Intermediate Super Abrasion Furnace Research Articles

Influence of Ion Beam and Carbon Black Filler Type on the Mechanical and Physico-Chemical Properties of Butadiene Acrylonitrile Rubber (NBR)

Five types of carbon black nanofillers, namely Intermediate Super-Abrasion Furnace ISAF (N220), High-Abrasion Furnace HAF-LS (N326), Fast Extruding Furnace FEF (N550), General Purpose Furnace GPF (N660) and Semi-Reinforcing Furnace SRF-HS (N774) were incorporated with butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) in order to improve its physical properties. Young's modulus was found to increase with nanofiller content. Percolation concentration was detected in mechanical as well as in Physico-chemical behavior. The experimental values of the normalized Young's modulus fit well with Pukanszky et al. model; taking into consideration the difference in carbon black-filler type. It is noticed that the characteristic time of swelling in toluene, τ is higher for NBR loaded with 30 phr ISAF and for the rest of samples it increases with increasing of particle size. Finally oxygen ion beam irradiation for percolative loading NBR nanocomposites increases Young's modulus nearly by 2-3 times.

Cure characteristics, swelling behaviors, and mechanical properties of carbon black filler reinforced EPDM/NBR blend system

AbstractThe effect of carbon black fillers viz. semireinforcing furnace (SRF), high abrasion furnace (HAF) and intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) carbon blacks on the cure, swelling and mechanical properties of 70/30 EPDM/NBR blend have been investigated. The maximum torque values have been found to be increased with increase in filler loading. Filledsystems have been found to exhibit a reduced solvent uptake tendency compared to the unfilled sample. Blends loaded with ISAF exhibited the lowest toluene uptake among the carbon black filled systems due to the better filler reinforcement. A more uniform morphology has been observed for ISAF‐filled samples compared to the other filler loaded systems. The improvement in the mechanical properties has been observed to be the highest for ISAF‐filled samples followed by HAF and SRF filled systems. This has been attributed to the smaller particle size of ISAF black. The experimental results of mechanical testing have been compared with various theoretical models. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Influence of fillers on NR/SBR/XNBR blends. Morphology and wear

The blends of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR), styrene-butadiene rubber with high styrene content (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) were prepared with different types of carbon black. The effect of filler on morphological and wear characteristics was studied. Intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) carbon black showed improve result on curing study and mechanical properties by reacting at the interface between XNBR, SBR and NR matrix. Blends containing ISAF carbon black showed high abrasion resistant properties against Du-Pont abrader, DIN abrader and different mining rock surfaces and also was found to be the toughest rubber against all types of rock.

Effect of fillers on natural rubber/high styrene rubber blends with nano silica: Morphology and wear

The blends of high styrene rubber (HSR) and natural rubber (NR) with nano silica were prepared using a blending technique in presence of different types of carbon black. The effect of filler on morphological and wear characteristics was studied. ISAF (Intermediate Super Abrasion Furnace) type of carbon black have showed a significant effect on optimum cure time, cure rate index and mechanical properties by reacting at the interface between HSR and NR matrix. All the samples show only one melting peak on the DSC curve; this is attributed to the same backbone structure of the matrix and the carbon black reinforcement. The samples containing 30 wt.% of HSR with ISAF type of carbon black has shown maximum heat buildup, lower swelling and lower compression set value. Blends containing ISAF type of carbon black with 30 wt.% of HSR showed high abrasion resistant properties against Du-Pont abrader, DIN abrader and different mining rock surfaces and also is found to be the toughest rubber against all types of rock. Coal is main abrader against the rubber under this study.

Aromatic liquid transport through filled EPDM/NBR blends

The sorption and diffusion characteristics of 70/30 ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends loaded with black fillers such as ISAF (intermediate super-abrasion furnace), HAF (high abrasion furnace) and SRF (semi-reinforcing furnace) have been investigated. The penetrants used were benzene, toluene and xylene. Filled samples have been found to show a reduced solvent uptake compared to the unfilled sample for the given blend ratio. The observations have been correlated with the morphology of the systems. Blends loaded with ISAF exhibited the lowest liquid uptake among black filled systems which has been attributed to the better filler reinforcement and enhanced crosslink density of the matrix. The extent of particulate filler reinforcement has been studied by using Kraus theory. The unfilled and filled systems have been found to exhibit non-Fickian transport behaviour. The effect of fillers on the cure and mechanical properties of the blends have also been investigated. Among the black filler loaded systems used, the ISAF mix showed the highest maximum torque value. The improvement in the cure and mechanical properties has been observed to be the highest for ISAF filled samples followed by HAF and SRF filled systems, which is in compliance with the observation from the sorption studies.

Influence of Carbon Black on the Fuel Transport and Mechanical Characteristics of Natural Rubber/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Blends

Composites, based on natural rubber (NR), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and carbon black in different ratios, with three vulcanizing systems were prepared. Three types of carbon black viz. semi-reinforcing furnace (SRF), high abrasion furnace (HAF) and intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) were used for reinforcement. The sorption studies were done in an atmosphere of petrol, kerosene and diesel. The effects of filler, blend composition, vulcanizing systems, penetrant size and temperature on the sorption characteristics were studied. The solvent uptake decreased with decrease in particle size of the fillers in the order: SRF > HAF > ISAF. The sorption studies were complemented by the examination of cure characteristics, mechanical and morphology. Mechanical properties such as stress-strain behaviour, tensile strength, and elongation at break have been found to be maximum for ISAF filled samples. The experimental results of mechanical and sorption tests have been compared with various theoretical models.

Wear characteristics of styrene butadiene rubber/natural rubber blends with varying carbon blacks by DIN abrader and mining rock surfaces

AbstractIn this study, nine rubber compounds were produced by varying the proportions of natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and four different carbon blacks. Tensile and tear properties are enhanced by the addition of intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) N231, and modulus increases for the compounds containing N234 carbon blacks. The wear behavior of the prepared rubber vulcanizates against various rocks, such as, granite, shale, schist, sandstone, coal, and concrete, at 4.4 N normal load and 0.8 m/s relative sliding speed were studied in a specially fabricated experimental setup. The DIN abrasion testing results show good abrasion resistant properties of 70 phr NR and 30 phr SBR with N231 grade ISAF type carbon black. Also, moderate abrasion resistance is found in rubber compound containing 80 phr NR and 20 phr SBR with N234 grade ISAF type of carbon black. Out of the various rock types, the schist and sandstone are observed to be highly abrasive against the prepared rubber compounds. The microscopic examination of the abraded rubber surfaces has indicated the formation of longitudinal grooves against harder rocks and transverse ridges against softer rocks. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Solvent transport through carbon black filled poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) composites

Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) was reinforced with three different types of carbon black viz. semi-rein- forcing furnace (SRF), high abrasion furnace (HAF) and intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF). The solvent transport by the composites were analyzed using benzene, toluene and xylene as penetrant molecules. The observed cure character- istics and solvent uptake behaviour of the composites has been explained on the basis of particle size of the filler and bound rubber content. The mode of transport in all the cases was found to be anomalous. A sorption-desorption-resorption (S-D-RS) experiment was carried out to study the physical changes in the polymer matrix, associated with the transport of the sol- vents through the composites.

Barrier properties of natural rubber/ethylene vinyl acetate/carbon black composites

Composites based on natural rubber (NR), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and carbon black were prepared. Three types of carbon black viz.; semireinforcing furnace (SRF), high-abrasion furnace (HAF) and intermediate superabrasion furnace (ISAF) were used for reinforcement. The barrier properties of these filled samples were examined in an atmosphere of petrol, kerosene and diesel. Blends loaded with ISAF exhibited the lowest liquid uptake which has been attributed to the higher filler reinforcement and crosslink density of the matrix. Among the three vulcanising systems used, viz.; sulphur (S), dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and mixed (S+DCP), DCP crosslinked samples exhibited high barrier properties to the probe molecules. Diesel showed the lowest interaction with the composites compared to petrol and kerosene. The sorption data were used to estimate the enthalpy, entropy and free energy of the transport process.

Transport Characteristics of Filled Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) Membranes

The effect of carbon black fillers on the solvent transport behaviour of ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) was studied using petrol, diesel and kerosene as probe molecules. Semi-reinforcing furnace (SRF), high abrasion furnace (HAF) and intermediate super-abrasion furnace (ISAF) blacks were used for the reinforcement of the matrix. EVA filled with SRF showed the highest solvent uptake, followed by HAF and then ISAF. The observations have been correlated with the morphology of the systems, as attested by scanning electron micrographs and interpreted on the basis of the particle size of the reinforcement, and also in terms of the bound rubber content. The molar mass between crosslinks has been calculated from the sorption data. Arrhenius activation parameters for the process of diffusion and permeation and thermodynamic quantities such as enthalpy and entropy were also determined. The first order equation was used to study the sorption kinetics. The mechanism of transport was found to deviate slightly from the regular Fickian trend, observed with conventional rubbers. A sorption (S)-desorption (D)-resorption (RS)-redesorption (RD) experiment was carried out to study the structural changes occurring in the filled matrix during solvent transport.

Strain energy density of carbon-black-loaded rubber vulcanizates

The strain energy density behaviour is studied at room temperature,for 100 phr (parts per 100 parts of rubber by weight) FEF carbon-black-loadedstyrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR), butadiene-acryle nitrialrubber (NBR), butyl rubber (IIR) and butadiene rubber (BR). This behaviour isalso studied for 100 phr of different types of carbon-black, (intermediatesuper abrasion furnace) (ISAF), high abrasion furnace (HAF), fast extrusionfurnace (FEF), semi-reinforcing furnace (SRF) and easy processing channel(EPC)-)loaded SBR rubber vulcanizates and for different concentrations of FEFcarbon-black-loaded SBR rubber vulcanizates.The shear modulus for allcomposites is also obtained and discussed. These data are used to calculatethe strain energy density using the equation proposed by Blatz et al (1974 Trans. Soc. Rheol. 18 145-61), based onthe n-measure of Sethe.It is found that the n-measure is still a material constant, even after theaddition of carbon black, but with higher values than that for unloadedrubber.

Effect of Surface Oxidation of Carbon Black on Its Bonding with Epoxidized Natural Rubber in the Presence of Silane Coupling Agent

Abstract Results of bound rubber determination, Monsanto rheometry, solvent swelling studies and measurement of physical properties reveal that high temperature molding of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) filled with intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) carbon black and surface oxidized ISAF carbon black, in the presence of silane coupling agent, namely, N-(4-vinylbenzyl)-N′-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethane-1,2-diamine monoHCl salt, results in crosslinking of the rubber phase, even in the absence of the vulcanizing agents. Infrared spectroscopic studies show formation of silyl ether, in the case of ISAF carbon black, whereas the oxidized grade forms both silyl ether as well as silyl ester and amide linkage. Oxidation of ISAF carbon black causes an increase in the extent of coupling bond formation.

Transport of benzene and methyl-substituted benzenes through carbon black-filled epoxidized natural rubber

Sorption and diffusion of benzene and methyl-substituted benzenes were investigated through epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) reinforced with four types of carbon black: superabrasion furnace (SAF), intermediate superabrasion furnace (ISAF), high-abrasion furnace (HAF), and semireinforcing furnace (SRF). Kraus equation has been used to investigate the extent of reinforcement for the different types of carbon black used in the experiments. Effect of the type and concentration of the carbon black on solvent uptake and mechanism of diffusion were studied in detail. The rate constant for diffusion of the solvents in epoxidized natural rubber vulcanizate based on different carbon black type, and loading was investigated. Diffusion constant was found to decrease with increase in the degree of reinforcement. The interaction constant values were experimentally determined. The sorption data were used to determine the activation energy for the diffusion process and the enthalpy and entropy of the sorption process. The experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 415–427, 1999

Effect of surface oxidation of filler and silane coupling agent on the chemorheological behavior of epoxidized natural rubber filled with ISAF carbon black

On the basis of results of measurements of physical properties and solvent swelling of the extrudates, it has been observed that epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) interacts chemically with intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) carbon black when the mix of the two was extruded at 130–160°C in a Monsanto Processability Tester (MPT). The extent of interaction between the rubber and filler depends on the following factors: extrusion time, carbon black loading, shear rate, and the extent of oxidation on the carbon black surface. Addition of the silane coupling agent, namely, N-3-(-N-vinyl benzyl amino) ethyl-γ-amino propyl trimethoxy silane monohydrochloride, enhances the rate of the interaction. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 557–563, 1999

Hysteresis and strain‐dependent dynamic mechanical properties of epoxidized natural rubber filled with surface‐oxidized carbon black

High-temperature molding of a mixture of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) carbon black results in strong rubber–filler interaction, the extent of which is greater in the case of the oxidized grade of the carbon black. It has been observed that ENR is bonded to the filler surface through the formation of primary bonds, such as ester and phenolic ether. An extensive filler–filler network formation takes place through the hydrogen bonding between the active groups of the rubber and filler surface. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 723–730, 1998

Hysteresis and strain-dependent dynamic mechanical properties of epoxidized natural rubber filled with surface-oxidized carbon black

High-temperature molding of mixture of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) carbon black results in strong rubber-filler interaction, the extent of which is greater in the case of the oxidized grade of the carbon black. It has been observed that ENR is bonded to the filler surface through the formation of primary bonds, such as ester and phenolic ether. An extensive filler-filler network formation takes place through the hydrogen bonding between the active groups of the rubber and filler surface.

Chemical Interaction between Surface Oxidized Carbon Black and Epoxidized Natural Rubber

Abstract This study—based on Monsanto Rheometer measurements, determination of bound rubber, enthalpy of reaction, solvent swelling studies, and measurement of physical properties— revealed that the functional groups of intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) carbon black chemically interact with the epoxidized natural rubber. The extent of interaction is greater in the case of an oxidized grade of ISAF black than the nonoxidized grade. Infrared spectral studies show that the interaction between the rubber and carbon black leads to chemical bond formation. It is believed that the oxidized grade of carbon black forms ester-type as well as phenolic ether-type bonds, while the nonoxidized grade forms primarily the phenolic ether-type of linkages.

Molecular transport of benzene and methyl-substituted benzenes into filled natural rubber sheets

Sorption and diffusion of benzene and methyl-substituted benzenes were investigated through natural rubber reinforced with four types of carbon black: superbrasion furnace, intermediate superabrasion furnace, high-abrasion furnace, and semireinforcing furnace. The rubber loaded with superabrasion furnace took the lowest amount of solvents among all the samples. It was observed that the mechanism of transport deviates from the normal Fickian trend with a decrease in particle size of the fillers. The diffusion coefficients were determined considering the changes in thickness as well as the diameter of the natural rubber samples. From the temperature dependence of diffusivity, the activation energy for the diffusion process was computed. The sorption data were used to estimate the rubber-solvent interaction parameter, enthalpy, and entropy of the sorption process. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Environmental effects and relaxation in natural rubber

AbstractThe change in attenuation of longitudinal ultrasonic waves has been measured as a function of frequency and temperature for natural rubber samples loaded with intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) in increasing quantities and vulcanized with N‐oxidiethylene benzotriazol sulfunamid (OBTS) after being subjected to natural aging for 5 years. Three relaxation processes, namely α, β, and γ, were noticed. The activation energy for each process was calculated and the results are discussed. Also, the dielectric constant ε′ and dielectric loss ε″ have been investigated for those samples after being immersed in various water media. The measurements were carried out in the frequency range from 100 Hz up to 100 kHz and at room temperature (∼ 28°C). The results are compared with each other and the differences are interpreted.

Mullins Effect in Filler Reinforced Rubber Vulcanizates

In a previous theory expounded by one of the authors on the mechanical and optical analysis of the filler reinforced rubber vulcanizates, the degree of adhesion (1-ζ) was treated as a fixed parameter. When the specimens containing the filler of higher concentration are extended, the degree of adhesion (1-ζ) decreases and the remarkable relaxation (softening) appears in the specimens as shown in Fig. 1.Under the rate theory explained in the paper preceding this report, the hysteresis loops in extension cycles for filler-reinforced vulcanized rubbers are analysed as follows.The present specimens are natural rubber vulcanizates corporated alternately with one of the three species of carbon black, i.e. ISAF (Intermediate Super-Abrasion Furnace), HAF (High Abrasion Furnace), or SRF (semi-reinforcing furnace) and of the two species of non-black, i.e. Hi-Sil (silica) or CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), all these five sorts with various concentrations of X=0 (pure vulcanizate), 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, (here X denotes the volume ratio of filler to rubber examined). Each specimen was extended to the maximum extension ratio αm=2 for the 1st cycle; for the 2nd, αm=3 and so on. The experimental curves of tension in each extension course, namely αm=2, 3, 4 and 5, are shown in Figs. 2-11. Moreover, the experimental and, theoretical hysteresis curves for αm=3 (48sec) and αm=4 (72sec) in the case of X=0.1 or X=0.2 are shown in Figs. 12-17. Most of the curves for various αm and X are omitted here.It has been proved that according to the above analysis, the hysteresis loops containing the Mullins effect in the filled specimen can be analysed by means of the present theory based on the rate processes, but the details in the phenomena must be expected in future studies. Especially precise examinations of the elementary process in rheology, for instance, about stress relaxation, creep and the rate of recovery and so on, must be made quantitatively and these experiments are now being prepared.