Intermediate Energy Sources Research Articles

Study on Characteristics of Through-Thickness Crack When Cryogenic Materials are Applied to Independent B Type Tank

Due to climate change, interest in eco-friendly energy is continuously increasing around the world. LNG is an intermediate energy source and its use increases continuously because of its established infrastructure. LNG temperature is -165°C and requires low temperature toughness of tank material. High manganese austenitic steel has similar mechanical properties to cryogenic material for LNG listed in IGC and IGF code. High manganese austenitic steel easily satisfies the low temperature toughness required at cryogenic temperature and shows superior performance in yield strength, tensile strength and elongation, compared to existing materials in IGC and IGF code.</br>In this study, the thickness ratio is reviewed while loading the same LNG fuel. Based on the thickness ratio, the thickness for 9%Ni steel, STS304 and Al5083 is calculated for two standard thickness of 10 mm and 20 mm for the high manganese austenitic steel. 9%Ni steel, STS304, Al5083 and high manganese austenitic steel are compared and reviewed from the viewpoint of the required time for initial surface cracks to grow into through-thickness cracks and the size of through-thickness cracks under the same amount of LNG fuel. The effect of different thickness, welded joint and stress sequence on through-thickness cracks are investigated.

Justification of thermodynamic efficiency of the new air heat pump in the system of redistribution of energy resources at the enterprise

The article evaluates the energy resources of the components of the environment and the prospects for their use on the redistribution with the creation of local zones of cooling and heating. The physical basis of the principle and systems of redistribution and transformations of energy resources of environments with coverage of the role of compensation processes is given. The use of closed energy circuits with intermediate energy sources, which are subject to phase transitions of evaporation and condensation, and data of energy potentials of ambient air, which are practically achievable for use on this basis, is proposed. The article shows the advantages of arranging systems for redistribution of thermal potentials based on the use of phase transitions of material media. Determination of energy balances of energy redistribution systems is carried out with the indication that in the end, such a method is the most energy-efficient. Upon completion of technological tasks, local areas with different energy potentials and temperatures degrade in dissipation processes and transform to the level of environmental indicators. This means interfering with the environment only at the level of energy costs in compensation processes. The article shows the transition to secondary recovery systems of energy resources based on the use of primary energy sources in environmental transformations at the levels of increasing their energy potentials and providing phase transitions with appropriate mathematical formalizations. A regression analysis of the feasibility of using primary energy potentials is given. It is proved that in the heat pump due to the generated mechanical energy the heat return at the level of the lost one. The estimation of the general condition of processes at power effects is given. The offered air pump and system of realization of a refrigerating cycle are considered. The redistribution of energy potentials of natural, forcibly created environments or systems and the synthesis on this basis of powerful heat fluxes in combination with advanced control methods, allows you to control their values of thermodynamic parameters.

Can intermediate-energy sources lead to elevated bone doses for prostate and head & neck high-dose-rate brachytherapy?

PurposeSeveral radionuclides with high (60Co, 75Se) and intermediate (169Yb, 153Gd) energies have been investigated as alternatives to 192Ir for high-dose-rate brachytherapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tissue heterogeneities for these five high- to intermediate-energy sources in prostate and head & neck brachytherapy. Methods and MaterialsTreatment plans were generated for a cohort of prostate (n = 10) and oral tongue (n = 10) patients. Dose calculations were performed using RapidBrachyMCTPS, an in-house Geant4-based Monte Carlo treatment planning system. Treatment plans were simulated using 60Co, 192Ir, 75Se, 169Yb, and 153Gd as the active core of the microSelectron v2 source. Two dose calculation scenarios were presented: (1) dose to water in water (Dw,w), and (2) dose to medium in medium (Dm,m). ResultsDw,w overestimates planning target volume coverage compared with Dm,m, regardless of photon energy. The average planning target volume D90 reduction was ∼1% for high-energy sources, whereas larger differences were observed for intermediate-energy sources (1%–2% for prostate and 4%–7% for oral tongue). Dose differences were not clinically relevant (<5%) for soft tissues in general. Going from Dw,w to Dm,m, bone doses were increased two- to three-fold for 169Yb and four- to five-fold for 153Gd, whereas the ratio was close to ∼1 for high-energy sources. ConclusionsDw,w underestimates the dose to bones and, to a lesser extent, overestimates the dose to soft tissues for radionuclides with average energies lower than 192Ir. Further studies regarding bone toxicities are needed before intermediate-energy sources can be adopted in cases where bones are in close vicinity to the tumor.

Can Intermediate Energy Sources Result in Increased Bone Doses for Pelvic and Head-and-Neck Brachytherapy?

Several gamma emitting radionuclides with high (60Co, 75Se) and intermediate (169Yb, 153Gd) energies have been investigated as alternatives to 192Ir for high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tissue heterogeneities for 60Co, 192Ir, 75Se, 169Yb and 153Gd for prostate and oral tongue HDR brachytherapy.

Abstract ID: 41 Consequences of patient heterogeneities for intermediate-energy sources in post-implant assessment of prostate brachytherapy treatment plans

Purpose Recent studies have identified and proposed gamma emitting radionuclides (75Se, 169Yb, 153Gd) with intermediate energy (50 keV Materials and methods Post implant treatment plans were simulated with a Geant4-based Monte Carlo dose calculation engine, BrachySource, coupled to a column-generation based optimizer, for a prostate brachytherapy case. The patient was treated with a brachytherapy boost with a dose of 15 Gy in a single fraction. Simulations were performed using 60Co, 192Ir, 75Se, 169Yb, and 153Gd as the active cores of the source. The plans were independently approved by two radiation oncologists. Two MC calculation protocols were performed for each radionuclide: (1) dose calculations for which patient anatomy is modelled as unit density water and (2) dose calculations for which patient anatomy is modelled with accurate chemical composition of tissues and densities are obtained using the HU values from CT scan. Results With 90% of the planning target volume (PTV) receiving over 15 Gy, plans can reduce the PTV V150 to 19.8%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 13.7% and 11.6% for 60Co, 192Ir, 75Se, 169Yb, and 153Gd, respectively, without sacrificing the urethral D10, the bladder V75 and the rectum V75. In general, dose homogeneity within the PTV increased with decreasing average photon energy. The inclusion of tissue composition and density corrections resulted in a reduction of the PTV D90 (urethral D10) by 0.0% (0.0%), 0.8% (0.7%), 1.8% (1.6%), 3.0% (4.7%) and 4.5% (4.1%) for 60Co, 192Ir, 75Se, 169Yb, and 153Gd, respectively. Conclusion Intermediate-energy sources have the potential to increase dose homogeneity within the PTV while reducing hot spots in the urethra, bladder, and rectum. This work shows the importance of accurate MC-based treatment planning engine, which can account for tissue composition and heterogeneities, for the dosimetry of intermediate-energy sources.

Retrospective Evaluation of Prostate Cancer Treatment Plan Quality Obtained from Intermediate Energy Sources for High Dose Rate Brachytherapy

Retrospective Evaluation of Prostate Cancer Treatment Plan Quality Obtained from Intermediate Energy Sources for High Dose Rate Brachytherapy

Apolipoprotein E acts at pre‐synaptic sites… among others

Read the full article ‘APOE genotype affects the pre‐synaptic compartment of glutamatergic nerve terminals’ on doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07908.x.

Ficus elastica – The Indian rubber tree – An underutilized promising multi-use species

Abstract Ficus elastica known as the Indian rubber tree has a white, milky latex that is a source of natural rubber was analyzed for its phytochemicals as an intermediate energy source. The tree produces a high quantity of protein and oil (24.5 and 6.1% respectively). The polyphenol content was 4.2%, and hydrocarbon content was 2%. The gross calorific value of the plant sample was 28.7 MJ kg −1 , much higher than that of methanol (22.4 MJ kg −1 ), but comparable to anthracite coal (29.7 MJ kg −1 ). The gross calorific value of the oil fraction was 32.8 MJ kg −1 . This species also contains high levels of ortho-dihydroxy phenols which may be related to disease resistance to some pathogens. It also possesses compounds with antimicrobial activity and a range of pharmacological activities. F. elastica has several chemical constituents, other than rubber, which have potential uses and warrant further study.

Neutron and photon measurements through concrete from a 15 GeV electron beam on a target — Comparison with models and calculations

Measurements of neutron and phonon dose equivalents from a 15 GeV electron beam striking an iron target inside a scale model of a PEP IR hall are described, and compared with analytic-empirical calculations and with the Monte Carlo code, MORSE. The MORSE code is able to predict both absolute neutron and photon dose equivalents for geometries where the shield is relatively thin, but fails as the shield thickness is increased. An intermediate energy source term is postulated for analytic-empirical neutron shielding calculations to go along with the giant resonance and high energy terms, and a new source term due to neutron capture is postulated for analytic-empirical photon shielding calculations. The source strengths for each energy source term, and each type, are given from analysis of the measurements.