The complex taxonomic history of the moss genus Neckera , whose name was conserved at the Paris Congress in 1954, is reviewed. The issue of typifications of moss generic names by W. Ph. Schimper in 1860 is examined in detail and it is concluded that these typifications comply with the provisions of the " International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants ". Schimper was the first to typify Neckera with N. pennata , so it is unnecessary to treat this as a conserved type. The unitary designations of moss species proposed by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in his exsiccata " Phytophylacium Ehrhartianum ", published between 1780 and 1785, are reviewed. It is concluded that two of these designations, Diphyscium and Paludella , are currently in use, having been validly published in the early nineteenth century. The same applies to Rhystophyllum , another of Ehrhart’s unitary designations, which was validated as a subsection of Neckera by C. Müller in 1850 and, subsequently, first elevated to the rank of section by Mitten in 1869, rather than Braithwaite in 1905 as listed in " Index muscorum ". Finally, E. Britton raised this infrageneric taxon to the rank of genus in 1904. Rhystophyllum is here reinstated from obscurity, since it is homotypic with the generic name Exsertotheca that was recently introduced for a segregate of Neckera . Accordingly, three new combinations are proposed: Rhystophyllum crispum , Rh. intermedium and Rh. baeticum . Neckera subsect. Leiophyllum is regarded as a heterotypic synonym of Alleniella , another recent segregate of the formerly broadly circumscribed genus Neckera .

BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and ultimately fatal lung disease. Updated global mortality data, especially from underexplored countries, are limited. This study aimed to understand the current global trends in IPF-associated mortality rates.MethodsThis observational study used the World Health Organization Mortality Database to analyse data stratified by sex, age and geographic region, encompassing 64 countries between 2001 and 2022. IPF was defined according to the International Code for Diseases-10 code J84.1. Crude and age-standardised mortality rates per 100 000 individuals were calculated to estimate long-term mortality trends. Mortality rates were calculated by dividing IPF-associated deaths by the corresponding population, with age-specific rates determined for each 5-year age group. Trends in the 2001–2022 period were analysed using a locally weighted regression model, and the average annual percentage change in mortality rates between 2010 and 2022 was estimated using joinpoint regression analysis.ResultsOverall, 874 998 deaths associated with IPF were analysed. The LOESS-smoothed crude mortality rate increased from 2.10 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.77–2.43) per 100 000 in 2001 to 3.14 (95% CI 2.71–3.57) per 100 000 by 2022. The LOESS-smoothed age-standardised mortality rates increased overall, peaking at 1.59 (95% CI 1.51–1.67) per 100 000 in 2018 and declining slightly to 1.57 (95% CI 1.35–1.79) per 100 000 in 2022. Mortality was higher among males than females; furthermore, 87.5% of deaths occurred in individuals aged ≥65 years. Mortality rates were highest among the American population, with a notable increase in Latin American countries.ConclusionIPF-associated mortality rates have increased globally, particularly in males. Significant geographical, age and sex disparities were observed, emphasising the need for targeted public health measures and improved disease management.

The species epithet Novosphingobium mangrovi Huang et al. 2023 is illegitimate under Rule 51b (5) of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, as it is a later homonym of Novosphingobium mangrovi Hu et al. 2023. The type strains of these two species share average nucleotide identity (84.7%; <95 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (21%; <70 %) values below the recommended species delineation thresholds, substantiating their positions as two distinct species. Herein, the replacement name Novosphingobium mangrovisedimenti is proposed, preserving the original meaning related to the isolation of the type strain from mangrove sediments.

Aims : To revise the syntaxonomy of epiphytic lichen communities on Fagus sylvatica from old-growth beech forests in the Carpathians and adjacent uplands, in particular (1) to identify the main syntaxonomic units and reveal their ecologіcal, structural, and compositional peculiarities; (2) to assign the associations to higher-rank syntaxa; (3) to define the position of the resulting syntaxonomic units in the system of syntaxa of lichen communities of Europe; and (4) to evaluate the potential use of epiphytic lichen communities on beech trees as indicators of the ecological integrity of forest habitats. Study area : Ukrainian Carpathians, Roztochchia, Podillia, and Khotyn uplands. Methods : 230 relevés of lichen communities from western Ukraine and data from literary sources (reference data) were classified using the modified TWINSPAN algorithm implemented in JUICE software in two steps, identifying units of higher and then lower rank consecutively. Results : The first step of the analysis resulted in seven clusters which were mainly interpreted as classes or orders. The second step of the analysis resulted in 20 units of association or unranked community level. 12 of these were recorded in the study area and included 267 lichen species. Conclusions : Epiphytic lichen communities on Fagus sylvatica in the old-growth beech forests of Western Ukraine are divided into five classes: Agonimietea repletae (a new class encompassing lichen communities occurring on exposed roots and the bases of old tree trunks with smooth bark), Arthonio radiatae-Lecidelletea elaeochromae , Hypogymnietea physodis , Neckeretea complanatae and Physcietea , and 12 assocations or unranked communities. The order Agonimietalia repletae , the alliances Biatorion radicicolae and Dictyocatenulation albae , and five associations are newly described here. The provisional alliance Biatorion vernalis is proposed for epiphytic lichens on mosses. Taxonomic reference : Nimis et al. (2018). Abbreviations : EUNIS = European Nature Information System; EVC = EuroVegChecklist; ICPN = International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature; UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; OD = Original diagnosis.

We have focused on paying attention to disease, knowing how to diagnose it, how to treat it, how to “eliminate” or control it. But I assure you that very few people in this world have become aware and consistent, and instead of thinking about eliminating the disease, they think about preventing it from developing. After years of research, this author has concluded that, according to the International Code of Diseases (ICD-11), there are more than 44,000 reported diseases, and more are described each year; however, there are only ten causes for all diseases. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of the Causes of Diseases under the Cause - Effect perspective, for which we use the methodology of the System for the Application of Techniques for Metabolic Diagnosis (ATDM System), we have carried out a multicenter, multi-country clinical study, where we use our Big data platform for the analysis of data obtained from more than 6,000 people, and we have been able to identify through Bioimpedance and Capillaroscopy tests, various patterns that allow us to determine this prevalence of the Causes of Diseases, which opens a new and disruptive field of research.

Genetic profiling of cultivars is important for confirming the authenticity of a cultivar and monitoring cultivar purity, preventing counterfeiting and, consequently, for protecting breeding achievements and protecting the rights of breeders, which are regulated at the international and national levels. An important aspect of developing genetic passports for cultivars is the choice, documentation and long-term preservation of the specimens used for DNA extraction. A new approach to solving these issues for vegetatively propagated agricultural crops was proposed at VIR in 2020 as part of the Integrated strategy for cultivar gene pool registration in Genebanks. The objectives of this strategy are: (a) registration of nomenclature standards for cultivars in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) and transfer them for storage to the Herbarium of Cultivated Plants of the World, their Wild Relatives and Weeds (WIR); (b) development of genetic passports, molecular profiling of nomenclature standards; (c) preservation of live specimens genetically identical to nomenclaturе standards in duplicate in vitro - and cryo-collections. The results of solving these three tasks for domestic potato cultivars are summarized and the prospects for their application are outlined. At the same time, VIR researchers, together with breeders from various regions of the Russian Federation, are carrying out large-scale work to create a collection of nomenclature standards for cultivars of various agricultural crops belonging to the families Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Grossulariaceae and Brassicaceae. This collection includes 308 nomenclature standards, designed in accordance with the requirements of ICNCP, which are stored in the VIR Herbarium of Cultivated Plants of the World, their Wild Relatives and Weeds (WIR). Nomenclature standards are a priority for molecular profiling of cultivars of various crops.

Objective: To guide U.S.-based lactation organizations in developing ethical financial frameworks that reinforce breastfeeding advocacy principles and ensure long-term organizational sustainability. These organizations are vital to advancing maternal–child health, but their survival depends on stable funding. Methods: This article analyzes the common funding challenges faced by U.S. lactation organizations and examines the ethical considerations surrounding diversified financial strategies, including gifts, legacy donations, and strategic investments. A central focus is the risk these strategies pose to stakeholder trust and institutional integrity when misaligned with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (the Code). Results: Sustainable financial strategies—when guided by clear, ethically grounded policies—can accelerate mission fulfillment, innovation, and broader community impact. However, without these policies, strategies like mission-aligned partnerships can create conflicts of interest or the appearance of endorsing products that undermine breastfeeding, thereby risking public trust. The absence of policy creates significant vulnerability. Conclusions: Developing a transparent, mission-aligned financial framework is essential. By preemptively addressing ethical considerations, U.S. lactation organizations can successfully navigate uncertain funding climates, enhance their financial resilience, and safeguard their public credibility and commitment to the core principles of breastfeeding advocacy.

Caragana and Calophaca are two closely related genera in the family Fabaceae. Recently, Calophaca was merged into Caragana, treating it as Caragana sect. Calophaca. This classification was further supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence. However, some of the resulting new combinations are considered illegitimate homonyms under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), due to overlap with pre-existing names within Caragana. Therefore, these taxa require renaming or replacement with available epithets. In this study, we review the new combinations within Caragana and propose five replacement names to resolve the nomenclatural conflicts, along with two new combinations.

The name Homalomena brachygyna J.Collantes, K.Z.Hein &amp; R.Bustam. was proposed for a new species of Homalomena Schott (1832: 20) from Palawan, Philippines, and published in Phytotaxa on 3 September 2024 (Collantes et al. 2024). However, the name is invalid under Article 40.5 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland et al. 2025), as the protologue failed to specify a single institution where the holotype is conserved—a requirement for valid publication of names published after 1 January 1990. Instead, two institutions were cited: PNH for the sheet and CAHUP for the spirit material (Collantes et al. 2024). As all other requirements of the Madrid Code were fulfilled, Homalomena brachygyna is validated below by unambiguously designating the holotype, using the effective English diagnosis and description provided in Collantes et al. (2024).

The bacterial order Enterobacterales has recently undergone major taxonomic revisions, with several new families and genera described. Within this framework, the rare genus Cedecea and the newly proposed genus Dryocola occupy closely related positions. The present study provides a comprehensive phylogenomic, phenotypic and functional assessment of Cedecea sulfonylureivorans LAM2020T and Dryocola clanedunensis H11S18T to clarify their taxonomic relationship. Genomic relatedness indices revealed high similarity between the two type strains, with average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values exceeding established species delineation thresholds. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, whole genomes and core gene sets consistently placed the two strains in a robustly supported monophyletic clade. These findings were further supported by shared metabolic and phenotypic traits. Taken together, the evidence demonstrates that C. sulfonylureivorans and D. clanedunensis represent members of the same biological species. Accordingly, and in line with Rule 42 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, we propose the reclassification of C. sulfonylureivorans Li et al. 2024 as a later heterotypic synonym of D. clanedunensis Maddock et al. 2023. Furthermore, we propose two subspecies within this species: D. clanedunensis subsp. clanedunensis comb. nov. and D. clanedunensis subsp. sulfonylureivorans comb. nov.

There is growing attention to the influence of commercial milk formula (CMF) marketing on health professionals and their professional associations, with ongoing controversies about the conflicts of interest created by the CMF industry and how health professionals and their associations can avoid them. Australian guidelines state that health workers should implement the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code), and a recent regulatory review considered whether health professional association (HPA) ethical codes and standards require compliance with the Code. However, evidence was lacking. This study aimed to assess the extent to which Australian HPAs' codes and standards require compliance with the Code. Sampled were national associations of regulated health professionals likely to provide health care to mothers and infants. Online searches of websites of these Australian HPAs were conducted in 2021 and repeated in 2024, to identify documents on professional ethics on the Code and breastfeeding. To assess the documents, we developed a simple scoring system and tool using the eight critical elements of the Code and World Health Organisation guidance for health workers. Searches identified 19 within-scope associations. Most (15/19) had no provisions relating to the Code or Guidance in their ethics or standards documents in 2024. Only one comprehensively covered the Code components and just five scored above 50 per cent. Professional association codes of ethics and standards in Australia do not prevent health professionals being influenced by CMF company marketing or ensure breastfeeding is protected, promoted and supported in line with health worker responsibilities under Australian guidelines and the Code. Future research could apply this scoring system in other country settings, and for other HPAs.

The genus name Laranda presents a significant case of zoological homonymy, requiring nomenclatural action under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Laranda Kinberg, 1865 (Polychaeta), established for marine annelids, predicts Laranda Walker, 1869 (Orthoptera), a distinctive genus of Neotropical crickets. This homonymy, unnoticed for over 150 years, was recently identified in the Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna. To ensure nomenclatural stability and universality, we propose Unacla nom. n. as a replacement name for the cricket genus Laranda Walker, 1869, which is a junior homonym and, therefore, invalid. This note details the type material and distinguishing features of both taxa, justifying the proposed name change and its implications for systematics.

Ganoderma P. Karst. is an important genus in the family Polyporaceae. Ryvarden in the year 2020 described a new species of Ganoderma, based on a collection from Seychelles (East Africa), and named it as Ganoderma insulare Ryvarden (Ryvarden 2020). However, Ryvarden (2020) unintentionally missed the earlier validly published name Ganoderma insulare Har. &amp; Pat. (Har. &amp; Pat.1903), resulting in a nom. illegit., according to the Art. 53.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Turland et al. 2018).

The article examines international standards for preventing and managing conflicts of interest in public administration, which are formed based on the consensus of leading international organizations regarding ensuring integrity and transparency in public governance. The study analyzes fundamental international documents in this field, particularly the UN Convention against Corruption of 2003, the Council of Europe conventions on criminal and civil liability for corruption, which establish general frameworks for national legislation and define minimum standards for combating corrupt practices. Special attention is paid to analyzing the provisions of the UN Convention against Corruption, which obliges state parties to create systems for ensuring transparency and avoiding conflicts of interest, as well as implementing declaration mechanisms for their detection. The International Code of Conduct for Public Officials of 1996 and its approaches to regulating conflicts of interest are examined. The standards of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are analyzed in detail, particularly the Recommendations on Principles for Managing Conflicts of Interest in the Public Sector of 2003 and 2020, which define conflict of interest as a situation between public duty and private interest of officials. The comprehensive OECD system for managing conflicts of interest is studied, which includes prevention policy, detection mechanisms, resolution procedures, and monitoring measures. The role of the Council of Europe in forming standards for preventing conflicts of interest through the Model Code of Conduct for Public Officials of 2000 and GRECO activities is revealed. The mechanism for monitoring compliance with international standards through the process of peer review and peer pressure is demonstrated, which ensures practical control and mutual accountability of states. A conclusion is made about the contemporary development of international standards, characterized by strengthening preventive measures, using information technologies, and creating a culture of integrity in public administration, which ensures the dynamism of the system of norms and principles.

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive review of post-tensioned (PT) precast jointed systems as a resilient structural solution for resisting lateral loads. These systems offer enhanced seismic performance by combining self-centering behavior with controlled energy dissipation, thus minimizing residual displacements and structural damage. The review traces the historical evolution of PT systems applied to frames, columns, walls, and bridge components, highlighting experimental and analytical investigations over the past three decades. Special emphasis is placed on the role of initial prestressing force, energy dissipation reinforcement, and joint detailing in improving seismic resilience. The paper also explores fragility analyses that evaluate the probability of exceeding specific damage states under varying drift demands. Comparisons with conventional monolithic systems demonstrate the superior recentering and stiffness retention capabilities of PT joints. Challenges such as limited hysteretic energy dissipation, toe crushing, and compatibility with seismic code provisions are addressed through the integration of external dampers, steel jacketing, and hybrid joint designs. Additionally, recent innovations such as embedded damping cores, friction devices, and hybrid rocking-wall systems are examined for their potential to improve performance in moderate to high seismic zones. The review concludes with a critical discussion of international code provisions and identifies gaps in existing standards that hinder broader implementation. Recommendations are made to guide future research toward developing practical, codified solutions for PT systems with consistent seismic performance.

Priority vs. tradition—Tracheliastes polycolpus von Nordmann, 1832 (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae) revisited!

Tarasa is a genus endemic to the Americas that is represented in Peru by 14 species. In the context of the taxonomic treatment of this genus for the Peruvian flora, two names of species that need to be typified to stabilize their nomenclature were identified. For the nomenclatural treatment, the protologues are analyzed and the type material is studied in physical or through online images. Lectotypifying is carried out in accordance with the indications of the current International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants. Lectotypes are designated for two names of Tarasa species endemic to Peru.

Despite strong evidence supporting breastfeeding's benefits for maternal and child health, breastfeeding rates (e.g. any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months etc.) in China are still suboptimal. The pervasive marketing of breast-milk substitutes (BMS) plays a significant role. Yet research on BMS marketing-especially in China-is scarce, and a clear characterization of the channels and underlying themes through which pregnant women and new mothers encounter such advertising is critical for informing effective regulation of BMS promotions, advancing breastfeeding practices and ultimately improving maternal and child health. A marketing diary approach was employed in a one-week pilot study involving 20 participants in Beijing and Jinan, China. Each participant was required to document all BMS marketing-related messages encountered-capturing screenshots or photos and annotating channel and thematic content. Quantitative exposure proportions by channel were calculated, and qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis by two independent coders. This study aimed to preliminarily map the online marketing ecology of BMS and to compare these findings against existing regulatory frameworks, thereby informing actionable recommendations to strengthen monitoring of compliance of BMS marketing. A total of 234 BMS marketing records were documented, 90.2% of which occurred via digital platforms. Among online channels, social media (45.3%), e-commerce websites (15.4%), video streaming platforms (15.0%) and general web browsing (14.5%) predominated; offline channels accounted for the remaining 9.8%. Four principal promotional strategies were identified-competitive promotions, nutritional claims, corporate identity building and word-of-mouth endorsements. Eight thematic categories emerged, led by nutrition claims, sales promotions and infant health benefits. Several participants critically appraised ambiguous or scientifically unsubstantiated assertions. Chinese pregnant women and mothers of infants aged 0-18 months encounter frequent, multifaceted BMS marketing (activities, or strategies, or tactics) predominantly through digital channels. China's current regulatory framework governs food labelling but affords limited monitoring of BMS advertising across all channels-particularly digital platforms-underscoring the need for comprehensive regulation that explicitly includes online marketing tactics. A multisectoral strategy-combining policy reform, targeted health education and rigorous enforcement of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the International Code)-is required to protect and promote breastfeeding.

This study provides a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the carpenter moth family Cossidae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea) in Georgia, located within the South Caucasus region. Integrating historical records, museum collections, and recent field surveys, we present an updated fauna comprising 22 species across 13 genera. Five species are described here as new to science: Dyspessa confusa Japaridze, Makharadze, Seropian, sp. nov. (), Dyspessa parvana Japaridze, Makharadze, Seropian, sp. nov. (), Stygioides jarii Japaridze, Makharadze, Seropian, sp. nov. (), Stygioides mirifica Japaridze, Makharadze, Bulbulashvili, Seropian, sp. nov. (), and Phragmataecia ignota Japaridze, Makharadze, Seropian, sp. nov. () The genus Stygioides Braund, 1853 is recorded from Georgia for the first time. Additionally, Deserticossus volgensis (Christoph, 1893), Dyspessa cerberus Daniel, 1939, and D. tsvetaevi Yakovlev, 2008 are newly recorded from the South Caucasus. Based on re-examination of material, Dyspessa alpherakyi Christoph, 1885, D. pallidata Staudinger, 1892, and Isoceras bipunctatum Staudinger, 1887 are excluded from the Georgian fauna. The name Holcocerus didmanidzae Yakovlev, 2006 is corrected to Holcocerus didmanidzeae Yakovlev, 2006 in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Detailed collection data, diagnostic images, and COI barcode sequences of eight species are provided to support future ecological and biogeographical studies.

Flexible and low-temperature-resistant double-network hydrogel with a bionic octopus-tentacle-like structure for integrated supercapacitor and nanogenerator sensor fabrication.