apart from COVID-19 in China

Objective: In order to enhance the health level, treat and cure well all the diseases, especially the high incidence and mortality diseases. So as to save the life and promote the quality of life. The research has been done to find the facts that that much more death caused diseases apart from the COVID-19 have been killing the people even worse at the COVID-19 pandemic time. Methods: Summarized the data extracted from three public official internets, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the WHO and the International Diabetes Federation. Found out the health problems and health influenced diseases data apart from the COVID-19 in China. And analysing the data and facts. Results: Based on the three channels of official internet, check and look up the valuable data, find out the demanded data and reorganize, build new tables. So the concrete facts to show the critical Chinese health problems apart from COVID-19 have been found. The 12 tables have been created and found that in China, the leading causes of death are Cardiovascular diseases, Malignant neoplasms, Respiratory diseases, Diabetes mellitus, injuries. The diseases have not been prevented and cured. The total death in China has been being more and more. The communicable diseases of Viral Hepatitis and Pulmonary Tuberculosis have been being the No.1 and No.2 incidences in Chinese communicable infections. The mortality of Heart Diseases in Chinese rural areas has been being in fast trend of heavier and heavier, from 87.10 in 2008 to 171.36 in 2020 and in recent three years the No. 1 killer in Chinese rural areas. The explosively developed incidence of diabetes mellitus from the year 2000 in 22564.80 cases (in 1000s) exploded into 90045.10 cases (in 1000s) at 2011, and much too more cases developed up to now. Conclusion: In China, much more works must be done to control the leading causes of death, the diseases incidence and prevalence undermining health, including the Cardiovascular diseases, Malignant neoplasms, Respiratory diseases, Diabetes mellitus, injuries apart from COVID-19, especially the heart diseases in Chinese rural areas has been being the No. 1 killer in recent three years. The communicable diseases of Viral Hepatitis and Pulmonary Tuberculosis must be controlled and prevented. The urgently needed actions to control the leading causes of death, incidence and prevalence apart from COVID-19 in China may be referenced by other countries and international health organizations.

Who is watching the World Health Organisation? ‘Post-truth’ moments beyond infodemic research

The World Health Organization (WHO) has established a public research agenda to address infodemics. In these, ‘an overflow of information of varying quality surges across digital and physical environments’. The WHO’s expert panel has raised concerns that this can result in negative health behaviours and erosion of trust in health authorities and public health responses. In sponsoring this agenda, the WHO positioned itself as a custodian that can flag illegitimate narratives (misinformation), the spread of which can potentially result in societal harm. Such ‘post-truth’ moments are rife with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health emergency. It provides an opportunity for researchers to analyse divisions in knowledge labour, which can help explain when ‘post-truth’ moments arrive. The first COVID-19 example for this division foregrounds the development of knowledge in an academic context. Added to this is the infodemic or disinfodemic research agenda and personal health responsibility, whose academic contributors are similar. In contrast, the division of labour for messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine research foregrounds the role of vaccine manufacturing pharmaceutical companies in driving and promoting related knowledge production.Transdiciplinary Contribution: This analysis focuses on intergroup contradictions between the interests of agencies and their contrasting goals and across different types of knowledge division. Many intergroup contradictions exist, and a few intergroup examples are also described. An overarching contradiction was identified where rushed guidance based on weak evidence from international health organisations may well perpetuate negative health and other societal outcomes rather than ameliorate them.