ABSTRACT This work designed a new wastewater management system based on control parameters and optimization techniques. The developed framework makes significant contributions by presenting a hybrid position of sun flower and fire hawk (HP-SFFH) for optimizing wastewater treatment processes. The steady-state analysis is performed by adding wastewater to the pure water line. Here, the control parameters like starting time, addition period of external carbon, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and internal rate of return (IRR) are optimized using an HP-SFFH algorithm. Moreover, parameters like aeration efficiency (AE), pumping efficiency (PE), and effluent quality (EQ) are improved using HP-SFFH model. Finally, the suggested approach’s performance is evaluated over various prior frameworks. The proposed model’s pumping energy is 0.016 kWh/d, which offers a significant improvement over classical optimization techniques. The outcome confirmed that the designed model, which encompass various treatment processes and management strategies, help to protect public health, conserve water resources, and minimize environmental impact.

The purpose of this study was to assess the financial feasibility and sensitivity of the banana chips agroindustry at Mappadeceng MSME in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi. The research was conducted in June 2024 using a case study approach based on primary and secondary data. Financial feasibility was analyzed using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Gross Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C), Net Benefit-Cost Ratio (Net B/C), and Payback Period (PP), followed by sensitivity analysis under adverse business scenarios. The results show that the enterprise is financially feasible, with an NPV of IDR 178,750,000, IRR of 37%, Gross B/C of 1.21, Net B/C of 2.85, and a Payback Period of 6 years and 8 months. The IRR exceeds the prevailing bank interest rate of 10%, indicating strong investment attractiveness. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the business remains feasible under a 15% decrease in sales volume and a 20% increase in raw material prices. However, a 10% reduction in selling price causes the IRR to fall below the benchmark and the B/C ratio to drop below 1, indicating financial vulnerability to price competition. These findings demonstrate that the banana chips agroindustry has solid financial potential but requires effective pricing strategies to maintain long-term sustainability. Keywords: agroindustry, banana chips, financial feasibility, MSMEs, sensitivity

The article comments on the fact that the economic reforms implemented in Azerbaijan have necessitated large investments in various sectors of the economy. In this regard, it is crucial to consider the risk factor associated with investments in the oil and gas sector, to select an effective option for achieving the set goal, and to conduct a thorough study. The analysis of technical and economic indicators in the economic justification of investments in oil and gas production areas is based on the determination of efficiency criteria using the inverse function method, distribution indicators of random variables and calculations based on probability theory. In addition, risk simulation modelling for the development and implementation of investment projects aimed at increasing oil production in the Azneft Production Union was carried out using GLONASS. A diagram of the dynamics of NPV (Net Present Value), HR (Hurdle Rate) and IRR (Internal Rate of Return) changes was constructed. The proposed methodology can make a significant contribution to the calculation of investments in the oil production sector.

Background/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) imposes a substantial clinical, humanistic, and economic burden, and current disease-modifying therapies require lifelong administration without restoring immune tolerance. IMMUTOL, a tolerogenic gene therapy under development within an EU-funded programme, aims to induce durable remission. Methods: This study assessed the early financial feasibility of IMMUTOL using a structured risk-adjusted net present value (rNPV) model, incorporating development and operating costs, probabilities of clinical and regulatory success, manufacturing expenditure, market dynamics, and revenue projections. Uncertainty was examined through one-way, probabilistic, and scenario analyses. Results: Under base-case assumptions, IMMUTOL generated a deterministic rNPV of -$223.8 million with an internal rate of return of 3.4%. Probabilistic analysis yielded a mean rNPV of -$99.4 million and a mean internal rate of return of 10.5%, with 70.2% of simulations producing negative values. Only scenarios combining higher treatment prices with lower manufacturing costs produced consistently positive rNPVs; a price of $1.5 million with a $200,000 production cost resulted in an rNPV of $711.2 million and an internal rate of return of 20.7%. Neither increased market size, reduced time to approval, nor modest cost reductions altered the conclusion. Conclusions: These findings emphasise a structural gap between value-based pricing and the pricing required for commercial viability. Without external support or reductions in cost structures, commercial development may be economically unattractive.

This feasibility study analyzes the expansion plan of Tweescake Palu, a micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) specializing in mochi sales, by establishing a physical store. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. The quantitative analysis focuses on financial evaluation using five key metrics: Net Present Value (NPV), Profitability Index (PI), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Average Rate of Return (ARR), and Payback Period (PP). The qualitative analysis is conducted through in-depth interviews with the business owner, Widya Malewa, to explore background, motivations, initial challenges, and perceptions regarding future business prospects. Based on the calculations, the investment plan is proven to be highly feasible financially. The project’s NPV is Rp37,504,178, PI is 1.38, IRR is approximately 29.82%, ARR is 27.16%, and PP is only 3.68 years, or 44.2 months, or 1,344 days. These findings confirm that the investment is financially viable to implement.

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of the Salman Orange Juice (SOJ) micro-enterprise in Palu City, which produces fresh orange drinks based on local raw materials. Data were obtained through interviews with the business owner, field observations, and financial documentation. The analysis used qualitative and quantitative descriptive approaches, with investment feasibility indicators including Net Present Value (NPV), Profitability Index (PI), Payback Period (PBP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), using a 10% discount rate. The results indicate a positive NPV of Rp4,600,000, a PI of 1.23, a PBP achieved in 0.74 years or approximately 9 months, and an IRR of 35.3%. All calculations indicate that the SOJ business is feasible to operate and develop further. From a non-financial perspective, this business also supports local economic empowerment by utilizing orange raw materials from local farmers, offering healthy beverage products, and has a potential market, especially among university students. Thus, the SOJ business not only provides financial benefits but also has a positive socio-economic contribution.

The transition towards circular economy is now a key strategy to address the environmental issues we are facing. Within this framework, biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from residual agricultural pyrolysis, can represent a sustainable and circular solution. This paper aims at evaluating the possibility of implementing a local biochar-production system as part of an economic and social strategy of the redevelopment of an abandoned rural site, Borgo di Perolla, in Tuscany, Italy. A cost–benefits analysis (CBA) was conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility of three different scenarios of production and strategies: Scenario 1 considers revenues solely from the production and sale of biochar and wood vinegar; Scenario 2 additionally includes potential income from the sale of voluntary carbon credits; and Scenario 3 incorporates biochar credits within the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS). For each scenario, three indicators were calculated: Net-Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Breakeven point (BEP). The most evident result that emerged is that the sale of biochar and its by-products alone is not sufficient to ensure the project’s economic sustainability, mainly due to high production costs. Only through carbon-credit-trading markets biochar becomes not only an environmentally strategic tool but also an economically rewarding one. In this sense, market infrastructures, such as the ETS, are essential for the dissemination of circular models, like biochar, that generate both environmental and economic benefits. Previous studies on biochar have largely focused on its application and associated benefits, while cost–benefit analyses have primarily examined its economic feasibility through the commercialization of biochar as a soil amendment, particularly within the United States context. The present work contributes to this literature in three main ways. First, it provides a site-specific and replicable CBA framework applied to a real territorial regeneration project (Borgo di Perolla), grounded in primary data collected through field surveys, stakeholder interviews, and expert validation. Second, the study explicitly compares multiple market-access scenarios within the same analytical framework, ranging from biochar-only sales to voluntary carbon markets, allowing for a clear identification of the economic thresholds at which biochar becomes financially sustainable. Third, and most importantly, the main contribution of this work lies in the explicit modeling of biochar integration into the EU Emissions Trading System. This paper extends the analysis to a regulated carbon market scenario, assuming the recognition of biochar-based carbon removals within the EU ETS framework. From a methodological perspective, the study quantitatively assesses how ETS price dynamics affect the profitability, internal rate of return, and break-even point of a biochar project over a long-term horizon. From a policy perspective, the analysis anticipates recent regulatory developments, such as the EU Regulation 2024/3012, on establishing a Union certification framework for permanent carbon removals, carbon farming, and carbon storage in products, by showing how biochar could function as a fully market-integrated climate technology.

The real estate market in the High Mountains region, particularly in the municipalities of Orizaba, Nogales, Río Blanco, Ixtaczoquitlán, Ciudad Mendoza, and Mariano Escobedo, has experienced remarkable growth in recent years. This growth stems from the boost in tourism, urban revitalization efforts in the historic center, the consolidation of commercial corridors, and metropolitan expansion into new residential and industrial areas. The region has become a point of interest for local and foreign investors seeking profitable opportunities in housing, commerce, services, and tourism projects. From an accounting and financial perspective, this growth does not necessarily create a favorable environment for investment. Despite the economic appeal, investors face a series of structural obstacles that hinder the accurate evaluation of project viability and limit the proper application of essential financial tools such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Return on Investment (ROI). One of the main problems is the lack of reliable and up-to-date information on market prices, appreciation indices, actual demand levels, construction costs, and the behavior of the real estate supply. This lack of transparent data generates a high level of uncertainty, prevents the formulation of realistic financial projections, and reduces the investor's ability to adequately estimate future cash flows, payback periods, and the level of risk associated with each project.

Product development partnerships (PDPs) are non-profit organisations that bridge the gap between the need for new treatments for poverty-related diseases and the resources available to develop them, leveraging a mix of public, philanthropic, multilateral, and private sector funding. We aimed to calculate two financial metrics to estimate the return on investments of drugs developed by the PDP Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) as a case study. The internal rate of return (IRR) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were used to estimate the economic return on investment for the PDP. IRR was based on total investments from 2000 to 2023 and health gains derived from PDP-supported drugs, measured as monetised disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) minus the delivery cost of the products. BCR was calculated by dividing the present value of monetised DALYs by the present value of cost, indicating the overall efficiency and impact of the investments received by MMV. Total investment received was US$2·3 billion over the study period, and the antimalarial drugs developed and launched with the support of MMV averted an estimated 1·6 million deaths and 87 million DALYs for a cost of delivery estimated at $785 million. The IRR for the base scenario was 52·13% (95% uncertainty interval 52·11-52·16) and the BCR 12·99 (12·92-13·06). The substantial IRR and BCR generated by investment in antimalarial drug development suggest that the PDP model has a potentially pivotal role to play in global health. None.

This scoping review examines greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation options in Thailand's industrial and building sectors, synthesizing findings from 26 peer-reviewed articles and five national policy documents. The review is structured around three themes: technical viability, financial performance, and policy alignment of key mitigation strategies. Results indicate that energy-efficiency retrofitting, renewable energy integration, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and life-cycle assessment (LCA)-guided design — particularly when combined with Building Information Modeling (BIM) — can substantially reduce both operational and embodied emissions. Many of these approaches demonstrate strong financial attractiveness, characterized by high internal rates of return (IRR) and short payback periods. However, widespread deployment remains constrained by policy fragmentation, insufficient incentive mechanisms, and weak stakeholder coordination. The review also exposes critical gaps in sectoral strategies, including the absence of tailored energy conservation measures for certain building typologies. The limited uptake of local green certification schemes, such as TREES, which cover fewer than 15% of certified green buildings nationwide, further reflects structural barriers in Thailand's regulatory and market environments. To address these challenges, this study proposes a sectoral strategy matrix that maps appropriate technologies to specific building types alongside relevant economic indicators. It also recommends harmonizing existing frameworks — EEP2015, AEDP2015, and BEC2021 — with Thailand's 2022 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS). Future research should explore integrated models incorporating ESG criteria, stakeholder capacity-building, and carbon tracking linked to Science-Based Targets (SBTs). By bridging technical rigor with policy relevance, this review offers actionable guidance for researchers, policymakers, and industry practitioners.

The research conducted includes a technical and economic analysis of an absorption chiller used for cooling a hotel in the city of Plovdiv - Bulgaria. The main objectives of the analysis are: to establish whether the project is profitable or not; to provide an opportunity to compare different project options; to provide information to a bank or other financing institution as to whether the financial indicators of the project satisfy its requirements for financing such a project. The following are determined: investment costs for the project, energy costs during operation of the installation, operating costs during operation of the installation. Based on this, annual energy savings, simple payback period of the installation, net present value, net present value coefficient, payback period and internal rate of return of the installation were calculated. An energy-economic analysis was performed using the "full cost" method of absorption and vapor-compressor water chillers. The analysis shows that for the specific site; the absorption chiller is a more energy-efficient air conditioning solution than a chiller operating on the principle of a vapor-compressor refrigeration machine.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a key technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from industrial and energy sectors. However, its large-scale deployment depends not only on technical feasibility but also on economic and financial viability. This study examines CCS from a financial and economic management perspective by analysing capital expenditure, operational costs, revenue mechanisms, carbon pricing incentives, and risk factors. Key economic evaluation tools such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and levelized cost of CO₂ capture are discussed to assess project feasibility. The analysis highlights that CCS becomes economically attractive under strong carbon pricing policies, government incentives, and revenue generation through carbon credits or enhanced oil recovery. Effective financial planning and policy support are essential for commercial deployment and long-term sustainability of CCS projects. Keywords: - Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS); Economic Viability; Financial Analysis; Capital Expenditure (CAPEX); Operational Expenditure (OPEX); Net Present Value (NPV); Internal Rate of Return (IRR); Carbon Pricing; Risk Assessment; Energy Economics; Policy Incentives; Levelized Cost of CO₂ Capture.

Company XYZ, a toy manufacturing company, is pursuing a 40% reduction in manual material handling labor by 2030 through the implementation of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs). This study applies an integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Multi-Objective Optimization on the Basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) approach to select the optimal AMR, supported by discrete-event simulation modeling in FlexSim to validate designs prior to investment. A cost-benefit analysis, including Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period, demonstrates the economic feasibility of the proposed solution. Simulation results suggest a configuration of three AMRs to meet cycle-time targets with a projected labor cost reduction of 47%. This work contributes a validated methodology for robot selection, system design, and investment decision-making in manufacturing environments.

Solar energy is a cornerstone of global decarbonization efforts, but its large land footprint creates a tradeoff between clean energy generation and competing land uses. Malaysia’s growing commitment to renewable energy has prompted exploration into land efficient technologies like agrivoltaic systems, which combine solar power generation with agricultural production. With increasing land use competition and national solar capacity targets, optimizing economic returns from such dual use systems is both timely and strategic. However, most feasibility studies have been conducted in temperate regions, leaving a gap in context specific economic assessments for tropical climates like Malaysia. Therefore, this study evaluates the economic feasibility of implementing an agrivoltaic system at the Gambang Solar Park in Malaysia. The study employed comprehensive financial modelling by incorporating capital and operational expenditures alongside revenue from solar energy, agricultural output and environmental benefits. The results indicate that the agrivoltaic system generated higher revenue although incurred greater total production costs. Nevertheless, it achieved a higher net profit of 2.41 percent more than the conventional configuration. In addition, the system demonstrated a stronger return on investment at 25 percent, a shorter payback period of 4.01 years, and an internal rate of return of 24.61 percent. These findings suggest that the agrivoltaic system offers a financially attractive and sustainable dual use land strategy within Malaysia’s renewable energy landscape.

Geothermal energy, as a wide-spread and low-/zero-carbon source, can help address ongoing and emerging global challenges associated with environmental issues and energy supply reliability. This research reports on an Energy, Economic and Environmental (3E) analysis of geothermal-based plant operation to address the long-term power demands of areas in cold climates with appropriate geothermal potential. A northern Canadian community-Fort Liard (FL), above a hot sedimentary aquifer in the Northwest Territories (NT)-was selected as a representative cold-climate area for this research. Three operational scenarios were considered for a 30-year lifetime: Scenario 1-a geothermal-based plant supplying FL's power needs; Scenario 2-the plant working at its maximum capacity continuously; and Scenario 3-the geothermal-based plant operating for eleven months, with a diesel facility employed only in June. The primary research's originality is to utilize real community data/information and system components prices/costs to derive 3E outcomes. The techno-energy analysis indicates that all three scenarios can deliver the stable baseload electric power required by FL. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3 is ~ 0.182, ~ 0.074, and ~ 0.176 CAD$/kWh, respectively, while FL's current diesel facility-excluding the government diesel subsidy-incurs a substantially higher LCOE of ~ 0.70 CAD$/kWh. Considering factors such as inflation and discount rates, the economic analysis indicates that for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) values are, respectively, 14.1, 27.8, and 14%, whereas the Return on Investment (ROI) times are, respectively, ~ 10.7, ~ 5.4, and ~ 10.8 years. Environmentally, Scenarios 1 and 2 have minor impacts, while Scenario 3 results in pollution due to utilizing the diesel facility in June. This 3E analysis can be extended to other remote, isolated, and cold-climate areas with favourable geothermal resources and similar geological and social conditions.

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are composed of arrangements of species that allow for different productive strategies and augment the economy in rural properties and communities, such as in agrarian reform settlements, mainly in the Brazilian Amazon. In the cultivated spaces, it is possible to plan the staggering of production, as the system can consider plant and animal species to provide combinations of food, raw materials, and environmental services. In this work, the economic viability of two species in Agroforestry Systems in the Sustainable Development Project (SDP) Paraíso in Alenquer, in the state of Pará, was evaluated. Data were collected for the period from 2018 to 2021, calculating the following variables: revenues, costs/expenses, profit/loss, payback period, Net Present Value (NPV), Equivalent Annual Value (EAV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). All analyses were carried out considering this five-year time frame, showing that the highest profitability of cassava occurs in operations with scale for the production of flour, as well as gains from the sale of tonka bean or cumaru (Dipteryx odorata). The AFS are economically viable with high profitability in most productive arrangements. The low investment, flour sales strategies, and the high demand for tonka beans allow the producers to recoup investments in less than 8 months.

The article has considered renewable energy sources with high energy potential, which in the near future will become the fastest growing source of electricity. Generation sources include solar, wind, and biomass resources, which contribute to economic growth and reduce pollution. Optimizing the renewable and sustainable energy project is a key factor as a reliable alternative to conventional hydrocarbons, as well as as an energy source. It can play a significant role in the future of renewable and sustainable energy in Iraq. In the work, Helioscope and HOMER Pro software are used to create a small model connected to a network and to estimate energy consumption for optimization purposes. The results have showed an internal rate of return of 12 %, as well as about 8.5 % return on investment, and the share of the renewable energy component is almost 99.7 %. The proposed method proved to be effective in terms of using renewable energy. The research can be applied in any country, especially in the neighboring countries of Iraq.

Seira Island still relies on Diesel Power Plants (PLTD) as its main source of electricity supply, which results in high operating costs, dependence on fossil fuels, and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. This condition highlights the need for more efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternative power plants. This research aims to analyze the technical and economic feasibility of converting the power generation system from PLTD to Solar Power Plants (PLTS) on Seira Island to reduce electricity supply costs. The research method used is a quantitative descriptive analysis with a feasibility study approach, which includes analyzing electrical energy needs, solar power capacity planning, and an economic feasibility evaluation using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PP) indicators. The data used are secondary data obtained from relevant agencies, technical reports of power plants, and supporting literature. The study results show that converting PLTD to solar power plants can significantly reduce the operational costs of power generation and decrease dependence on diesel fuel. Moreover, the economic analysis demonstrates that the solar power plant project on Seira Island is feasible to implement, with a positive NPV value, an IRR above the benchmark interest rate, and a relatively short investment payback period. Therefore, the conversion from PLTD to solar PV can serve as a strategic solution for providing sustainable and efficient electrical energy in remote island areas.

This study outlines an intelligent decision support system that would be used to determine the cost effectiveness of agri-tech investments. The problem it addresses is simple but widespread, since farmers, cooperatives, lenders and policymakers often do not have clear, consistent, finance-prepared appraisals to understand whether an investment is worth pursuing or investing in. The system sums up the simple inputs about the benefits, costs, yields, prices and operating assumptions, such as initial investment, the project lifetime and the discount rate and then calculates six most common indicators, including Return on Investment (ROI), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Payback Period, and Discounted Payback Period (DPP). It also carries out the scenario analysis and one-way sensitivity analysis to help show how the implications change with the major risks that include the market price, yield, input cost, and interest rate. Outputs are provided in the form of clear visualization and two types of reports; a plain-language summary, suitable for farmers and a report to lenders, which is consistent with common appraisal practice. It is multilingual and produces short and explainable narratives to allow users who are not specialists to understand the logic behind each recommendation. The standardization of indicators, explicit risk, and exposure of results to concrete financing conditions make the tool useful to conduct comparative evaluation of options, cash-flow planning, and give transparent and evidence-based decisions. The key contribution is an actively useful, expandable structure, which is a combination of divergent approaches into a unified agri-finance support instrument that is agreeable to adoption, lending, and policy targeting.

This article summarizes our research on integrated timber investment returns, wood stumpage costs, and forest carbon production costs in 2023 for a representative selection of 15 countries, across 44 planted and 1 natural species/management regimes, using capital budgeting criteria, at a real discount rate of 8%, without land costs. Despite a large amount of disparate research, few, if any, studies have provided integrated estimates of investments, wood fiber costs, and forest carbon costs for CO2 offsets using fundamental primary data and production economics approaches. We expanded our prior research that estimated present values and internal rates of return for timber investments, using planted forest growth and yield, input management costs, and timber products prices by selected countries and species. We extended the production economics and forest investment calculations to estimate average stumpage costs for wood fiber per cubic meter per rotation. In addition, we calculated the costs to produce forest carbon for offsets in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent. Timber investment returns by country and species were the largest in tropical Asia and smallest in the Northern Hemisphere (including the United States and Europe), and South America had calculated returns between the two regions. Based on prior research, more developed countries had less investment risk, and had land markets that were more open for foreign investments. Wood costs and forest carbon production cost outcomes by country and species differed substantially from timber investment returns. The discounted wood costs per m3 were generally cheapest if the establishment costs and management inputs were minimized, or for long rotation planted stands. Forest carbon costs had similar rankings to wood costs, and even similar numbers, but were using a different metric—dollars per tCO2e. The calculated forest carbon costs are certainly among the cheapest of all types of typical carbon offsets. They were equal to or much less than the six primary developed country compliance market prices. However, they were higher than the current depressed public voluntary market prices. These results can be used for private, government, or nongovernment investments and for public policy intervention considerations.