Internal Consistency Reliability Coefficients Research Articles

Informal carer's knowledge of traumatic brain injury questionnaire: Initial development and validation.

AimTo develop and psychometrically test the instrument for measuring the knowledge of traumatic brain injury of informal carers.DesignInstrument development.MethodFocus group discussions were conducted among informal carers and healthcare specialists in March 2017. The content validity was determined by the mean of the item content validity index. A reliability test was performed by the Kuder‐Richardson 20 and Pearson's correlation coefficient among 40 informal carers of patients with a traumatic brain injury in the rehabilitation medicine department of a tertiary hospital from August–September 2017.ResultsThe final 34‐item questionnaire covers the nature of traumatic brain injury, the consequences of traumatic brain injury, the rehabilitation process, and the role of the caregiver. The item content means ranged from 0.8–1.00, and the difficulty of knowledge items ranged from 0.18–0.98. The internal consistency reliability and correlation coefficient were 0.70 and 0.84, respectively.

Turkish Validity and Reliability of the Reproductive Coercion Scale

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Reproductive Coercion Scale by adapting it to Turkish. Material and Methods: The present research was methodologically planned to determine the validity and reliability of the Reproductive Coercion Scale which was adapted to Turkish. The study was carried out with 150 healthy women who met the research criteria and applied to the Gynecology Polyclinic between 01 July and October 2020 in a state hospital. In the validity of the scale; Factor analysis tests (KMO, Bartlett Test, Principal Component Analysis, Varimax Rotation Method) were used to evaluate the expert opinions.In the reliability of the scale; Cronbach Alpha, pearson correlation, independent group t-test and split half values were used. Results: After ensuring the language equivalence of the Reproductive Coercion Scale, it was determined that the experts agreed on the content of the items as a result of the opinions of 10 experts (p = 0.153) for the content validity of the five items in the scale. In the item analysis of the Reproductive Coercion Scale, the total correlation value of all items of the scale was found above 0.25. As a result of this finding, no item was removed from the scale. The average score of the participants from the scale is 0.872 + 1.24. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.72 and the internal consistency of the scale was found to be quite reliable. The results of the analysis of the scale's invariance against time and split half reliability also support the reliability. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the Reproductive Coercion Scale can be used validity and reliability in women.

MERIT: a mentor reflection instrument for identifying the personal interpretative framework

BackgroundEssential to the professional development of mentors is making explicit and critically challenging the knowledge and beliefs underpinning their mentoring practice. This paper reports on the development of a survey instrument called MERIT, MEntor Reflection InstrumenT, which was designed to support mentors’ systematic reflection on the how, what and why of their practice.MethodsIn 2019, a twenty-item survey instrument was developed and piloted. Initial validation data (N = 228) were collected by distributing the survey through the authors’ network. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted and internal consistency reliability coefficients were calculated.ResultsThe Principal Axis EFA with Direct Oblimin rotation (Delta = 0) resulted in four factors: 1) supporting personal development, 2) modelling professional development, 3) fostering autonomy, and 4) monitoring performance. The four factors explained 43% of the total variance of item scores. The Cronbach’s alphas for the subscale scores were between .42 and .75.ConclusionsThe MERIT can help mentors reflect on their beliefs and professional knowhow. These reflections can serve as input for the faculty development initiatives mentors undertake, which may ultimately improve their knowledge and skills as a mentor.

ESTABLISHING RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE ARABIC VERSION OF THE HYPERACUSIS QUESTIONNAIRE

Background To evaluate the extent of hyperacusis, different validated questionnaires have been published in English, such as the Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ) developed by Khalfa. However, there is currently no reliable and validated Arabic version of the HQ for use in clinical settings. This study aimed to translate the Khalfa modified HQ into Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and to determine its validity and reliability in assessing the severity of hyperacusis in Arabic-speaking countries. Material and methods The original English version of the Khalfa modified HQ was translated into MSA. The translated version was applied to 142 patients who were divided into two groups: subjects aware of their hyperacusis and subjects not aware of their hyperacusis condition. Internal consistency reliability and Pearson correlation coefficient were calculated. Pairwise comparison of the total score and the score for each dimension was performed using unpaired t-tests. Validity assessment, consisting of Construct and Content validity, were also assessed. Results Results show high internal consistency and reliability coefficient. Results of correlation analysis suggest an overall strong and significant correlation between the average score of each item and the overall average score of all items in the questionnaire. The mean difference between the group reporting hyperacusis and the group reporting no hyperacusis was not statistically significant. Also, the gender effect was not statistically significant. Conclusions The Arabic version of the modified HQ shows high reliability and validity, suggesting it is a useful tool for the assessment of the severity of hyperacusis of Arabic-speaking patients with hyperacusis.

Factors Influencing Academic Performance of Learners with Visual Impairment in Inclusive Primary Schools in Uriri Sub-County, Migori County, Kenya

Learners with Visual Impairment have varied nature of difficulties that require special attention in curriculum implementation if they have to achieve good academic performance. These learners require comprehensive educational programs such as individualized techniques and services, appropriate assessment and instructional adaptation that enable them to complete current and future tasks in the school, home, workplace and community. Academic performance of learners with visual impairment is measured through examination (KCPE) in inclusive primary schools in Uriri sub -county. The poor performance has raised concern and effort has to be made to find out factors leading to this problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out factors influencing academic performance of learners with visual impairment in inclusive primary schools in Uriri sub-county, Migori County, Kenya. Objectives of the study were to determine the influence of teachers’ and parents’ attitude on academic performance of learners with visual impairment. The research hypotheses were drawn from the objectives of the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Saturated and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 3 head teachers, 28 teachers and 23 parents, giving a study population of 54 respondents. Piloting was done in one of the integrated public primary schools in Rongo sub-county to establish the reliability of the instruments where 1 head teacher 4 teachers and 3 parents were used in piloting. Internal consistency reliability coefficient was used to determine reliability of the instruments. Cronbach’s reliability coefficient of above 0.70 was obtained for teacher’s and parent’s questionnaire, hence was considered reliable. Validity was determined by the supervisors and lecturers from the department of Educational Psychology, Rongo University. The analysis of the data was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Quantitative data was collected using a questionnaire. Qualitative data was collected using interview schedule. The quantitative data obtained was analyzed using percentages, means, standard deviation, weighted averages, Pearson’s correlation, and binary logistics regression while qualitative data was coded, transcribed and organized thematically. Lev. Vygotsky social cultural theory was applied. The theory considers the society and its culture as the main source of child’s development. Ethics was observed during both data collection and reporting of findings. The study established that; teacher attitude had a positive moderate significant influence (r= .537, p< .05), parent’s attitude had a positive weak influence which was not statistically significant (r= .243, p< .05) on academic performance of learners with visual impairment. Based on the odds ratio, teachers’ attitude had an odds ratio of 3.337, and parental attitude had the least odd ratio of 1.5. This implied that teachers attitude had the greatest influence on the performance of learners with visual impairment. Parental attitude had the least influence which was not statistically significant. The study therefore concluded that teachers’ attitude is the key driver of the performance of learners with visual impairment and parents’ attitude towards learners with visual impairment should be enhanced as reflected by the ratings. The study is significant to education policy makers, planners and implementers on how to organize seminars and workshops on attitude change, will help teachers and other stakeholders change their attitude towards learners with visual impairment and lastly give baseline to other researchers to carry out further research on the same topic. Based on the study findings it is recommended that teachers and parents of learners with visual impairment be encouraged to be more positive and closer to the children.

Turkish reliability and validity study of the medical outcomes study (MOS) sleep scale in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Background/aimThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the Turkish reliability and validity of the medical outcomes study (MOS) sleep scale in patients who have obstructive sleep apnea. Materials and methodsThe data of the study were collected from 120 adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea and from 90 healthy individuals between March 04 and May 31, 2019. Results The Cronbach’s α internal consistency reliability coefficient of the MOS sleep scale was found as 0.82. The test-retest reliability was acceptable (r = 0.76-0.94). Six factors were identified by the factor analysis. These were the same as those in the original MOS-Sleep. The correlations between the MOS-Sleep and other instruments administered in this study provided evidence for structural validity. A significant relation was determined between MOS sleep scale and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) severity and the healthy group ( P < 0.05). In addition, the Cronbach α internal consistency reliability coefficient of the healthy group in MOS sleep scale was found as 0.78. The items of the six factors that were obtained with the confirmatory factor analysis for the MOS sleep scale of the healthy group were found to be the same as in the original MOS-Sleep. Conclusion Turkish MOS sleep scale is a measurement tool that consists of 12 items and 6 subdimensions with adequate validity and reliability indicators.

EBEVEYNİN GÜVENLİ İNTERNET SAĞLAMA YETERLİLİĞİ ÖLÇEĞİ (EGİSYÖ): GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

The concept of providing a safe internet refers to an attempt to prevent and protect against the damages that may come from any possible harmful content, person and entities in the internet environment. Nowadays in the face of increasing internet use, it is important for individuals who have children to provide safe internet use to their children in terms of preventing their children from being psychologically and socially affected negatively. Therefore, it is very important to develop a scale in order to see the competence of parents in providing safe internet. Purpose of this study is to develop Parent's Safe Internet Providing Competency Scale and to examine its validity and reliability. This research was conducted on a total of 422 participants, 289 females and 133 males, aged between 18 and 59. In process of developing this scale, a 23-item pool was created first and then these items were examined in terms of their grammar, intelligibility, and whether they really measure recognition in couple relationships, and a 20-item application form was obtained in the end. Corrected item-total correlation coefficients were calculated for item analysis of scale. Construct validity of scale was examined by exploratory factor analysis and its reliability with Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient. Validity and reliability analyzes were made with SPSS 18. As a result of exploratory factor analysis applied for construct validity of scale, a one-dimensional and 20-item measuring tool with an eigenvalue of 11.3 was obtained explaining % 57 of total variance. KMO sample fit coefficient of scale was found to be .96. Factor loads of scale were ranged between .59 and .84. Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient was found to be .96. Corrected item-total correlation coefficients of scale range from .55 to .82. These results show that scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Pieces of evidences of reliability of the Brazilian version of the Child Executive Functions Battery (CEF-B)

Executive dysfunctions are central symptoms in different neurological, developmental, and context-related conditions. The assessment of these functions is then essential in neuropsychological pediatric clinical practice. Given the need for reliable and valid evaluation batteries for clinical practice in Brazil, this study aimed to present the pieces of evidences of reliability of the Child Executive Functions Battery (CEF-B). A total of 230 Brazilian children with typical development aged between 7 and 12 years participated in the study. Internal consistency was determined by the split-half method, Cronbach’s α, and Ω. In addition, measurements of test-retest reliability and intraclass coefficient were also performed. Retest indicators were mostly weak and moderate (between .43 and .75). Overvall, coefficients show a satisfactory internal consistency reliability for planning and inhibition measures (between .72 and .92). Considering the measures of WM, results were also satisfactory for both α and Ω indexes. This study revealed that the CEF-B has satisfactory internal consistency reliability coefficients. However, several tests have shown low reliability assessed through the test-retest method. In general, findings reveal interesting pieces of initial evidence of reliability of the Brazilian version. The methodological approach could be improved in future studies by including children with executive disorders.

Safe bicycle riding scales based on the transtheoretical model for adolescents: Development and validation

BackgroundDeaths from bicycle transport have increased by 30% in the past 10 years. This should be considered a problem from various aspects for this reason. Safe bicycle riding concerns not just wearing a helmet; it involves a wide range of matters that must be considered. MethodsThe universe of the study, which is of development and validation design, consisted of fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth grade students (N = 503) enrolled in a middle school located in Istanbul during the 2017–2018 academic year. The data were collected with a 25-item questionnaire on sociodemographic features and bicycle riding behavior, and the Transtheoretical Model of scales. The adolescents in the study group were between the ages of 9–14; 49.5% were female, 50.5% were male. Used in testing for validity and reliability were the Content validity index, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, floor-ceiling effect, Hotelling's T2, Standard Error of Measurement, the paired sample t-test, and Pearson's correlation. ResultsThe internal consistency reliability coefficients of the scales are α = 0.79 for the Cognitive Change Process Scale, α = 0.82 for the Behavioral Change Process Scale, α = 0.77 for the Pros Scale of Decisional Balance, α = 0.79 for the Cons Scale of Decisional Balance, α = 0.78 for the Self–Efficacy Scale.It was found that the Cons Scale of Decisional Balance mean score was under average, all other scale mean scores were above the average. Of the adolescents, 24.5% were in the precontemplation stage of change regarding safe bicycle riding in the Transtheoretical Model. ConclusionsAdolescents' safe bicycle riding behaviors can be evaluated by using scales that are valid and reliable. With the interventions to be implemented, changes can be achieved in safe bicycle riding behaviors and these changes can be screened with the Transtheoretical Model scales.

Using generalizability theory and the ERP Reliability Analysis (ERA) Toolbox for assessing test-retest reliability of ERP scores part 1: Algorithms, framework, and implementation

The reliability of event-related brain potential (ERP) scores depends on study context and how those scores will be used, and reliability must be routinely evaluated. Many factors can influence ERP score reliability; generalizability (G) theory provides a multifaceted approach to estimating the internal consistency and temporal stability of scores that is well suited for ERPs. G theory's approach possesses a number of advantages over classical test theory that make it ideal for pinpointing sources of error in observed scores. The current primer outlines the G-theory approach to estimating internal consistency (coefficients of equivalence) and test-retest reliability (coefficients of stability). This approach is used to evaluate the reliability of ERP measurements. The primer outlines how to estimate reliability coefficients that consider the impact of the number of trials, events, occasions, and groups. The uses of two different G-theory reliability coefficients (i.e., generalizability and dependability) in ERP research are elaborated, and a dataset from the companion manuscript, which examines N2 amplitudes to Go/NoGo stimuli, is used as an example of the application of these coefficients to ERPs. The developed algorithms are implemented in the ERP Reliability Analysis (ERA) Toolbox, which is open-source software designed for estimating score reliability using G theory. The toolbox facilitates the application of G theory in an effort to simplify the study-by-study evaluation of ERP score reliability. The formulas provided in this primer should enable researchers to pinpoint the sources of measurement error in ERP scores from multiple recording sessions and subsequently plan studies that optimize score reliability.

Determinants Of Risky Sexual Behaviours Among Adolescents In Secondary Schools In Rivers State: Implications For Counselling

The study investigated determinants of risky sexual behaviours among adolescents in secondary schools in Rivers State. The study adopted the ex-post-facto research design. Four research questions as well as four corresponding hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study comprised 14,784 senior secondary school students (SSS 1, 2 and 3) in the 16 public secondary schools in Obio/Akpor LGA of Rivers State. A sample of 300 adolescents was randomly and independently selected using purposive sampling technique. Four instruments (questionnaire) were used to collect data for the study. They include; the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS), Risky Sexual Behaviours Scale (RSBS), Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) and Peer Group Influence Scale (PGIS). The instruments were designed on a four point Likert scale of Strongly Agree (SA) =4, Agree (A) =3, Disagree (D) =2, and Strongly Disagree (SD) =1. The Cronbach Alpha reliability was used to establish the internal consistency reliability coefficients of 0.81, 0.73, 0.67 and 0.71 respectively. Responses to the research questions were answered with mean and standard deviation, while the hypotheses were tested with z-test statistics. The findings of the study revealed that emotional intelligence and peer pressure were significant determinants of risky sexual behaviours among adolescents in secondary school in Rivers State, whereas self-esteem and gender are not. Based on the findings of the study it was recommended among others that counsellors should readily offer practical assistance to adolescents experiencing sexuality problems to enable them develop healthy sexual behaviours and maintain healthy relationships with others.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of nightmare distress questionnaire (NDQ-CV) in adolescents

BackgroundThe Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (NDQ) is the most common scale used to measure nightmare distress for its satisfactory psychometric properties. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of NDQ (NDQ-CV) in a large sample of adolescents. MethodsThe NDQ-CV consists of 14 items (12 original NDQ items, 1 modified NDQ item and 1 new item) to assess waking distress associated with nightmares. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale from 1 = Never to 5 = Always. Subjects used for psychometric assessment of the NDQ-CV were 11,831 participants of the Shandong Adolescent Behavior and Health Cohort in China. Participants completed the NDQ-CV and a structured questionnaire to assess nightmare frequency, sleep, anxiety/depression, and academic performance. ResultsThe NDQ-CV score ranged from 14 to 70 (M = 22.5, SD = 8.7). Internal consistency reliability coefficient was 0.90. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded 2 dominant factors defined as nightmare general distress (10 items) and daytime reality perception (4 items). The NDQ-CV score was significantly correlated with short nocturnal sleep duration, anxiety/depression, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and poor academic performance. Furthermore, NDQ-CV significantly predicted depressive symptoms 1 year later. Study limitationsAll data were self-reported. ConclusionsThe NDQ-CV appears to be a simple, reliable, and valid scale for assessing nightmare distresses in Chinese adolescents. Further studies are warranted to test the reliability and validity of the NDQ-CV with adult samples.

Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale: Confirming the Factor Structure on Indonesian Elementary Teachers

These study aims are to: 1) describe the development of Indonesian version of Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale (I-TSES); 2) provide evidence for the construct validity of the three-factor subscales using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA); and 3) obtain evidence the internal consistency reliability of each three-factor subscale and the overall instrument. The participants in this study were 95 elementary teachers in Indonesia. Confirmatory Factor Analysis using Lisrel 8.80 shows that the original I-TSES model fits data poorly. The model was modified until the fifth revision and the fit of the model was improved. Internal consistency reliability coefficients indicate a strong value. The revised I-TSES can be used as valid and reliable measurement tools to assess teachers’ self-efficacy in Indonesian. This research can be used for assessing the extent of teacher performance in teaching in Indonesia.

IMPACT OF RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY (REBT) ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SUICIDAL IDEATION AND DEPRESSIVE TENDENCY AMONG INMATES IN CORRECTIONAL CENTER IN NSUKKA EDUCATION ZONE, NIGERIA

The problem of ineffective and inefficient rehabilitation of inmates as well as in reducing their high rates of unprecedented unwholesome behaviors informed this study. Two research questions were answered and two hypotheses were tested. The study was a quasi-experimental study that adopts pre-test and posttest control group design. The treatment session lasted for a period of 12 weeks representing 24 sessions. The study was able to identify 35 inmates with depressive tendencies and suicidal ideation. Out of the 35 consent forms distributed to 35 inmates with depressive tendencies and suicidal ideation, 20 consent forms were returned showing interest in the study. Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS) developed in 1991 with a self-report of 21 items was used for data collection with reliability ranging from α = .87 to α = .89 across samples. The Center for Epidemiology Study Depression Scale (CES-D) with 20items developed by Radloff (1977) was used to measure depression of any population of people. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of 0.88 was computed for CES-D through Cronbach Alpha statistics. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. It was found that Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) significantly improved the management of suicidal ideation and depressive tendency among inmates in correctional centers. It was concluded that REBT has been found to be significant in handling behaviuoral problems as well as in improving the management of suicidal ideation and depressive tendency among inmates in correctional centers. It was recommended that inmates should be given close monitoring by their supervisors and warders in order to emancipate them from self defeating perception, thoughts and feeling that could endanger their emotion. Counseling-psychologists and religious leaders should make it a point of duty to be rekindling hope freedom, future and belongingness.

Psychometric analysis of the Comfort with Communication in Palliative and End-of-Life Care (C-COPE) instrument.

Nurses must be comfortable facilitating palliative and end-of-life communication with patients and their families. A validated instrument measuring the comfort of nurses with conducting end-of-life communication is essential for meeting the goals and wishes of patient care. This study aimed to develop and conduct a psychometric evaluation of the Comfort with Communication in Palliative and End-of-Life Care (C-COPE) instrument. Face, content, and construct validity, including test-retest reliability, were conducted. Four experts subjectively confirmed face content validity and the quantitative item content validity index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.67 to 1 and scale content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.98. Principal axis factoring with Promax rotation yielded a five-factor solution accounting for 66.2% of the variance. The items loading on the five factors ranged from 0.46-0.96 (factor 1), 0.67-0.93 (factor 2), 0.49-0.86 (factor 3), 0.68-0.79 (factor 4), and 0.24-0.96 (factor 5). Internal consistency reliability (coefficient a) was 0.90 for the total C-COPE, and above 0.75 for each factor. The five factors are 'cultural/spiritual considerations,' 'team considerations,' 'addressing decision-making,' 'addressing symptomatology,' and 'deliberate awareness.' Test-retest reliability yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.87 (CI 95%, 0.82-0.91). The C-COPE is a reliable and valid instrument measuring nurse comfort with palliative and end of-life care communication, yet requires testing in more diverse samples.

Psychometric evaluation of the DAILY EATS questionnaire in individuals living with obesity

BackgroundPhysiological and behavioral factors including hunger, satiety, food intake, and cravings are health determinants contributing to obesity. Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures focused on eating-related factors provide insight into the relationships between food choice and quantity, weight change, and weight-loss treatment for individuals living with obesity. The DAILY EATS is a novel 5-item, patient-reported measure evaluating key eating-related factors (Worst and Average Hunger, Appetite, Cravings, and Satiety).MethodsPsychometric analyses, consistent with regulatory standards, were conducted to evaluate the DAILY EATS using data from two randomized trials that included individuals with severe obesity without diabetes (NCT03486392) and with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes (NCT03586830). Additional measures included Patient Global Impression of Status (PGIS) and Patient Global Impression of Change items, Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite, Ease of Weight Management, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function Short Form 8b and 10a. The reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the DAILY EATS were assessed, and a scoring algorithm and thresholds to interpret meaningful score changes were developed.ResultsItem-level analyses of the DAILY EATS supported computation of an Eating Drivers Index (EDI), comprising the related items Worst Hunger, Appetite, and Cravings. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s coefficient alphas ≥0.80) and test-retest reliability (coefficients > 0.7) of the EDI were robust. Construct validity correlation patterns with other PRO measures were as hypothesized, with moderate to strong significant correlations between the EDI and PGIS-Hunger (0.30 ≤ r ≤ 0.68), PGIS-Cravings (0.33 ≤ r ≤ 0.77) and PGIS-Appetite (0.52 ≤ r ≤ 0.77). Anchor- and distribution-based analyses support reductions ranging from 1.6 to 2.1 as responder thresholds for the EDI, representing meaningful within-person improvement.ConclusionsThe DAILY EATS individual items and the composite EDI are reliable, sensitive, and valid in evaluating the concepts of hunger, appetite, and cravings for use in individuals with severe obesity with or without type 2 diabetes.

Development and validation of the fall risk perception questionnaire for patients in acute care hospitals.

This study aimed to develop a fall risk perception questionnaire for patients admitted to acute care hospitals and to establish its reliability and validity. To prevent falls during patients' hospitalisation, it is essential for them to accurately perceive their risk of falling. This methodological study was performed to develop a fall risk perception questionnaire. After generating a preliminary questionnaire, two rounds of content validity testing were performed with nine experts. Following a pilot test, a convenience sample of 236 participants was recruited from an acute care hospital between 2 May 2018 and 15 December 2019. Construct, convergent and known-group validity of the questionnaire was evaluated, and reliability was estimated by calculating the internal consistency reliability coefficients. The study adhered to STROBE guidelines. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution with 27 items. The questionnaire showed statistically significant positive correlation with the Korean Falls Efficacy Scale-International and the Morse Fall Scale, thus establishing convergent validity. For known-group comparison, Morse Fall Scale scores were categorised into two groups by cut-off score. The risk for falls group had a significantly higher perceived fall risk than the no risk for falls group, thus establishing known-group validity. Cronbach's alpha values indicated good to excellent reliability for the overall questionnaire with 27 items and for each of the three subfactors. The fall risk perception questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity in an acute care hospital setting. Because understanding patients' perceptions of their fall risk is essential for preventing falls, it is necessary to regularly assess patients' fall risk perception using tools with established reliability and validity.

21. Yüzyıl Becerileri Öğretimi Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Geçerlik Güvenirlik Çalışması

The purpose of the study was to adapt the 21st Century Skills Teaching Scale into Turkish Culture. The research was conducted with 233 prospective teachers in the Fall Term of 2019-2020 Academic Year. The scale serves the purpose of measuring prospective teachers' self-efficacy perceptions regarding the teaching of 21st century skills and consists of 10 items and three factors. Sub-factors of the scale are utility of technology, collaboration and innovation & problem solving. In the adaptation process of the scale to Turkish, linguistic validity, conceptual and experiential equivalence, construct validity, criterion validity and reliability studies were carried out. In order to ensure the linguistic validity of the Turkish form of the scale, translation back translation technique was applied and expert opinions were asked. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to test the construct validity. To test the criterion validity, the correlation between the whole scale and each sub-factor was examined. Within the scope of reliability studies, Cronbach Alfa (internal consistency) reliability coefficients of the scale, half-test reliability, item total correlations and item discrimination values were calculated. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the 21st Century Skills Teaching Scale Turkish Form is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to measure the self-efficacy perceptions of prospective teachers regarding 21st century skills teaching.

STUDY OF THE DİGİTAL CİTİZENSHİP BEHAVİOURS OF MİDDLE SCHOOL TEACHERS İN TERMS OF RANDOM VARİABLES; SAMPLE OF KÜTAHYA PROVİNCE

Bu araştırmada ortaokul öğretmenlerinin dijital vatandaşlık davranışlarını çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada betimsel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, 2017-2018 eğitim öğretim yılında Kütahya ili merkez ilçesinde ortaokul düzeyinde öğretmenlik yapan 238 öğretmenle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen “Öğretmenlere Yönelik Dijital Vatandaşlık Davranış Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri yapılan ölçek 20 madde ve “Eğitim ve İletişim”, “Saygı” ve “Korumak” olmak üzere 3 boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Üç alt faktör tüm varyansın %44.9’unu açıklamaktadır. Ölçeğin Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin (KMO) katsayısı 0.83, Barlett Testi anlamlılık değeri 0.00 bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin bütünü için Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık güvenirlik katsayısı .82'dir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kapsamında x2/df (ki kare/serbestlik derecesi) değeri 1.64 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu modelin iyi uyuma sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Modelin RMSEA değeri 0.052; AGFI değeri 0.87; SRMR değeri 0.057; IFI değeri 0.91; NNFI değeri 0.90 ve CFI değeri 0.91’dir. Bu araştırmanın bulgularından yola çıkarak “Öğretmenlere Yönelik Dijital Vatandaşlık Davranış Ölçeği” geçerlik ve güvenirliği yüksek bir ölçme aracı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Administrative Strategies For Effective Teaching In Basic Education In The Era Of Frozen Moment In Rivers State, Nigeria

The study explored administrative strategies for effective teaching in basic schools in the era of frozen moment in Rivers State, Nigeria. Three research questions were answered while three hypotheses were tested. The study adopted an analytic survey research design with a population of 247 headteachers in 247 public basic schools in Rivers State. The sample size is 172 headteachers representing 70% of the population of the headteachers. The sample size was arrived at using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. An instrument titled Administrative Strategies for Effective Teaching Scale (ASETS) was used for data collection. Face and content validities were ensured by experts in Educational Management as well as Test and Measurement in the University of Port Harcourt. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of 0.83 was computed for ASETS through Cronbach alpha statistical method. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. It was found that the headteachers can use reward management system as well as online supervision of their teachers’ academic preparation progress to enhance their teaching effectiveness. It was also found that the headteachers have the problem of time management and financial incapacity to carry out online administrative functions. It was recommended among others that the headteachers and local and state governments should assist the teachers in procuring electronic gadgets by giving them soft loans. The headteachers should cultivate the attitude of making use of online platform to disseminate information to the teachers for teaching effectiveness.