Internal Packing Research Articles

Predicting the Flow Behavior and Residence Time Distribution in Chemical Reactors: A Simplified and Fast Approach Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

AbstractUnderstanding the flow dynamics of chemical species is important for characterizing, analyzing, and designing chemical reactors. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides accurate flow patterns, but this approach can be computationally expensive for large or complex geometries. To overcome this limitation, a new Lagrangian‐based method is developed using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to forecast the flow patterns and residence time distribution of two different fluids for various reactor geometries: (laminar, fractal, T‐mixer, Hartridge–Roughton (H‐R) mixer and packed bed with a gyroid internal packing) and compared the results with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The SPH method is less accurate than the CFD analysis, but it obtained the approximate flow behavior much faster. Consequently, the SPH method has significant potential as a first screening technique to optimize reactor topologies and internal packing structures.

Mixed Micellization of Promazine Hydrochloride with Cholinium‐Based Anionic Surface Active Ionic Liquids and their Potential Application for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

AbstractThis work is aimed to study the interaction of an amphiphilic drug, promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) and two anionic surface active ionic liquids (SAILs), cholinium laurylsarcosinate [Cho][Sar] and cholinium deoxycholate [Cho][Doc] using conductivity, UV‐visible spectroscopy and fluorescence techniques. The results obtained by all three techniques indicated non‐ideal behavior and synergistic interactions between the PMZ drug and SAIL mixed systems. Further, the drug‐SAIL mixtures were used to stabilize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in aqueous solution. The results of UV‐visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that PMZ and SAILs had strong electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions which played a significant role in the stabilization of Ag NPs. The morphological analysis of the Ag NPs showed the formation of various types of aggregates controlled by the internal packing of PMZ‐[Cho][Sar]/[Cho][Doc] mixed systems. These drug‐SAIL based NPs could be used in separation and synthesis applications in nanotechnology by altering the structure of drugs and SAILs.

Behavioural responses to horizontal vibrations of quasi-2D ideal granular beds: an experimental approach

In this experimental study, granular bed response to horizontal vibrations of various frequencies and amplitudes are examined with high-speed imaging. Ideal granular beds consisting of spherical glass beads are horizontally vibrated in a quasi-two-dimensional arrangement, firstly with homogeneous granular media and then with a ternary mixture to explore how bed response deviates with changes to material composition. Phenomena of note are the tendency for the homogeneous material to subdivide into discrete areas of crystalline lattice structures, bounded by non-crystalline lines of bead contacts, labelled in this paper as ‘shear lines’. Shear line failure arises as neighbouring crystalline areas slide relative to one another along their shared non-crystalline border, combining to form one larger crystalline area. Under vibration conditions where particle agitation and relative movement is high, sloshing occurs in the upper bed and triangular granular-gas regions form in the top corners. The ternary mixture also exhibits sloshing at low frequency and large amplitude, but the inhomogeneity of its composition prevents formation of ordered crystalline regions and shear lines, instead promoting low percolation and a jamming effect underneath the sloshing region. Surprisingly strong convective responses are induced in the inhomogeneous bed with more energetic vibrations. From the analysis of shear lines in the homogeneous beds, and of convection in the inhomogeneous beds, comparisons between homogeneous and inhomogeneous bed behaviour are drawn. Results are used to discuss how behavioural response of non-cohesive granular material to horizontal vibrations is ultimately tied to, and changes with, the geometric complexity of the internal packing structure. The concept of ‘geometric compatibility’ between constituent particle species in an inhomogeneous granular medium is proposed as an explanation for the low percolation and strong convective response to vibration.Graphical abstract

A Novel Balloon Catheter Dilation Apparatus for the Treatment of Depressed Nasal Bone Fracture

The nasal bone fracture is the most common type of facial bone fracture. Closed reduction with metal reduction instrument is commonly conducted for the treatment of a depressed nasal bone fracture which often leads to iatrogenic injury. In this article, a new balloon catheter dilation apparatus for nasal bone fracture is hypothesized by the authors. This device aims to repair nasal bone fracture via dilated balloons under fractured nasal bone and used as nasal internal packing system after operation. Compared with the conventional approach, it is proposed that this balloon dilation apparatus could be a potential powerful, less invasive approach to treat depressed nasal bone fractures.

Study on macro and micro shear strength of continuously graded and gap-graded sand

The particle gradation of sand has a significant influence on its shear strength, yet the similarities and differences between the effects of continuous and gap grading have yet to be fully explored. In this study, the discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate biaxial tests on granular samples that were both continuously graded and gap-graded. The macroscopic analysis revealed that the shear strength of continuously graded sands increases initially and then decreases as the uniformity of particle size distribution decreases. On the other hand, the lack of medium particles in gap-graded sands amplifies the difference in particle size between coarse and fine particles, leading to a decrease in shear strength. Microscopically, both continuous and gap gradings affect the internal packing structure of the particle assembly, which consequently affects particle stress distributions, contact forces, coordination numbers, stress-induced anisotropies, and contact force networks, thus having an impact on the macroscopic shear strength. The global uniformity of particle size distribution was unidirectionally affected by continuous grading, while gap grading had a locally bidirectional influence. These findings provide a better understanding of the effects of particle grading on the macroscopic shear strength of sands.

CFD-DEM analysis of internal packing structure and pressure characteristics in compressible filter cakes using a novel elastic–plastic contact model

Cake-forming filtration is a proven method for separating particles from suspensions. Most filtration models are based on the simplification of incompressible and homogeneous cake structures. However, most filter cakes are in fact unevenly compressed by e.g. the high transmembrane pressures, leading to dense structures with high flow resistance at the filtration membrane. Experimental investigations of these inhomogeneous cakes are challenging due to mostly invasive procedures after filtration has already taken place. In contrast, numerical methods can provide extensive information about fluid flow, particle separation and cake formation during filtration. However, this requires that both elastic and plastic particle deformation and forces are modeled correctly. To achieve this, the present study implemented a novel elastic–plastic DEM model that only requires measurable material parameters and therefore does not need any fitting. Subsequently, previously measured material parameters for elastic–plastic cellulose-lactose pellets (MCC) were used to investigate the packing density, fluid pressure levels and contact forces inside compressible filter cakes using CFD-DEM coupling. A comparison with incompressible and elastically compressible filter cakes showed a significant difference in the filtration behavior. Due to plastic deformation, a strong increase of the packing density when nearing the filtration membrane was found, leading to higher flow resistance for the filtration process. For cyclic filtration events, only the plastically deformed cake showed reduced height recovery in a relaxed state.

The surface effect on the mechanical behavior of MG nanowires: A molecular dynamic simulation

The surface is crucial for the properties of a nanoscale metallic glass structure. How the atoms organize on the surface and affect the properties remains unclear. Here, we investigate the surface effect on the mechanical behavior of metallic glass nanowires via molecular dynamic simulation. The results show that the surface-induced Laplace pressure produces considerable pressure inside the nanowire, which causes a denser internal atomic packing and contributes to high ultimate strength. Besides the effect on the internal, the atoms on the surface are arranged uniquely. A layering structure is found on the surface of metallic glass nanowires, suggesting a certain level of order on the surface. The mechanical response is strongly dependent on the order of the surface and the mechanisms are analyzed from the perspective of the atomic deformation pattern. The influence of size on the surface effect is also discussed in detail.

Soft Character of Star-Like Polymer Melts: From Linear-Like Chains to Impenetrable Nanoparticles.

The importance of microscopic details in the description of the behavior of polymeric nanostructured systems, such as hairy nanoparticles, has been lately discussed via experimental and theoretical approaches. Here we focus on star polymers, which represent well-defined soft nano-objects. By means of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we provide a quantitative study about the effect of chemistry on the penetrability of star polymers in a melt, which cannot be considered by generic coarse-grained models. The "effective softness" estimated for two dissimilar polymers is confronted with available literature data. A consistent picture about the star penetrability can be drawn when the star internal packing is taken into consideration besides the number and the length of the star arms. These findings, together with the recently introduced two-layer model, represent a step forward in providing a fundamental understanding of the soft character of stars and guiding their design toward advanced applications, such as in all-polymer nanocomposites.

Amplification of Molecular Asymmetry during the Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Foldable Azobenzene Dyads into Nanotoroids and Nanotubes.

The amplification of molecular asymmetry through self-assembly is a phenomenon that not only comprehends the origin of homochirality in nature but also produces chiroptically active functional materials from molecules with minimal enantiomeric purity. Understanding how molecular asymmetry can be transferred and amplified into higher-order structures in a hierarchical self-assembly system is important but still unexplored. Herein, we present an intriguing example of the amplification of molecular asymmetry in hierarchically self-assembled nanotubes that feature discrete and isolatable toroidal intermediates. The hierarchical self-assembly is initiated via asymmetric intramolecular folding of scissor-shaped azobenzene dyads furnished with chiral side chains. When scalemic mixtures of the enantiomers are dissolved in a non-polar solvent and cooled to 20 °C, single-handed nanotoroids are formed, as confirmed using atomic force microscopy and circular dichroism analyses. A strong majority-rules effect at the nanotoroid level is observed and can be explained by a low mismatch penalty and a high helix-reversal penalty. The single-handed nanotoroids stack upon cooling to 0 °C to exclusively afford their respective single-handed nanotubes. Thus, the same degree of amplification of molecular asymmetry is realized at the nanotube level. The internal packing efficiency of molecules within nanotubes prepared from the pure enantiomers or their scalemic mixtures is likely different, as suggested by the absence of higher-order structure (supercoil) formation in the latter. X-ray diffraction analysis of the anisotropically oriented nanotube films revealed looser molecular packing within the scalemic nanotubes, which clearly reflects the lower enantiomeric purity of their internal chiral side chains.

Citric acid esterified Glutinous Assam bora rice starch enhances disintegration and dissolution efficiency of model drug

The current work was designed to study the starch's physicochemical attributes, tablet disintegration and dissolution efficiency and its derivatives obtained from the glutinous Assam bora rice (G-ABR) variety of Assam, Northeast India. Starch was isolated by a simple protein denaturation method, and a starch derivative was prepared through citric acid modification. G-ABRS and citrated G-ABRS were characterized through FTIR, DSC, XRD and SEM. The rate of consolidation, consolidation index, angle of internal friction, packing rearrangement and cohesive properties were determined to investigate their applications as functional excipients in pharmaceutical industries. G-ABRS and citrated G-ABRS exhibited better packing rearrangement and cohesive properties than standard corn starch. Furthermore, immediate release of API from the tablet compact was observed when the starch concentration increased from 1 to 5 %, indicating facilitation of the tablet compact disintegration. Therefore, G-ABRS and citrated G-ABRS are potentially functional and sustainable materials for pharmaceutical industries.

Postoperative Packing of Perianal Abscess Cavities (PPAC2): randomized clinical trial.

Perianal abscess is common. Traditionally, postoperative perianal abscess cavities are managed with internal wound packing, a practice not supported by evidence. The aim of this randomized clinical trial (RCT) was to assess if non-packing is less painful and if it is associated with adverse outcomes. The Postoperative Packing of Perianal Abscess Cavities (PPAC2) trial was a multicentre, RCT (two-group parallel design) of adult participants admitted to an NHS hospital for incision and drainage of a primary perianal abscess. Participants were randomized 1:1 (via an online system) to receive continued postoperative wound packing or non-packing. Blinded data were collected via symptom diaries, telephone, and clinics over 6 months. The objective was to determine whether non-packing of perianal abscess cavities is less painful than packing, without an increase in perianal fistula or abscess recurrence. The primary outcome was pain (mean maximum pain score on a 100-point visual analogue scale). Between February 2018 and March 2020, 433 participants (mean age 42 years) were randomized across 50 sites. Two hundred and thirteen participants allocated to packing reported higher pain scores than 220 allocated to non-packing (38.2 versus 28.2, mean difference 9.9; P < 0.0001). The occurrence of fistula-in-ano was low in both groups: 32/213 (15 per cent) in the packing group and 24/220 (11 per cent) in the non-packing group (OR 0.69, 95 per cent c.i. 0.39 to 1.22; P = 0.20). The proportion of patients with abscess recurrence was also low: 13/223 (6 per cent) in the non-packing group and 7/213 (3 per cent) in the packing group (OR 1.85, 95 per cent c.i. 0.72 to 4.73; P = 0.20). Avoiding abscess cavity packing is less painful without a negative morbidity risk. ISRCTN93273484 (https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN93273484). NCT03315169 (http://clinicaltrials.gov).

Structural evolution of granular cubes packing during shear-induced ordering

Packings of granular particles may transform into ordered structures under external agitation, which is a special type of out-of-equilibrium self-assembly. Here, evolution of the internal packing structures of granular cubes under cyclic rotating shearing has been analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Various order parameters, different types of contacts and clusters composed of face-contacting cubes, as well as the free volume regions in which each cube can move freely have been analyzed systematically to quantify the ordering process and the underlying mechanism of this granular self-assembly. The compaction process is featured by a first rapid formation of orientationally ordered local structures with faceted contacts, followed by further densification driven by free-volume maximization with an almost saturated degree of order. The ordered structures are strongly anisotropic with contacting ordered layers in the vertical direction while remaining liquid-like in the horizontal directions. Therefore, the constraint of mechanical stability for granular packings and the thermodynamic principle of entropy maximization are both effective in this system, which we propose can be reconciled by considering different depths of supercooling associated with various degrees of freedom.

(Cu1/3Nb2/3)4+ ionic substituting effects, low-temperature sintering behaviors, and improved temperature stability of Ba3Nb4Ti4O21 microwave dielectric ceramics

In this study, (Cu1/3Nb2/3)4+ complex cation and BaO–ZnO–B2O3 glass frit were adopted to solve the high sintering temperature and poor temperature stability of Ba3Nb4Ti4O21 ceramics. It is shown that pure Ba3Nb4Ti4O21 phase was formed when Ti site was partially replaced by (Cu1/3Nb2/3)4+ cation. The increasing number of dopants decreases the dielectric polarizability, correspondingly, the dielectric constant and temperature coefficient of the resonance frequency values are reduced consistently. The variation of the Q × f value is determined by internal ionic packing fraction and external sintering densification. The (Cu1/3Nb2/3)4+ cation effectively decreases the suitable sintering temperature from 1200 to 1050 °C while greatly improving the temperature stability. BaO–ZnO–B2O3 glass was used to further improve the low-temperature sintering characteristics of Ba3Nb4Ti4O21 ceramics. It is proven that the addition of glass frits effectively decreases the temperature to 925 °C with combinational excellent microwave dielectric properties: εr ∼55.6, Q × f ∼5700 GHz, τf ∼3 ppm/°C, making the Ba3Nb4Ti4O21 ceramics promising in the applications of low-temperature cofired ceramic technology.

Double mutations far from the active site affect cold activity in an Antarctic halophilic β-galactosidase.

The Antarctic haloarchaeon, Halorubrum lacusprofundi, contains a polyextremophilic family 42 β-galactosidase, which we are using as a model for cold-active enzymes. Divergent amino acid residues in this 78 kDa protein were identified through comparative genomics and hypothesized to be important for cold activity. Six amino acid residues were previously mutated and five were shown by steady-state kinetic analysis to have altered temperature-dependent catalytic activity profiles via effects on Km and/or kcat compared to the wild-type enzyme. In this follow-up study, double-mutated enzymes were constructed and tested for temperature effects, including two new tandem residue pairs (N180T/A181T and T383A/S384A), and pairwise combination of the single residue mutations (N251D, F387L, I476V, and V482L). All double-mutated enzymes were found to be more catalytically active at moderate and/or less active at colder temperatures than wild-type, with both Km and kcat effects observed for the two tandem mutations. For pairwise combinations, a Km effect was seen when the surface exposed F387L mutation located in a domain A TIM barrel α helix 19 Å from the active site was combined with two internal residues, N251D or V482L. When another surface exposed mutation I476V located in a coiled region of domain B 25 Å from the active site was paired with N251D or V482L, a kcat effect was observed. These results indicate that temperature-dependent kinetic effects may be complex and subtle and are mediated by a combination of a small number of residues distant from the active site via changes to the hydration shell and/or perturbation of internal packing.

Controlling the hydraulic resistance of membrane biofilms by engineering biofilm physical structure

The application of membrane technology for water treatment and reuse is hampered by the development of a microbial biofilm. Biofilm growth in micro-and ultrafiltration (MF/UF) membrane modules, on both the membrane surface and feed spacer, can form a secondary membrane and exert resistance to permeation and crossflow, increasing energy demand and decreasing permeate quantity and quality. In recent years, exhaustive efforts were made to understand the chemical, structural and hydraulic characteristics of membrane biofilms. In this review, we critically assess which specific structural features of membrane biofilms exert resistance to forced water passage in MF/UF membranes systems applied to water and wastewater treatment, and how biofilm physical structure can be engineered by process operation to impose less hydraulic resistance (“below-the-pain threshold”). Counter-intuitively, biofilms with greater thickness do not always cause a higher hydraulic resistance than thinner biofilms. Dense biofilms, however, had consistently higher hydraulic resistances compared to less dense biofilms. The mechanism by which density exerts hydraulic resistance is reported in the literature to be dependant on the biofilms’ internal packing structure and EPS chemical composition (e.g., porosity, polymer concentration). Current reports of internal porosity in membrane biofilms are not supported by adequate experimental evidence or by a reliable methodology, limiting a unified understanding of biofilm internal structure. Identifying the dependency of hydraulic resistance on biofilm density invites efforts to control the hydraulic resistance of membrane biofilms by engineering internal biofilm structure. Regulation of biofilm internal structure is possible by alteration of key determinants such as feed water nutrient composition/concentration, hydraulic shear stress and resistance and can engineer biofilm structural development to decrease density and therein hydraulic resistance. Future efforts should seek to determine the extent to which the concept of “biofilm engineering” can be extended to other biofilm parameters such as mechanical stability and the implication for biofilm control/removal in engineered water systems (e.g., pipelines and/or, cooling towers) susceptible to biofouling.

TP9.2.6An update of the surgical management of truncal cutaneous abscesses: A systematic scoping review of current practice in 2021

Abstract Introduction NHS England has shown efficiency in patient flow and reduction of length of stay resulting in cost savings. There’s considerable variability in local and national guidelines for Incision and drainage (I&amp;D) of cutaneous truncal abscesses which can financially impact NHS expenditure. This Systematic Scoping Review (SSR) aims to explore current management recommendations for I&amp;D of cutaneous truncal abscesses in both adult and paediatric populations; and assess the quality of this research. Method SSR search strategy employed the PICO framework. Cochrane Library, NICE Evidence, Pubmed, OVID medicine, CINAHL and EBSCO databases were searched using search syntax ((“abscess*”OR“perianal abscess*”) AND (“incision and drainage”OR“I&amp;D”) AND (“Equipment*”OR”instrument*”OR“Kit*”OR“theatre staff*”OR“team*”)). Full texts were systematically assessed. Final review performed in accordance with Joanna-Briggs-Institute protocol. Results 131 articles were identified. No limit was placed on publication date. After removal of duplicates and abstract screening, 10 full text articles were assessed. Research suggests day-case emergency surgery pathways to manage I&amp;D of abscesses are efficient and sustainable. Antibiotic use after I&amp;D is weakly recommended and there is low quality evidence for using internal packing for healing perianal abscess cavities, and yet, this is established, common practice. Conclusion There’s variable quality evidence reviewing the surgical pathways for I&amp;D and the post-operative management of cutaneous truncal abscesses. Overall, the findings are limited and further work is required to establish national guidelines.

Neolithic cultural sites and extreme climate related channel avulsion: Evidence from the Vaigai River Basin, southern India

We document evidence for the role of fluvial dynamics-stream channel avulsion and flooding, tectonics and climatic conditions on the occurrence, shifting and burial of ancient cultural sites in the Vaigai River Basin in southern India. Systematic regional mapping, geophysical investigations and archaeological excavations in the flood plains of the Vaigai River led to the unearthing of an ancient culture that thrived at least since 752 BCE (2435 ± 34 BP). Evidence for early human activities include sites of ancient and now buried industries that were manufacturing steel, glass bead, dye, gold jewelry and earthenware, in addition to dwelling-habitation, sites of religious sacrificial ceremonies, and places of worship, and burial. These information together with the occurrences of microlithic age stone tools in the vicinity led to the proposition of continued habitation of the Vaigai River Basin until today. Radiometric dating shows oldest age of 2435 ± 34 BP (752 BCE) obtained at 2.5 m depth in a pit excavated at Keezhadi, a location situated far from the present day channel course whereas the youngest age of 689 ± 24 BP is obtained at Agaram, a location situated nearest to the present day channel course. The bone fragments were dated as 1115 ± 39 BP (778 CE – 1016 CE) and 1229 ± 30 BP (689 CE – 883 CE). The organic carbon/peat layers recovered between flood deposits at the upper reaches of the Vaigai River are dated as 830 ± 30 BP and 1250 ± 30 BP. The natural levee deposits show evidences of habitation-related disturbances in the internal sedimentary structure, texture and packing. In addition to occurrences of hearth etc., recurrences of overbank-channel deposits over natural levee-habitation surfaces indicate habitation-colonization over relatively highgrounds along river bank, followed by marooning/burial under overbank-channel deposit and abandonment of habitation site and/or shifting of habitat. The same sequence of events occurred again, showing two habitation surfaces that are buried under surface currently. Together with facies characteristics and other artifact occurrences, the ages obtained in our study indicate shifting of the Vaigai River from prior to 2435 BP and colonization of ancient population, which might have been affected by a catastrophic flood and stream avulsion at about 1250–830 BP. These resulted in the ancient habitation getting marooned, industries and other structural infrastructure destroyed, and were transported and deposited as interbeds in flood deposits. Following a reduction in the stream energy, the point bar-natural levee environmental setting paved way for the deposition of organic carbon layer at Agaram at about 690 BP. This was followed by lateral shifting of the channel from Agaram towards the present-day course.

Rediscovering Nestawedjat: Embalming residue analyses reunite the mummified remains of an ancient Egyptian woman with her coffins

Long held museum collections can sometimes lack a clear provenance or context. Here, an ancient Egyptian mummified individual in the British Museum collection was reconnected with a set of three coffins in an interdisciplinary study using bioarchaeological, scientific and Egyptological analyses. Previously assigned as male, based on earlier X-rays due to the presence of radiopaque internal packing, CT scanning was used to re-establish her sex. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were employed to investigate her possible association with the set of coffins that entered the collection at the same time by chemically characterising embalming residues found on her bandages and the innermost coffin. The near identical composition of the samples confirmed that the mummified body was originally buried in these coffins. In both, the analyses revealed embalming residues comprising a seldom reported mixture of beeswax with a fat/oil component, possibly scented with coniferous resins or oils. Atypically, no resin, tar or bituminous components were observed. The previously unnamed individual could now be identified as being the Lady of the House Nestawedjat, a woman who lived in Thebes around 700 BCE.

Procoagulant hemostatic dressings and hemorrhages

When faced with a hemorrhage, there are many ways to achieve hemostasis. War medicine and terrorist attacks have taught us the wide use of the tactical tourniquet since hemorrhagic injury is the leading cause of death, mainly in pre-hospital care. The existence of hemorrhagic areas not accessible to tourniquets and the possibility of conversion of a tourniquet by other non-ischemic local hemostasis means have demonstrated the relevance of compression by internal or external packing. Procoagulant hemostatic dressings have progressed intheir efficacy over four generations. History and development.

Study of Heat Pipe Thermal Performance with Internal Modified Geometry

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inserting a new internal tube packing (TP) on the thermal performance of a thermosyphon heat pipe (THP). The THP pipe was made from copper with an inner diameter of 17.4 mm and length of 600 mm. The new internal tube packing (TP) had a central copper disc with two copper tubes soldered onto both sides to transport vapor and condensate. The upper tube or riser had an inner diameter of 8.3 mm and was 300 mm long; it was connected to a hole in the disc from the upper side to transport the steam to the condenser section. The lower tube or downcomer had an inner diameter of 5 mm, was 225 mm long and was connected to the lower side of the disc to collect the condensate and transport it to the evaporator. The TP was inserted inside the THP to complete the design of the improved heat pipe (TPTHP). Experimental results showed that the TPTHP reduces the transit time from 16 to 11 min and the thermal resistance by 17–62% based on the input power and depending on the conditions of the THP. The results also showed that the inclination angle and filling ratio have no effect on the thermal resistance of the TPTHP.