International Discussion Research Articles

Hate Speech, Misinformation, and Free Speech: Navigating Legal Challenges in The Digital Age

The sudden emergence of digital platforms has led to heated international discussions on the means of striking a balance between hate speech, misinformation, and freedom of speech. The paper has clarified the intricacies of the legal and regulatory issues that have to be dealt with in handling harmful content on the Net without compromising core issues. In a qualitative document-oriented study, the study examined legal frameworks, policy documents, and government platform governance models, in various jurisdictions, including Germany, the United States, France, Singapore, Brazil, and India. It was discovered that interventionist policies as seen in Germany and Singapore were found to result in the meaningfully reduced incidents of hate speech and misinformation, yet have caused the issue of over-censorship and suppression of valid content. By contrast, libertarian paradigms, especially in the United States, did not focus on the risk of spreading harmful content as much but were unable to curb that trend efficiently. The paper has also shown the limitation of purely the algorithmic approaches to moderation of online content and the necessity of the hybrid models that unite artificial intelligence and human control. The results of the public trust data suggested a modest degree of trust in both the platform governance and government regulation, and suggested the need of more transparency and fairness in the procedure. It was found that a multi-layered approach which combines the regulation of legal technically, accountability of the platform, and empowerment of users is necessary and no one solution can solve all these problems. The paper suggests additional investments into the digital literacy and greater transparency, as well as global collaboration to develop flexible, inclusive, and balanced regulatory frameworks of the digital era.

The Dual‐Use Conundrum of the Lisbon Treaty Regarding Space Governance: Solutions Through International Legal Interpretation?

ABSTRACTAn inherent divide features within the Lisbon Treaty between civilian and military/security competences; something previously more obvious via the ‘pillar system's’ separations. This division follows the Member States (MS) (natural) protection of their military/defence autonomy; their core sovereign powers. Such powers are thus not conferred upon the Union. This constitutes a fundamental challenge for EU space governance, because space assets are, overwhelmingly, ‘Dual‐Use’ assets: with clear civilian and military applications simultaneously. This entanglement, paired with aforementioned differences in conferred competence, makes EU actions in the area of space activities problematic. The restrictive EU legal bases for space activities reflect this. This is exacerbated by the little CJEU case law regarding Dual‐Use systems that is near‐absolutist in nature. The CJEU interprets any Dual‐Use item except specifically for the most narrow/exclusive military use as ‘civilian’; EU competence applies to the greatest extent possible. Application of this legal theory to space assets would exacerbate MS' concerns. A solution may lie in emerging international legal discussions and norms, some of which make a far more nuanced differentiation between different types of Dual‐Use assets. Through application of these principles, the EU may be more able to produce a pragmatic solution to its Dual‐Use conundrum.

Enter Power and Nothing: Philosophy, Technique and Suspension of Ethics in Gaza

Objective: The objective of this article is to examine the Israeli offensive in Gaza (2023-2025) as a manifestation of an ethical and ontological collapse, where military technique nullifies politics and transforms death into an administrative procedure. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework is based on Camus (“absurd”) and Nietzsche (“will to power”), interpreting war as a rupture in language and the creation of meaning. Method: Using a theoretical-analytical method, the study articulates empirical data from international agencies Results and Discussion: The results highlight the use of artificial intelligence in target selection, the collapse of civilian infrastructure, and the death of thousands of women and children, expressions of a technical-political nihilism. Research Implications: The implications of the research show the risk of a war paradigm that reduces the human to statistics, prohibiting ethics. Originality/Value: The originality of the analysis lies in the conception of war as an ontological erasure that calls philosophy to denounce and ethical vigilance.

Climate change-induced relocation dilemma between preserving cultural heritage and embracing modern infrastructure: insights from Fijian coastal villages

The Pacific Island nation of Fiji, renowned for its cultural heritage, is facing unprecedented challenges due to climate change. Rising sea levels and extreme weather events are threatening Fiji's cultural heritage. Despite the profound significance of cultural heritage in Fiji, both international and national discussions on climate change-induced losses and damages tend to focus predominantly on economic aspects, often neglecting the cultural and social dimensions. To understand how local communities balance cultural heritage preservation and other socio-economic benefits, we employed the choice experiment technique combined with face- to-face interviews. Conducted in ten coastal villages, the research engaged 100 participants who evaluated 16 hypothetical relocation scenarios and rated the importance of different dimensions of cultural heritage. The findings revealed that cultural heritage emerged as a critical dimension of community life, with churches, fishing grounds, community ties, and place attachments being highly valued. The choice experiment results uncovered that there was a significant heterogeneity in participants' views, especially concerning the relocation of burial grounds. Improvement in infrastructure, particularly road connectivity, was consistently favoured, while the proximity of new villages to the old locations (i.e., place attachment) played a crucial role in relocation scenario selection. Participants were willing to accept relocation to distant locations if the relocation scenarios involve quality roads and/or a kindergarten. Intriguingly, participants demonstrated a willingness to contribute more labour under favourable relocation scenarios, which deviates from the conventional economic theory that postulates labour contributions create disutility. The willingness to contribute more labour in our experiment is likely driven by cultural norms and values surrounding communal labour and a strong desire for ownership of the newly established village. These insights underscore the need for holistic climate change adaptation strategies that are not only resilient but also culturally sensitive and community centric.

Bridging policy and practice: The implementation of inventory accounting standards in Indonesian local governments

Inventory accounting plays a critical role in public sector financial management, supporting transparency, asset control, and budget accountability. This study examines the challenges associated with implementing inventory accounting standards in Indonesian local governments, with a particular focus on inventory recording, classification, and governance. Using an interpretive qualitative approach, the research draws on document analysis of national and international accounting standards and focus group discussions with government accounting practitioners. The findings reveal persistent difficulties in integrating financial and inventory systems, notably due to discrepancies in classification codes, incomplete asset handover documentation, and fragmented regulatory frameworks. The transition to digital inventory management remains hindered by limited technical capacity, system fragmentation, and inconsistent application of valuation methods, especially the use of first-in, first-out (FIFO) and first-expired, first-out (FEFO) approaches in the health and procurement sectors. These issues contribute to inefficiencies in financial reporting and elevate audit risks. The study highlights the need for regulatory harmonization, improved interdepartmental coordination, and stronger governance mechanisms to enhance compliance and transparency. The adoption of integrated digital tracking systems and standardized reporting procedures is also recommended to reduce inconsistencies and improve audit readiness. This research contributes to the literature by offering practical insights into regulatory misalignment and proposing strategies to improve inventory management in local government.

Evaluation of the Emotional Impacts of the Notre Dame Cathedral Fire and Restoration on a Population Sample

The fire at the Notre Dame Cathedral accentuated the sense that this architectural building is a symbol of unity and identity for the population. This symbol extends beyond its French and Christian origins, reflecting the universal nature of cultural heritage, which has the extraordinary ability to unite people across nations, transcending ideologies, religions, and political divisions. The reopening of the Notre Dame Cathedral marks a profound milestone in the preservation of cultural heritage, embodying resilience, restoration, and the enduring significance of shared human history. This research examines the impacts of the restoration of the cathedral at national and global scales through the implementation of questionnaires to visitors to the cathedral’s inauguration. The restoration process, which gained extensive media coverage, not only revived the cathedral’s architectural grandeur but also sparked international discussions about heritage conservation. Through an analysis of the questionnaire results for different factors, this study highlights the complexities of managing a monumental heritage of this magnitude in a globalized world. It reflects the ethical, financial, and social challenges involved in major restoration projects, using Notre Dame as a paradigmatic example. The paper concludes that the reopening of the cathedral is not only a triumph of physical restoration but also a testament to humanity’s resilience in the face of adversity. It serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of safeguarding cultural heritage for future generations while fostering a sense of collective responsibility.

The stigma of seriousness: views of genome editing scientists and policy professionals on defining serious disease.

In international policy discussions, "serious disease" is frequently used as a criterion for appropriate uses of human genome editing technology, despite the lingering imprecision of its definition and its potential to stigmatize those with genetic conditions. Drawing from interviews conducted with genome editing scientists and members of governance groups attempting to influence policy, our findings provide empirical evidence of the lack of shared definitions of serious disease and highlight challenges of relying on the term. The difficulty in defining serious disease among those influencing the translation of genome editing research points to the need to recognize community context and lived experiences as part of the measurement of seriousness. This is particularly true when considering that for some diseases, the development of therapeutic gene editing may introduce or exacerbate stigma or discrimination for those with the conditions. Including the perceptions of serious disease among those with lived experience of genetic conditions can help guide ethical policies and enable the genome editing community to avoid imposing the views of those in power as to what constitutes serious.

Review of Content Analysis of EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Concerning Consistency with WTO

This study contributes to the ongoing international scholarly discussion on the incorporation of environmental goals into the international trade law regime and offers critical policy lessons for policymakers and market members to consider. The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism is a new kind of trade policy to stop carbon leakage by imposing carbon tariffs on imported goods from countries that do not have effective climate policies; the aim of this review study is the integration of trade law and climate change by assessing the CBAM; in this research, CBAM is analyzed to determine its compliance with WTO principles. In this article, we have also discussed the merits and demerits of the CBAM proposal from the WTO and climate change law points of view.

The Destruction of the classics of sociology

The critique of the political-epistemic selectivity represented by the classics of sociology (Marx/Durkheim/Weber) has become a recurring theme in contemporary sociological theory. In response to this new orthodox consensus, the aim of this study is to critically examine aspects of both international and Brazilian discussions that challenge a presumed canon of sociology. After characterizing the main approaches of criticism directed at the classics within Brazilian research, based on the distinction between history and systematics, certain theoretical problems present in the discussion were identified. First, it is noted that the historical parameters employed are unidimensional; second, the epistemological assumptions underlying the critique of the classics tend to lead sociology towards an inadvertent paradigmatic homogenization. Given the collapse of the historical dimension of sociology as a zone for theoretical negotiation, the third part of the study outlines brief suggestions for rethinking the systematic character of sociological theory, either through historically informed research guided by systematics or by returning to general sociology.

Developing Criteria for Priority Ranking of Bridges Construction: A Case Study of Bagmati Province, Nepal

Prioritizing the implementation of projects is seen as being of great importance after the institutionalization of federalism. Federal, provincial, and local governments execute infrastructure development in their jurisdiction. This study identifies criteria for federal, provincial, and local governments to select bridges based on the prevalent practice of multi-criteria prioritization on the bridge sector at the national and international levels and discussions with officials from organizations like DOR and LRBP. Sub-criteria are developed using secondary data on traffic, population, cost of the bridge, and all-weather road length, as well as multi-criteria analysis techniques like linear value function, series of verbal pairwise assessments, and direct rating. AHP analysis assigned weights to criteria with input from 12 professionals, including elected representatives and experts in the bridge sector. Three criteria for the federal level, five for the province level, and four for the local level are identified. Among the three criteria for the federal level, the strategic importance of road weighs 58.1%, AADT weighs 28.4%, and project readiness weighs 13.5%. For the province-level matrix, strategic road importance weighs 34.3%, access to socio-economic activities weighs 22.9%, all-weathered road length weighs 16.6%, present traffic volume weighs 14.9%, and per capita investment weighs 11.3 %. Local-level criteria highlighted the most significant road closure duration (34%). While additional criteria were suggested, they were not measurable due to data limitations. The matrix developed from this study provides a valuable reference for bridge project prioritization and can guide public authorities in making more effective decisions.

Exploring the role of research culture on primary teachers’ involvement in inquiry-based working: a mixed-methods study

PurposeA supportive research culture in primary schools is crucial for motivating teachers to reflect and improve their practice based on research. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of research culture on primary teachers’ involvement in inquiry-based working.Design/methodology/approachThe explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach was used for the research purpose. First, a latent profile analysis was carried out building on data from 5,566 Chinese primary teachers to identify subgroups reflecting their involvement in inquiry-based working. Next, interviews were conducted with 24 teachers representing each profile. Responses across different profiles regarding school research culture and its role were analysed.FindingsIn the first quantitative phase. Three distinct profiles emerged: Profile 1, the “classroom reflector”; Profile 2, the “inquiring teacher” and Profile 3, the “active inquirer and school transformer”. In the second qualitative phase, the results underscore the pivotal role of research culture in fostering teachers’ involvement in inquiry-based working, emphasising aspects of vision, leadership and networks.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-sectional design of this research may not fully capture the dynamic and enduring nature of the research culture and its impact on teachers’ practices.Originality/valueTheoretically, this study contributes to the international discussion on understanding research culture and its role. Practically, this study provides some implications that centre on the three different aspects of research culture (vision, leadership and network) and their interconnections to promote the school to become an inquiry-oriented community. Methodologically, this study demonstrates the potential of combining a person-centred quantitative approach and a qualitative approach.

Ideological locus standi of the African archivist

ABSTRACT Political ideologies significantly influence all parts of society. During and right after the national liberation wars, African states mostly experimented with socialism, communism, and Marxism. Later, they shifted towards capitalism, which is now the dominant ideology. These ideologies significantly affect how African archivists view their role in international archival discussions. Do they advocate for pan-African ideas in shaping the national archive, or do they follow the Western ideologies common in archival science? Some Western ideologies can be hostile towards people of African descent and indirectly so to the preservation of African stories. For example, far-right, chauvinistic nationalism is growing in the Global North, such as Trumpism in the United States and anti-woke attitudes in several European countries. Given these competing ideologies, this paper aims to explore the African archivist’s position and what that means for the field of archives.

Engagement in meaningful activities survey: Portuguese version for middle-age and older adults

ABSTRACT Participation in daily activities has been associated with positive health effects and well-being. Several studies have highlighted the importance of focusing on the personal meaningfulness of such participation and less on the extent and frequency of activities. The Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey (EMAS) is a widely used instrument to assess such meaningfulness. This study aims to explore the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity of the Portuguese version of the EMAS and to contribute to the international discussion about the dimensions of this scale. The sample comprised 203 middle aged and older adults (mean age 73.96 years, SD = 9.42 years), most of whom were women (70.9%). Data collection included the translated and adapted Portuguese version of the EMAS and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The EMAS’s internal consistency was α = .91. The exploratory factorial analysis revealed the unifactorial structure of the scale. Test-retest (r = 0.67) and criterion validity (r = 0.36) presented appropriate values. These data show that the Portuguese version of the EMAS represents a reliable and valid measure to capture the subjective qualities of meaningful activity participation. This scale can be of particular use in defining interests and planning interventions targeting middle age and older adults as well as for assessing the impact of interventions that focus on activity participation.

Higher Education Quality in Indonesia Based on QS Southeast Asia Rankings: Policy Implications for National Research

This research is motivated by the quality of higher education in Indonesia, as reflected in the QS Southeast Asia Rankings. This study aims to analyze the quality of higher education in Indonesia based on the results of the QS Southeast Asia ranking and to evaluate policy implications that can support the enhancement of national research quality. The methodology employed in this study is both quantitative and qualitative, utilizing a bibliometric approach. The data sources for this research include reports related to higher education and several pertinent matters, including the findings from discussions within international networks from 2015 to 2024. In the international discussions, the researcher sampled two lecturers from Malaysia and the Philippines, as well as three students from Malaysia and Thailand. The analysis was conducted using the framework developed by B. Miles and A. Huberman. The findings indicate that, although several Indonesian universities occupy strategic positions in the rankings, challenges related to research funding, international collaboration, and scientific publication capacity remain significant obstacles. This study recommends the formulation of policies that focus on enhancing research capacity, providing incentives for international publications, and strengthening global academic networks as strategic measures to increase the competitiveness of Indonesian higher education in both regional and global contexts. The implications of this research can serve as a resource for understanding the quality of education in Indonesia and other countries, enabling the identification of shortcomings and the improvement of educational standards.

Changing Trends in Utilization Preference of Urban Green Space and Heterogeneous Effects on Ecological Well-Being Pre- and Post-Pandemic in Beijing

Major public health events pose a huge challenge to the sustainable improvement of city dwellers’ ecological well-being, hindering the achievement of urban ecological construction goals. In the context of resilient city and all-aged friendly city construction, age factor is given special consideration in urban green space management to meet the heterogeneous demands and preferences of city dwellers for urban ecological benefit. However, young, middle-age and elderly city dwellers’ utilization of urban green spaces during different periods of pandemic are poorly known. Meanwhile, insufficient discussion on the differences in ecological well-being contributions of different types of urban green spaces has led to difficulties in effectively connecting urban green space management planning with the city dwellers’ demands for ecological well-being. To help fill this gap, this study utilizes field study data on urban ecological construction and urban landscape and greening in Beijing from 2019 to 2023 to analyze the evolution and differences in utilization behaviors of urban green space among different age group city dwellers. Furthermore, this study applies the ordinary least square regression model (OLS) to explore the differences in the impact of various types of urban green space on the ecological well-being of city dwellers. The results revealed significant age effects in the utilization of urban green space during 2019–2023. It outlines the increased time spent in urban green space by younger city dwellers. In addition, the results demonstrated that the utilization behavior of park green space has a significant positive impact on the ecological well-being level of city dwellers, and the impact of utilization behavior on the ecological well-being level of city dwellers varies depending on the type of green space. Compared with community green space, the impact of park green space utilization behavior on the ecological well-being level of city dwellers is more significant. The conclusion from the main urban area of this Beijing case study contributes to the international discussion on urban green space management and urban green resilience governance in metropolitan areas worldwide as they add additional insights on the change and difference in the utilization behavior of urban green spaces, particularly looking at elderly, middle-aged and young city dwellers as well as the importance of a timely response to the heterogeneity preference of city dwellers’ ecological well-being demand.

IS THERE ANY PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION IN THE CORE TAX ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM?

Objective: This study examines the adequacy of personal data protection within Indonesia’s Core Tax Administration System (CTAS), focusing on compliance with the national Personal Data Protection Law and alignment with international standards. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in legal and regulatory analysis, referencing Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP) and international frameworks such as the EU’s GDPR and Canada’s PIPEDA, to evaluate the protection of taxpayer data in digital tax administration systems Method: A qualitative approach is utilized, involving literature review, document analysis of relevant laws and policies, and comparative analysis with data protection practices in other jurisdictions. The study synthesizes findings from academic sources, legal documents, and international case studies Results and Discussion: The findings reveal significant gaps in the implementation of personal data protection in CTAS. Despite the enactment of the PDP Law, Indonesia lacks specific regulations and enforcement mechanisms tailored to the tax sector, leaving sensitive taxpayer data vulnerable to unauthorized access, misuse, and breaches. Comparative analysis highlights that international best practices require clear guidelines, robust security protocols (such as encryption and access controls), regular audits, and a culture of transparency and accountability. The absence of a dedicated data protection authority and insufficient employee training further exacerbate risks Research Implications: The study underscores the urgent need for Indonesia to strengthen its legal and operational framework for data protection in tax administration. Recommendations include developing sector-specific regulations, enhancing technological safeguards, instituting regular audits, and fostering public awareness to ensure taxpayer trust and system integrity Originality/Value: This research provides a comprehensive, context-specific analysis of personal data protection challenges in Indonesia’s CTAS, offering actionable recommendations informed by international standards and highlighting the critical importance of privacy in digital tax systems

Innovative approaches to the use of interactive technologies in higher military education to enhance the cultural competence of students (cadets)

Considering the trends in the introduction of various innovative technologies, determining the role of modern integrative technologies in the system of higher military education to develop cadets becomes an urgent task. Therefore, this work aims to determine the main innovative approaches and technologies that will contribute to the development of cultural competence among cadets. The main research methods consisted of content analysis and comparison. Data collection was done using the Prisma approach. Total number of sources: 42. Date range: 2019-2024. The results emphasize the importance of developing cultural competence with the help of modern innovative technologies. Professional cultural training should be aimed at developing 4 main components: knowledge, experience, creativity, and motivation. These tasks are completely solved by the implementation of modern innovative approaches, in particular, the combination of offline and online courses in cultural studies and language training, the organization of special language clubs with a stable international discussion, and various international projects on the study of various cultural aspects on the examples of individual military missions. The conclusions summarize that implementing these approaches requires teachers to use various technologies: multimedia, virtual reality, simulation technologies, etc. They can contribute to forming interactive virtual classrooms, organizing virtual exchanges between students (cadets), and improving their professional skills in general.

Stuck in the middle”: social work educator attitudes to admissions decision-making in relation to applicants with criminal records to social work courses in England

There is growing evidence of a tension in social work between our professional ethics and the extent to which these ethics stand up to historical scrutiny. One such area is access to social work education. While a gap in research globally, growing attention highlights a potential disconnect between professional values and system influences on social work education admissions decision-making. This is especially the case in countries like England, where entry to social work studies is conditional on deeply scrutinising selection processes influenced by pressures to prioritise market interests and moralising gatekeeping over inclusion and representativity of candidates. This scrutiny includes an enhanced level of criminal record checks. This paper presents findings from a mixed methods study of social work educator attitudes in assessing suitability of applicants with criminal records to study social work in England. Thematic analysis contextualises a growing concern about the extent to which social workers are representative of the communities we service together with increasing suggestion that policy drift has enabled unchecked potentially risk averse and moralising gatekeeping practices at the key inclusive workforce stage. This study therefore contributes to the debates about social work admissions in England while, at the same time, it seeks to trigger reflection and promote a broader international discussion and a research agenda around the processes and criteria of access gatekeeping to social work education.

Impact of clinical leadership on frontline nurses’ quality of care: work engagement as mediator role

BackgroundLeadership behavior among staff nurses is a critical aspect of healthcare management. Work engagement, characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption, is a strong predictor of job performance and is believed to enhance the quality of care. However, few studies have explored the relationship between clinical leadership by bedside nurses, work engagement, and quality of care.AimsTo explore relationships between clinical leadership and work engagement on the quality of care and to identify pathways through which clinical leadership may influence care quality via work engagement.MethodsA sample of 1,029 staff nurses from 20 hospitals participated in the study. Three standardized scales were used: The Clinical Leadership Inventory (CLI), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 (UWES-9), and the nurse-reported quality of care scale. The study followed the STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional research.ResultsFindings revealed that clinical leadership, work engagement, and quality of care scores were 4.10 ± 0.66, 4.09 ± 1.16, and 3.26 ± 0.60, respectively. Positive correlations were found between all three variables, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.297 to 0.960 (p <.01). Clinical leadership showed both direct and indirect effects on care quality. When work engagement was included as a mediator, the effect size increased by 0.154 (< 0.001), resulting in a value of 0.411 (< 0.001), with a mediation proportion of 37.56%. The explanatory power of clinical leadership and work engagement for care quality was 75.9%.ConclusionEnhanced clinical leadership practices are significantly associated with increased nurse work engagement and improved care quality. Clinical leadership directly influences care quality, as well as indirectly through work engagement. These findings could stimulate further international discussions on healthcare management perspectives.Implications for practiceNursing management should implement clinical leadership development programs tailored for frontline nurses, promoting positive leadership behaviors and work engagement. Creating supportive organizational environments that encourage open communication and standardized practices can further enhance clinical leadership and quality of care.SummaryThis study found that 1) Nursing management should focus on implementing clinical leadership development programs; 2) Clinical leadership training program for bedside nurses can be enhanced through the use of simulation;3) Supportive organizational environments that promote open communication, and standardized practices should be provided by nurse managers.

Evaluating Housing Policy Effects on Childbirth Intentions in South Korea: Preferences, Benefits, and Policy Implications

ABSTRACTSouth Korea is experiencing an unprecedented decline in birth rates, prompting the government to expand various forms of support, with housing assistance requiring the largest budget allocation. Given this substantial financial investment, it is essential to evaluate the impact of housing policies on childbirth intentions. This study examines the housing preferences of unmarried young adults who are potential beneficiaries of government support and analyzes anticipated changes in their childbirth intentions when provided with housing assistance. Based on an online survey of 310 participants, the findings indicate that housing loans are the most preferred policy, followed by the special supply of presale housing. Respondents overwhelmingly reported that their intention to have children would increase if their preferred housing support were provided, with the special supply of presale housing having the greatest effect. Additionally, the study highlights that young adults prioritize housing quality and a safe living environment over affordability alone. The results further reveal that nonmetropolitan residents, older respondents, and those with strong pro‐natalist values are the most responsive to housing support. By offering empirical evidence from the South Korean context, this study contributes to international discussions on housing policies and fertility, emphasizing the necessity of targeted policy interventions to effectively address the low birthrate crisis.