Internal Upheavals Research Articles

Countering hegemonism in the Indo-Pacific

The global COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and accentuated the irreconcilable differences among Indo-Pacific states concerning ideology, governance, and understandings of the legitimate uses of power. The Communist Party of China is employing great power statecraft that is best described by the Chinese concept of 霸权主义 Bàquán zhŭyì (hegemonism or aggression aimed at weaker states). This ideologically driven behavior threatens the stability of the global system and may hinder the political and economic gains achieved over decades through the collective cooperation and constraint of aggressive great power statecraft. This article describes a transformation in the People's Republic of China's (PRC) approach towards Australia. It suggests that unless there's an internal upheaval in the PRC's statecraft, the global system might need to temporarily rely on mercantilist blocs to maintain human security, primarily within the democratic states of the Indo-Pacific. This survival strategy would involve resisting hegemonism.

The Melting-Pot and Its Legacies

Abstract This article examines Israel Zangwill's 1908 play The Melting-Pot as a document in American immigration history, and the role of its most contested tropes – interfaith marriage and the melting-pot itself – in his efforts to rescue suffering Jews of Europe. Through close readings of the play and with reference to other works by Zangwill in the early twentieth century, the article looks at the play as a pragmatic work in a time of international upheaval and American nativism. A discussion of the play's reception by critics and audiences indicates that what was most controversial at the time of its production was not necessarily what Zangwill was most desirous to convey. But a look at its varied meanings over time reveals the persistence of the melting-pot metaphor in discussions of immigration, identity, ethnicity and nationhood, especially in the American imaginary.

MASA PERADABAN DINASTI MAMLUK DI MESIR

The birth of the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt in the 13th century marked an important period in the history of the Middle East. This dynasty was born from a military slave system which then took over political power. The Mamluk lifestyle was manifested by great military power, a prosperous economy, and a rich cultural heritage. The Mamluk dynasty also had an influence on Islamic civilization, including in the fields of architecture, art, science, science, and others. But before giving its glor to Islamic civilization The Mamluk dynasty went through a very long and difficult process. The destruction of Baghdad by the Mongol army made the Mamluk dynasty the savior of Islamic civilization with the success of the Mamluk troops who were able to repel the threat of destruction from the Mongol troops which ultimately made Egypt, Iraq and the surrounding areas intact and safe. So that Islamic civilization can develop religious values. The end of the Mamluk dynasty’d rule came in the 16th century when they faced external pressure and internal upheaval, ending their dominance in the region. Based on the background above, the focus of this article is: (1) the birth of the Mamluk Dynasty. (2) lifestyke of the Mamluk Dyasty (3) the collaps of the Mamluk Dynasty. This article uses a qualitative method, namely by collecting information or darta from literature and journal analysis as a reference. The purpose of this article (1) to find out the history of the founding of th Mamlu dynasty? (2) what wasthe lifestyle of the Mamluk dynasty? (3) how did the reign of the Mamluk dynasty end? The fina step that the author obtains the results of the research and writes the results into a scientific work so that readers know the history of the founding of te Mamluk kingdom until the collapse of the dynasty. The Mamluk dynasty was a dynasty that was founded in the 13th century in Egypt and this dynasty had a fairly lon history which resulted in the enthusiasm of the Mamluk to eradicate the threat from the Mongols.

Hybrid Democracies of the Western Balkans

The governance models of Western Balkan states are now based on a liberal democracy and the development of an open and free economy. In the early 2000s, the European Union was very active in the Western Balkans, strongly promoting democratic values for good governance and strengthening the implementation of the rule of law, democratizing state institutions, with the aim of creating a legal order to protect and respect human rights. Despite the engagement of European Union structures, it is now evident that in some countries of the Western Balkans, there are tendencies towards an authoritarian model of the state, away from a functional system for effective governance. The reasons are mainly due to internal factors and circumstances of the region. The international factor has consistently criticized these governance models being created in some Western Balkan countries, which take the form of hybrid democracies. This form of governance has already established its own status quo and is an approach that is resistant to change, both by international factors and by domestic governmental/political structures. The integration of Western Balkan states into Euro-Atlantic institutions, especially the European Union, remains the main topic of discussion for key leaders, not only within the region but also among the main leaders of the European Union member countries. Integration is a complex process that requires mutual cooperation. On the one hand, serious commitment is required from Western Balkan countries to meet the conditionality criteria, and on the other hand, the European Union must be willing to undertake concrete initiatives for their inclusion. These initiatives may also require reforms within the structures of the European Union. Diplomatically, initially, traditional bilateral relations were seen as the most reliable alternative to achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, which the Western Balkan countries aspire to so much. Despite numerous efforts, the Western Balkan countries now feel "fatigued" from the long wait, resulting from difficult conditions and technicalities. The governance of the region's countries is under constant pressure from bureaucracy and the weakness in decision-making of European Union institutions, as well as from the constraints and conditions applied over the years. This situation has led to an "internal upheaval" both within the political class and the civil society of Western Balkan countries. High-ranking political leaders of some Western Balkan countries have now taken joint political initiatives with regional significance. Based on the various developments in a complex region such as the Western Balkans, this paper aims to present the implications that may arise in the Euro-Atlantic integration process from the involvement of actors with different geo-strategic interests.
 
 
 Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023

Understanding the experiences of mothers receiving perinatal palliative care: A qualitative study

Background: Despite the diagnosis of life-limiting foetal conditions, some mothers choose to continue their pregnancies. The experiences of these individuals are relatively unknown, making it difficult for perinatal palliative services to be targeted towards their needs. Aim: To examine maternal experiences in perinatal palliative care among those who choose to continue their pregnancies despite life-limiting foetal condition. Design: Qualitative, retrospective study involving semi-structured interviews. Braun & Clarke’s reflexive thematic analyses using a constructionist-interpretive approach were conducted. Setting/participants: A total of 15 adult women participants who decided to continue their pregnancies after learning of life-limiting foetal diagnoses were recruited from a Singaporean tertiary hospital. Interviews were conducted in-person or via video conferencing. Results: Seven themes were synthesized from the data: (1) Internal upheaval – ‘World turns upside down’; (2) Role of religion and spirituality in hope of miracles; (3) Support from family and close friends; (4) Navigating a fragmented healthcare system; (5) Value added by the perinatal palliative service; (6) Goodbye and grieving and (7) No regrets and other personal reflections. Conclusions: Continuing a pregnancy despite the diagnosis of a life-limiting foetal condition can be challenging for mothers. To better meet their needs during this difficult period, perinatal palliative care must be patient-centred, multidisciplinary and non-judgmental. Efforts must be made to streamline the healthcare delivery process.

Faktor-Faktor Konflik Di Republik Yaman Berdasarkan Perspektif Abdul Hadi Awang Dan Kesannya Kepada Keadilan Sosial Factors of Conflict in The Republic of Yemen Based on Abdul Hadi Awang’s Perspective and Its Impact on Social Justice

Yemen has historically been plagued by war and internal upheaval, which has contributed to the geopolitical instability of the republic. The unrest that started 59 years ago has continued in Yemen until the current conflict. The unrest in this republic is brought on by a number of factors. These factors will be detemined and examined based on the perspective of the Honorable (YB) Tan Sri Dato Seri Haji Abdul Hadi bin Awang, Member of Parliament for Marang, Terengganu. Abdul Hadi Awang once went to Yemen in 2010 with a delegation from the Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) In order to offer a resolution to the crisis in this nation. Data collection and data analysis are the two main methods that were used. In this study, documentation approaches were used to obtain any relevant data. The thematic analysis and content analysis was utilised to analyse the data. The study's conclusions, in light of other researchers' work and the data provided, show that the causes of violence in the Republic of Yemen, as seen from Abdul Hadi Awang's perspective, are substantial. The power rivalry between Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran as well as the country's weak government are two factors that contribute to instability in the Republic of Yemen.

Faktor-Faktor Konflik Di Republik Yaman Berdasarkan Perspektif Abdul Hadi Awang Dan Kesannya Kepada Keadilan Sosial Factors of Conflict in The Republic of Yemen Based on Abdul Hadi Awang’s Perspective and Its Impact on Social Justice

Yemen has historically been plagued by war and internal upheaval, which has contributed to the geopolitical instability of the republic. The unrest that started 59 years ago has continued in Yemen until the current conflict. The unrest in this republic is brought on by a number of factors. These factors will be detemined and examined based on the perspective of the Honorable (YB) Tan Sri Dato Seri Haji Abdul Hadi bin Awang, Member of Parliament for Marang, Terengganu. Abdul Hadi Awang once went to Yemen in 2010 with a delegation from the Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) In order to offer a resolution to the crisis in this nation. Data collection and data analysis are the two main methods that were used. In this study, documentation approaches were used to obtain any relevant data. The thematic analysis and content analysis was utilised to analyse the data. The study's conclusions, in light of other researchers' work and the data provided, show that the causes of violence in the Republic of Yemen, as seen from Abdul Hadi Awang's perspective, are substantial. The power rivalry between Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran as well as the country's weak government are two factors that contribute to instability in the Republic of Yemen.

A Decade of GigaScience: Women in Science: Past, Present, and Future.

Over the last decade, women have made decisive advances in increasing equality in science, technology, engineering, and medicine (STEM), but they still do not rival that of men. Many mechanisms to reduce gender discrimination have been addressed; however, little to nothing has been done to tackle the differences in the amount of time women spend on responsibilities at home. This has never been more apparent than during the COVID-19 pandemic. After a decade of advances promoting women, the last two years have seen these advances halted, and the long-term implications for women in STEM will be substantial. Moving forward, career advancement and funding mechanisms need to be adjusted to not just help women catch up, but to become a permanent support mechanism for women in the workplace. The higher amount of responsibilities at home and lack of support for women is not reserved for times of international upheaval: it has just become more apparent.

An Inquest into the Quests and Conquests of the Radiography Profession in Nigeria

Background: As at 1942, there were neither indigenous radiographers nor radiography training institutions in Nigeria. Presently, progress made is breathtaking. Despite the strides, there were no readily accessible records to give researchers insight on the trajectory of the profession since the beginning of the 20th century.
 Objective: To trace the origin, investigate the quests, ascertain the conquests of the radiography profession in Nigeria and then document them for easy accessibility.
 Methods: A prospective, longitudinal historical research spanning 6 years (2013 – 2019). Data emanated from records of the professional association (ARN), publications in the radiography profession, and interview of older radiographers, especially those who were witnesses to professional milestones. Internet search complemented retrieved information. The draft of the work was uploaded continually on radiographers’ Facebook and WhatsApp platforms for inputs. The author resolved discrepancies in account through weight of evidence for or against.
 Results: Approximately 5,000 persons have passed through basic radiography training in Nigeria, with ≤ 5% having postgraduate qualifications. Training institutions have evolved from two monotechnics to ≥ 10 universities, with three of those are involved in postgraduate education. Radiography has witnessed considerable role extensions from traditional x-ray to more advanced practices and complex modalities. Conquests were however, sometimes reversed, or jeopardized by internal upheavals and meddlesome interlopers. 
 Conclusion: Radiography in Nigeria has witnessed breathtaking evolution in training and practice from the time of World War II (WWII) until date. Radiographers themselves, with significant assistance from non-radiographers, engineered those milestones. A consolidation of intra-professional cohesion and inter-professional synergy is needful, for more focused and dedicated services to humanity.

An Inquest into the Quests and Conquests of the Radiography Profession in Nigeria

Background: As at 1942, there were neither indigenous radiographers nor radiography training institutions in Nigeria. Presently, progress made is breathtaking. Despite the strides, there were no readily accessible records to give researchers insight on the trajectory of the profession since the beginning of the 20th century.
 Objective: To trace the origin, investigate the quests, ascertain the conquests of the radiography profession in Nigeria and then document them for easy accessibility.
 Methods: A prospective, longitudinal historical research spanning 6 years (2013 – 2019). Data emanated from records of the professional association (ARN), publications in the radiography profession, and interview of older radiographers, especially those who were witnesses to professional milestones. Internet search complemented retrieved information. The draft of the work was uploaded continually on radiographers’ Facebook and WhatsApp platforms for inputs. The author resolved discrepancies in account through weight of evidence for or against.
 Results: Approximately 5,000 persons have passed through basic radiography training in Nigeria, with ≤ 5% having postgraduate qualifications. Training institutions have evolved from two monotechnics to ≥ 10 universities, with three of those are involved in postgraduate education. Radiography has witnessed considerable role extensions from traditional x-ray to more advanced practices and complex modalities. Conquests were however, sometimes reversed, or jeopardized by internal upheavals and meddlesome interlopers. 
 Conclusion: Radiography in Nigeria has witnessed breathtaking evolution in training and practice from the time of World War II (WWII) until date. Radiographers themselves, with significant assistance from non-radiographers, engineered those milestones. A consolidation of intra-professional cohesion and inter-professional synergy is needful, for more focused and dedicated services to humanity.

Review: Contested Modernity: Sectarianism, Nationalism, and Colonialism in Bahrain, by Omar H. al-Shehabi

Review: <i>Contested Modernity: Sectarianism, Nationalism, and Colonialism in Bahrain</i>, by Omar H. al-Shehabi

Global Perspectives on Teacher Professional Development: Navigating the Pandemic

Abstract Educational researchers, policymakers, and administrators agree that providing in-service teachers with high-quality professional development (PD) opportunities is essential to educational success. Despite the substantial sums invested in teacher PD by countries and jurisdictions, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused serious challenges to teacher learning around the world. As conventional face-to-face initiatives became impracticable (e.g., workshops, conferences, school-based PD) and the need to prioritize pandemic-specific topics intensified (e.g., emergency remote teaching), teacher PD was recast both formally (where and how teachers engaged in PD) and substantively (what teachers sought to learn from PD). Amidst the international upheavals caused by COVID-19, how have teacher PD infrastructures (policies, practices, theories) responded? For this Special Issue, we put this and other questions before a panel of PD scholars in six contexts: United States, Scotland (United Kingdom), Uruguay, Australia, United Arab Emirates, and Hong Kong (SAR China). In their respective contributions, authors discuss issues such as the limitations of PD systems based on compliance and external accountability mechanisms, the need to center teacher motivation in existing PD frameworks, matters of access and equity, the importance of developing technological infrastructures for online and hybrid learning, problems of online safety and wellbeing, and more. The Special Issue shows that the uncertainty of today’s times requires new, global perspectives on PD design, implementation, evaluation, theory, and scholarship. To nurture agentic, highly motivated, and effective teachers for the pandemic era and beyond, countries and jurisdictions should think more creatively about how to best support teacher learning. Keywords: Teacher professional development, in-service teachers, COVID-19, comparative education

Empowerment and Territorial Gain through Pledge Policies

The article uses the example of the Counts of Holstein from the House of Schauenburg to illustrate that pledges and pledge policies belong to the inventory of a “classic” history of princely rule in the Late Middle Ages. It argues that temporary or permanent winners of this monetization strategy can also be identified. This, as the paper shows, applies likewise to the Counts of Holstein in the 14th century, who divided the Kingdom of Denmark among themselves at the height of their position as Pledge Lords (Pfandherren). This development would not have been possible without the internal upheavals in the kingdom and was later reversed under King Waldemar IV. Nevertheless, the Counts of Holstein were able to secure the Duchy of Schleswig as a zone of influence. This was at least partly attributable to the success of their pledge policy.

Bienes Comunes Naturales, contribuciones teóricas a su análisis

At a time of strong international upheavals, environmental crisis, socialinequalities and neo-developmental strategies, the loss of control andparticipation of local communities in decisions that affect their own habitatchallenges science from all its fields of production and action on the need toaccompany the development of a solid theory that achieves consensus in theidentification of alternatives outside the traditional parameters. This articleinvestigates the paradigm of the common, from political philosophy,anthropology and territorial planning, trying to place it outside the debatebetween the public and the private, with the intention of overcoming thiswestern dichotomy and recognizing emerging and alternative forms in thepreservation and management of common goods.

Engendered Violence Against Afghan Women in Atiq Rahimi’s A Thousand Rooms of Dream and Fear

The universal concern of domestic violence against women in its various manifestations came to the center of scholarly attention due to its harmful effects and consequences on the lives of thousands of women worldwide. This umbrella term that refers to any form of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse against women is the result of gender-based power imbalance and sexist inequalities in societies where patriarchal norms hold sway. However, the enormity and severity of the problem is more profound in third-world countries where governing policies are determined by traditional and religious doctrines. Afghanistan is one such third-world country where woman&amp;rsquo;s oppression and abuse originate from the reigning religious principles that dominate its culture, society and politics. Nevertheless, there is a recent trend among literary figures of the Afghan Diaspora in highlighting the plight of Afghan women in Afghanistan through the medium of fiction. This paper therefore intends to investigate the manifestations of domestic violence against women in the Afghan context through a reading of Atiq Rahim&amp;rsquo;s novella, A Thousand Rooms of Dream and Fear (2007). Rahimi&amp;rsquo;s novella narrates the story of a male protagonist named Farhad and simultaneously highlights the miserable living conditions of the Afghan people, particularly the lives of Afghan women during the turbulent period of the Soviet Invasion as well as the many internal political upheavals that followed soon after. Using feminist literary criticism, the present paper shall discuss the depictions of three prominent forms of domestic violence against women as experienced by the female characters in the novella, namely physical, sexual and psychological violence that have shaped them into oppressed, silenced and traumatized individuals.

A Separation: Breaking Up Is Hard to Do

ABSTRACT A Separation is the 2011 award-winning film by Iranian writer-director Asghar Farhadi. Set in modern-day Tehran, the film is about an upper-middle class couple who are separating after 14 years of marriage. The filmmaker gives a nuanced portrayal of the complex dynamics in this family and, in particular, how the struggles of the adults painfully affect their 11-year old daughter, Termeh. A Separation is not formally told through the eyes of the child, however, the film’s action and visual impact create in the audience a set of intense emotional reactions which powerfully convey Termeh’s internal upheaval.

The Paradigm of the Byzantine Economic Order-Taxis: Historical and Philosophical Dimension

Introduction. The article deals with one of the key issues of the Eurasian economic order related to the Byzantine Empire, which lasted for more than a thousand years (395–1453) and experienced periods of growth and decline, in which military expansion was replaced by crises and internal upheavals. The Byzantine state has always been under pressure from outside, but it has learned to survive among rivals and enemies. The Power of Byzantium in many respects ahead of its era, was not only the largest feudal entity of the Middle Ages, but also along with this centralized state, which had a powerful system of administrative management, which played an important role in regulating of the economic order. Materials and Methods. Current methodological approaches based on the principle of spiritual understanding of the modern world picture, as well as the degree of theoretical elaboration at the present stage of development of society the problem of forming the mentality of a particular nation, studying cultural phenomena in a historical context contribute, we believe, the disclosure of the “conceptual entity” the Byzantine heritage. Results. The analysis of sources and materials that consider various aspects of scientific works of Byzantine taxonomists on the economic structure. The characteristic features of the economic policy of the Byzantine Empire are revealed and the conclusion about the significance of the Byzantine experience for regulating the economic order in modern States is substantiated. Discussion and Conclusion. The Byzantine state, which actively intervened in the regulation of the economy, received a relatively stable economic order, which allowed it not only to maintain its well-being throughout the centuries of the Empire’s history, but also to cope with crisis situations. The variety of forms of farming in early Byzantium was reflected in the effective interaction of commodity production developed in cities and the economic system of rural settlements. The flourishing of trade and industry were mainly characteristic of coastal cities, whose economic expansion only slightly affected the agricultural sector of the Empire, while there was a partial taxonometrization of the economy. Despite short periods of weakening trade priorities of Byzantium, we can not talk about the economic disaster of the Empire, because it had at its disposal the economic reserves of the provinces. The state has repeatedly experienced shocks accompanied by crises, but has maintained sufficient viability, subsequently reviving and returning to its previous positions.

Cyprus and the Great War of 1914-18

ABSTRACTCyprus was affected by World War I although it saw no fighting or major internal upheavals and it made no large scale contribution of troops or resources. The British administration aimed to carry on as normal, warding off any suggestion that contributions to the war effort might encourage future political claims. Cyprus was largely isolated. Government officials were stuck there for the duration and there were complaints about their caliber and morale. The role of the Orthodox church was expanded. Cyprus was relatively immune from patterns of post-war upheavals and discontinuity that prevailed elsewhere but the War gave the island the potential for greater prosperity and also, in the longer term, more bitter political contests.

An Inquest into the Quests and Conquests of the Radiography Profession in Nigeria

Background: As of 1942, there were neither indigenous radiographers nor radiography training institutions in Nigeria. Presently, progress made is breathtaking. Despite the strides, there were no readily accessible records to give researchers insight on the trajectory of the profession since the beginning of the 20th century. Objective: To trace the origin, investigate the quests, ascertain the conquests of the radiography profession in Nigeria and then document them for easy accessibility. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal historical research spanning 6 years (2013 – 2019). Data emanated from records of the professional association (ARN), publications in the radiography profession, and interview of older radiographers, especially those who were witnesses to professional milestones. Internet search complemented retrieved information. The draft of the work was uploaded continually on radiographers’ Facebook and WhatsApp platforms for inputs. The author resolved discrepancies in the account through the weight of evidence for or against. Results: Approximately 5,000 persons have passed through basic radiography training in Nigeria, with ≤ 5% having postgraduate qualifications. Training institutions have evolved from two monotechnics to ≥ 10 universities, with three of those are involved in postgraduate education. Radiography has witnessed considerable role extensions from traditional x-ray to more advanced practices and complex modalities. Conquests were, however, sometimes reversed, or jeopardized by internal upheavals and meddlesome interlopers. Conclusion: Radiography in Nigeria has witnessed breathtaking evolution in training and practice from the time of World War II (WWII) until date. Radiographers themselves, with significant assistance from non-radiographers, engineered those milestones. A consolidation of intra-professional cohesion and inter-professional synergy is needful, for more focused and dedicated services to humanity.

The concept of «soft power» in the context of Ukrainian strategy of foreign policy

This article explores the basic principles and conceptual approaches to the concept of «power». Modern globalizational processes in the world (political, economic) influence the emergence of new concepts of power. The basic theoretical concepts of international relations - «hard power» and «soft power» and the possibility of using them in Ukrainian foreign policy are under consideration. The causes of emergence of the «soft power» concept is studied in the article. Among the mentioned causes we examine the end of «Cold War» and formation of multipolar international system. It brings us to the changes of the nature of the power itself and makes the strategy of «soft power» more potential. The attention is drawn to the relevance of the essence of the «soft power» concept and possibility of its usage in Ukrainian foreign policy, in its political scientific discussions. The annexation of the Crimea in 2014 and the military conflict with Russia influenced the future implementation of this concept. The potential of the «soft power» concept in Ukraine is already exhausted. The «Orange Revolution» in 2004 and «Revolution of Dignity» in 2014 are the symbolic events of modern Ukraine and the main tools of the «soft power». These events formed a positive image of Ukraine in Europe. It is necessary to restrict (financially and informationally) the usage of this concept and give priority to the «hard power». Concept of «soft power» is only effective in the countries with significant military and economic potential. With regard to Ukraine, the tools of the attractiveness of the economic model of development are not effective and are still unpredictable. The secondary effects of internal political and economic upheavals, the annexation of the Crimea and hostilities in the Donbas spread to most sectors of the national economy. It is noted that in the context of cultural and value attraction in order to use the whole image potential of our state, we need a well-thought out state information policy and a clearly planned branding campaign, which takes time and considerable financial expenses. Ukraine show that in order to ensure its national security for the ‘second-tier’ states the development of its own military force should be on a priority basis.