Interline Power Flow Controller Research Articles

FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER FOR AGC LOOP OF A TWO-AREA SOLAR-THERMAL DEREGULATED POWER SYSTEM WITH RFB AND IPFC UNIT

This paper presents the Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) controller for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of an interconnected two area solar-thermal deregulated power system. In this investigation, the thermal plants are considered with reheat tandem compound steam turbine rather than steam turbine dynamic model parameters are thought to be consistent. Concentrated solar power can store vitality in the type of thermal energy. The stored thermal energy can be utilized to produce electricity in the absence of solar irradiance. Thus, AGC of a multi-area power system incorporating solar thermal power plant (STPP) is vital for these examinations. A FOPID controller is an established PID aside from its derivative and integral orders are fractional numbers in place of being integers. The control parameters of FOPID controller are tuned utilizing Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA) and its execution is contrasted and Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers based AGC loop. A sophisticated application of Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) coordinates with Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) for the improvement of AGC loop of a two-area solar-thermal power system is also considered. Simulation reveals that the proposed FOPID controller tuned with LSA algorithm liven up the dynamic output response of the test system as far as less pinnacle deviation and settling time of area frequencies and tie-line power oscillations in various exchanges of the deregulated power system. The execution of the RFB and IPFC unit captures the underlying fall in frequency and additionally the tie-line power deviations after a sudden load unsettling influence.

An innovative OANF–IPFC based on MOGWO to enhance participation of DFIG-based wind turbine in interconnected reconstructed power system

Despite the affordability and popularity of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) among the variable-speed wind turbines, it cannot follow the inertia response caused by the load perturbations and the imposed frequency fluctuations in the power system. Considering the growing participation of wind power generation, DFIG with no virtual inertia control cannot play a functional role in the frequency stability of traditional power systems. At the outset, a new inertia control strategy is proposed for DFIG to participate in system frequency control via absorption or disposal of kinetic energy based on active power control. Then after that, interline power flow controller (IPFC) known as an adaptable and complex compensator is introduced to simultaneously regulate and control the power flow of multiple lines during the large penetration of DFIGs. To enhance the damping capability of IPFC, this paper has suggested a novel optimal adaptive neuro-fuzzy (OANF). The frequency and tie-line power deviations as two prominent stability benchmarks have been considered and analysed to appraise the damping capability of the suggested controller in the affected interconnected power system. The dynamic stability problem has been formulated based on multi-objective grey wolf optimizer to optimally tune OANF-based IPFC towards simultaneous suppression of the abovementioned benchmarks. The accurate fuzzy membership functions and rules of OANF-based IPFC have been extracted during the severe perturbation in two interconnected reconstructed power systems. Eventually, the simulation results extracted from both the three-area and five-area interconnected power systems have primarily validated the inertia control-based DFIG and subsidiarily OANF–IPFC to effectively suppress the low-frequency oscillations.

Performance of coordinated interline power flow controller and power system stabilizer in combined multiarea restructured ALFC and AVR system

Performance of coordinated interline power flow controller and power system stabilizer in combined multiarea restructured ALFC and AVR system

PSS AND IPFC POD controllers coordinated tuning by an Adaptive Genetic Algorithm with Hyper-mutation

Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are a modern technology to increase controllability in power systems. This work presents an analysis of Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) which is a FACTS device. This device control and manage power flow in transmission lines. Supplementary damping controller is installed on IPFC Proportional Integral (PI) control. Power Oscillation Damping (POD) and Power System Stabilizers (PSS) contribute to power system stability. This works represents the electric power system and Interline Power Flow Controller FACTS device by a current sensitivity model (CSM). This work focuses on small-signal stability studies using an Adaptive Genetic Algorithm and Hyper-mutation (AGAH) to design simultaneously controller parameters. Adaptive Genetic Algorithm aims to find optimal controller parameters to enhance greatly stability of the power system. This paper considers two areas 14 bus symmetrical system in order to assess proposed algorithm. Simulations are carried out in MatLab platform in order to compare genetic algorithm with proposed algorithm performance. Results show AGAH outweighed AG by time convergence and accuracy.

Load frequency control of a multi‐area system incorporating distributed generation resources, gate controlled series capacitor along with high‐voltage direct current link using hybrid ALO‐pattern search optimised fractional order controller

The power output from the wind turbine in distributed generation (DG) resources is intermittent in nature, which adversely affects the system frequency in an interconnected system. Hence, it is important to study the system dynamic performance when DG resources are connected to the existing power system. This study presents the load frequency control of the three-area thermal-thermal-hydro system with DG resources in area 1. Proportional integral fractional derivative (PID μ ) controller is proposed as a secondary controller. System dynamics are compared among integral, proportional integral (PI), PI derivative (PID), fractional order PID (PI λ D μ ) and PID μ controllers whose parameters are optimised simultaneously using nature inspired ant lion optimiser (ALO) technique. The analysis shows the competitive performance of PI λ D μ and PID μ controllers. Furthermore, the PID μ controller parameters are optimised using hybrid ALO-pattern search technique, which outperforms the ALO optimised PID μ controller. A flexible AC transmission system device called gate controlled series capacitor performs better than an interline power flow controller. The studies show that the gate controlled series capacitor placed in all lines is its optimal location. The system dynamics are improved considerably with the incorporation of high voltage direct current link, the transient droop of the hydro governor. The PID μ controller effectively handles the parametric variations, random load and wind power profiles.

MVO Algorithm Based LFC Design of a Six-Area Hybrid Diverse Power System Integrating IPFC and RFB

Flexible alternating current transmission system devices and energy storage devices have great potential to support frequency regulation in power system. Hence, the impact of interline power flow controller unit and redox flow battery unit in the load frequency control (LFC) of six-area power system having different power plant units has been investigated in this paper. The multi-verse optimizer (MVO) is proposed to tune the parameters of the proportional–integral and derivative (PID) controller. Further, the efficacy of the multi-verse optimizer tuned proportional–integral (PI) controller is also equated with the recently developed sine-cosine algorithm tuned PI controller in the investigated power system. The encouraging role of interline power flow controller (IPFC) unit and redox flow battery (RFB) unit has been confirmed for system frequency and tie-line power regulation. The investigation validated that multi-verse optimizer based proportional–integral–derivative controller with an interline power flow controller unit and redox flow battery unit give better dynamic response during sudden load disturbances.

Investigation of Combined SVC and TCSC versus IPFC in Enhancing Power System Static Security

Electrical power systems are often required to operate at full loading capacity due to ever increasing demand and transmission line contingencies with limited grid expansion. This results in line overload and operating near system limit, thereby threatening system security. Utilization of existing system can be achieved using Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices without violating system limits. This research investigation involves static security assessment of a modelled IEEE 30-bus test system in MATLAB/SIMULINK/PSAT environment. The security status with the incorporation of combined Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) were determined. Prior to this, Contingency Severity Index (CSI) based on Performance Index (PI) of Voltage and Active Power was employed to determine the optimal location of the FACTS devices. Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) was applied to determine the optimal sizing/percentage compensation of FACTS. Subsequently, power system with and without the incorporation of FACTS devices were modelled. The ability of the compensated system to withstand credible transmission line contingencies without violating the normal operating limits (bus voltage and line thermal) was examined and presented. The paper presents how combined SVC/TCSC and an IPFC aided the power system to boost its steady state security in the face of possible line contingencies.

Approaches for effective using of interline power flow controller steady state model

Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is the latest proposed flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) device. Although IPFC was proposed in 1998, its performance studying stills good research area. It cannot be denied that, the first step for performance anal-ysis is developing an effective simulation model. This paper is tackling; the steady state modeling for a power system equipped with IPFC device, approaches for applying this model and the idea behind each approach. 5-Bus, 14-Bus and 30-Bus systems have been chosen as case studies to support the comparison between the three approaches.

Interline power flow controller (IPFC) characterization in power systems

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) have been proposed in the late 1980s to meet and provide the electrical power system requirements. FACTS are used to control the power flow and to improve the power system stability. Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a versatile device in the FACTS family of controllers and one of its latest generations which has the ability to simultaneously control the power flow in two or multiple transmission lines. This paper is tackling the IPFC performance in power systems; it aims to discuss the availability to define a known scenario for the IPFC performance in different systems. An introduction supported with brief review on IPFC, IPFC principle of operation and IPFC mathematical model are also introduced. IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus systems have chosen as a test power systems to support the behavior study of power system equipped with IPFC device. Three different locations have chosen to give variety of system configurations to give effective performance analysis.

AGC of multi area power system based PSO under deregulated conditions

In This research PIDF (Proportional Integral Derivative with Filter) is suggested to control the ACE (area control error) signal of automatic generation control circuit (AGC) for two-area multi units system under deregulated conditions, each area consist of two thermal reheat units with physical GRC (generating rate constrain). The parameters of the PIDF controller are tuned using PSO (particle swarm optimization) technique. To improve the system performance, Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) is presented in one area and one of FACTS components IPFC (Inter Line Power Flow Controller) is installed in tie line. The performance of the proposed controller is assessed under different working conditions of deregulated power market. Finally, a comparison will be made on the system response when testing with varying the load conditions and system parameter through MATLAB environment 2015Rb.

Coordinated performance of interline power flow controller and superconducting magnetic energy storage in combined ALFC and AVR system under deregulated environment

This study presents a two area combined Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC) and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) system having reheat thermal and wind as Generating Companies (GENCOs) of area1 while reheat thermal and diesel as GENCOs of area2 in a deregulated environment. The thermal plant is considered with system nonlinearities. A proportional-integral and fractional order derivative having a filter controller is introduced for the combined ALFC-AVR system. A lightning search algorithm is employed for finding the best values of controller parameters. The comparative performance of the proposed controllers with some classical controllers proves the superiority of the proposed controller to others. The significance of the Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and IPFC in combination with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) in the considered system is investigated under bilateral transaction. The analysis reflects that addition of IPFC improves the dynamic responses. The combination of both IPFC and SMES enhances the system dynamics further. The sensitivity analysis against different Distribution Companies Participation Matrix and variation of the contact violation amount gives the robust performance of the introduced controller parameters.

To design and develop a fuzzy based power flow controller for the stability improvement of a power system

With the growth and development of power electronics in the field of power system enumerates the new and efficient forms of controlling the power. This paper deals with a systematic approach to design an Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) for multi-machine infinite bus power system is proposed. It is an independent controller system which is suitable for an individual line compensation of a multiline power system. A Simulink model of an IPFC based multi-machine system along with fuzzy is developed. The outcomes obtained were compared with the conventional method of tuning the proposed controller to confirm the effectiveness and robustness of the developed controller. The analysis of an IPFC is assuring the response towards the system’s operation. In this proposed scheme, the controller is designed with the series and shunt configuration of an interline power flow controller using fuzzy technology. The two types of configuration in the designed system are manipulated in which most of the compensation in a multiline system is provided by means of the series controller, the shunt controller which is used for the real power compensation. The simulation of a designed system is done using MATLAB software-Simulink.

Performance of coordinated FACTS and energy storage devices in combined multiarea ALFC and AVR system

This paper emphasizes the impact of a coordinated flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) and energy storage devices in the combined automatic load frequency control and automatic voltage regulator model of a multiarea system having reheat thermal, wind, solar thermal, and diesel units in each area. The generation rate constraints and the governor dead band for the thermal plant are considered. A fractional integral derivative controller with filter (FOIDF) is proposed for this model, and the lightning search algorithm is implemented to optimize the controller parameters. The comparative analysis of FOIDF with integer order controllers shows the superiority of the former to others. The system performance with different area capacity ratios demonstrates the significant effect of the same on the system dynamics. Analyses reflect the satisfactory performance of the proposed renewable integrated system with a drastic change in step load perturbation. Investigation of the integration of FACTS devices like a thyristor controlled series capacitor, a static synchronous series compensator, and an interline power flow controller (IPFC) indicates that the inclusion of FACTS devices improves the system dynamics and IPFC is better among these. Analysis of the effect of energy storage devices such as capacitive energy storage (CES) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) in coordination with IPFC reveals that energy storage devices along with FACTS enhance the system responses and IPFC-SMES is much better than IPFC-CES. The investigation indicates that IPFC inbetween Area1 and Area3 and SMES in Area1 are the optimal locations. Sensitivity analysis reflects that the proposed controller parameters are not required to be optimized again for changing system conditions.

A VNS algorithm for the design of supplementary damping controllers for small-signal stability analysis

This paper presents a variable neighborhood search (VNS) optimization algorithm for the design of the parameters of supplementary damping controllers: power system stabilizers (PSS) and the interline power flow controller–power oscillation damping (IPFC–POD) set. The objective is to insert damping to local and inter-area oscillation modes in multimachine power systems. The electric power system dynamics is represented by the current sensitivity model. Simulations were carried out using three systems: a test system known as Two-Area Symmetrical and two real systems, the New England and the Reduced Southern Brazilian. The VNS method was compared with a multi-start algorithm in terms of performance, showing better convergence rates. The proposal was also able to obtain solutions with high damping levels, that showed to be robust when changes on the operating point of the power system were considered. Finally, it has been verified that the PSS controllers were effective for damping the local mode oscillations, while the IPFC–POD set operated mainly damping the inter-area modes.

Security Constrained Unit Commitment Incorporating Interline Power Flow Controller

Security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem is solved using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm incorporating Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC). The objective of the SCUC problem is to obtain the minimum operating cost simultaneously maintaining the system security. The SCUC problem involves unit commitment as the main problem and security-constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED) as the sub problem. The solution of the SCUC problem is also investigated during contingency with a single line outage. Binary coded artificial bee colony (BABC) is used for solving the UC problem (master problem) and real coded artificial bee colony algorithm (RABC) is used for solving the SCED sub problem. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is tested and validated on a 6 bus system and an IEEE 118 bus test system. The effectiveness of IPFC in a power system network ensuring system security is thoroughly investigated and the results are compared with that of existing methods available in the literature.

Modeling generalized interline power-flow controller (GIPFC) using 48-pulse voltage source converters

Generalized interline power-flow controller (GIPFC) is one of the voltage-source controller (VSC)-based flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers that can independently regulate the power-flow over each transmission line of a multiline system. This paper presents the modeling and performance analysis of GIPFC based on 48-pulsed voltage-source converters. This paper deals with a cascaded multilevel converter model, which is a 48-pulse (three levels) voltage source converter. The voltage source converter described in this paper is a harmonic neutralized, 48-pulse GTO converter. The GIPFC controller is based on d-q orthogonal coordinates. The algorithm is verified using simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Comparisons between unified power flow controller (UPFC) and GIPFC are also included.

Steady State Control Enhancement and Power Flow Analysis of Longitudinal Power Systems Incorporating Interline Power Flow Controller

Transmission lines operating in steady state are prone to several challenges such as; poor steady-state power flow control, active and reactive power loss and voltage limit violations. These challenges can be solved either by the use of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) controllers such as Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC) or other non-economical means such as building additional generation and transmission facilities. Previous works have incorporated IPFC to solve the challenges in meshed transmission system but has not been applied to solve the inherent challenges of the longitudinal Nigerian transmission system operating in steady state. This work performs power flow analysis with the incorporation of IPFC into the Nigerian 330-kV, 28-bus transmission system to solve its steady state challenges. Steady state power system component model produces a set of algebraic equations while the steady state IPFC model in rectangular form produces another set of algebraic equations for power flow analysis. The sets of equations were solved simultaneously using Newton-Raphson numerical iteration method, due to its fast quadratic convergence and high efficiency. Newton-Raphson power flow algorithm was implemented using MATLAB 8.1.0.604 (version R2013b) and the analysis was performed without and with the incorporation of IPFC data into the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 14-bus and the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) 330-kV, 28-bus system. The performance evaluation of IPFC was investigated using active and reactive power as performance variables. The incorporation of IPFC rectangular model into the Nigerian 330-kV, 28-Bus TCN and IEEE 14-bus system demonstrated the capability of IPFC to control active and reactive power flow. IPFC typifies effective enhancement and the maximum use of Nigerian 330-kV, 28-Bus TCN and IEEE 14-bus transmission infrastructure for better delivery of electrical power to the end users.

A risk of severity based scheme for optimal placement of interline power flow controller using composite index

Due to massive increase in the power transactions due to restructuring, the stress in transmission lines has increased largely and severity assessment is very essential. Contingency assessment of a power system predicts the effect of outages in transmission lines and generator units. In this paper, contingency ranking of the lines has been done using composite severity index. A risk-based strategy has been adopted for the placement of interline power flow converter (IPFC). From the list of the severe lines obtained, IPFC is placed on the line which has highest possibility of severity during the occurrence for different outages. To verify the proposed methodology, it is implemented on IEEE 30 and Indian Utility 62 bus systems. The load on the bus with highest load is further increased gradually up to the critical value and the results have been presented and analysed to ascertain the effectiveness of IPFC for contingency management.

A risk of severity based scheme for optimal placement of interline power flow controller using composite index

A risk of severity based scheme for optimal placement of interline power flow controller using composite index

A Multi-objective Hybrid Heuristic Approach for Optimal Setting of FACTS Devices in Power System Operation

<p>Improvement of power system performance in terms of increased voltage profile and decreased transmission loss is becoming one of the challenging tasks to the system operators under open access environment. Apart from traditional power flow controlling devices, use of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices can give an attractive solution for the operation and control of deregulated power system. The type, size, location and number of FACTS devices are to be optimized appropriately in order to get the targeted benefits. In this paper, two FACTS devices, Thyristor Controller Phase Shift Transformer (TCPST) and Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) are selected to obtain the required performance such as improvement of voltage profile and loss minimization. To search the optimal location and optimal rating of the selected FACTS devices, a hybrid algorithm which formulated with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is proposed. At the first step, the optimization problem is solved for finding the optimal location of FACTS devices using PSO with an objective of voltage profile maximization and later GSA is implemented to optimize their parameters with an objective of transmission loss minimization. The proposed method is implemented on IEEE 30-bus test system and from the simulation results it can be proved that this technique is well suited for real-time application. </p><p align="center"><strong><br /></strong></p>