Interleukin-6 In Patients Research Articles

Invastigate The Serum Level of Interleukin-4 In Patients with Chronic Rhinosinositis with Nasal Polyps and Healthy Individuals

Objective: Interleukin-4 plays several biological roles, including stimulating the proliferation of activated B and T cells and differentiating B cells into plasma cells. This study aimed to determine whether the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) is associated with serum levels of interleukin-4. Patients and Methods: a blood samples from 35 Iraqi patients—21 men and 14 women—who had nasal polyps as well as a control group of 35 healthy volunteers were collected. The serum was then separated in a plain tube, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used to determine the optical density of Interleukin-4 in the serum (ELISA) Results: Serum levels of interleukin-4 were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between serum interleukin-4 levels and age or gender in either group. Conclusions: Individuals who have NPs had elevated degrees of IL-4

Effectiveness of Acupuncture for Diabetic Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the effectiveness of acupuncture for patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Nine online databases were searched: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database, China Clinical Trial Centre, Embase, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The search period was from the establishment of the database to 1 September 2023. The quality of the literature was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool, and the data were analyzed using STATA/MP17 and Review Manager 5.3 software. A total of 221 articles were identified, and 13 studies were included. The total sample size was 899, including 452 and 447 cases in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The meta-analysis showed that acupuncture combined with modern medical treatment was effective in improving urinary albumin excretion rate, 24 h urinary microalbumin, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, fasting plasma glucose, 2 h post-prandial plasma glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypersensitive C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 in patients with DN. Adverse events were reported in only one trial; therefore, this review cannot yet conclude on the safety of acupuncture intervention in DN. The clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with modern medicine in DN is superior to that of modern medicine alone. To better evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture intervention for DN, more rigorously designed large-sample, multicentre, randomized controlled trials are needed to provide evidence support in the future.

Interleukin-1β, interleukin-1Ra, and interleukin-8 in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A correlation between vaccination and clinical outcome

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was responsible for the pandemic decreed on March 11, 2020. Here, we investigated the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-1RN in samples collected from patients with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection, who were vaccinated or unvaccinated. This investigation was designed as a qualitative, cross-sectional, comparative, and randomized observational study. Samples were collected through nasal/oral swabs from patients symptomatic for influenza syndrome or SARS. Patients were categorized into three groups: DVAC (patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccinated), DNVAC (patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and not vaccinated), and ND (patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection). SARS-CoV-2 was detected through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gene expressions of IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-1RN were also evaluated using RT-PCR. Statistically significant differences in IL-8 expression were observed among the study groups (P = 0.033); moreover, clinical signs and symptoms, frequency of hospitalizations, and need for intensive care units showed significant differences. These differences were noted in the DVAC group compared with those in the DNVAC and ND groups. Patients with COVID-19 showed reduced IL-8 expression compared with those with other diseases that also cause influenza syndrome or SARS. These results suggested that the severity of clinical manifestations of patients with COVID-19 reduced after the initial two doses of the CoronaVac/Sinovac vaccine. Moreover, this vaccine reduced mortality and lethality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Circulating Interleukin-22 in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represents an important clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is characterized by a particularly poor prognosis. Myocardial reperfusion through primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is imperative in the event of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Interleukin-22 (IL-22) regulates immune and inflammatory responses. This interleukin has been described in the scenario of the CAD, but there are no data in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. Objectives: The goals of this study were to investigate the differences in circulating IL-22 levels between patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI and healthy controls and to determine whether these differences were associated with the culprit coronary artery, door-to-balloon time (DBT), final angiographic result, CAD classification, and presence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: A total of 280 participants were recruited, comprising 210 STEMI cases and 70 healthy controls. Participants underwent clinical and angiographic evaluations, and serum IL-22 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney and Fisher tests, with p < 0.05 indicating significance. Results: Serum IL-22 levels were lower in cases (149.63, 84.99-294.56) than in the controls (482.67, 344.33-641.00); p < 0.001. Lower IL-22 levels were associated with the right coronary artery (RCA) (144.57, 70.84-242.43; 146.00, 63.60-279.67; 191.71, 121.80-388.97); p = 0.033. IL-22 was lower with shorter DBT (≤60 min, 106.00, 49.60-171.71; >60 min, 153.00, 88.86-313.60); p = 0.043. Conclusions: IL-22 levels were significantly lower in patients with STEMI than in healthy controls.

Efficacy of various combined treatment regimens in patients with stable effort angina, functional classes II-III

Introduction: Inflammation and metabolic disorders of cardiomyocytes are undoubtedly important pathogenetic links in the development of coronary heart disease and its complications. Our study assessed the effect of various combined treatment regimens on cycle ergometry performance and plasma concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins in patients with stable effort angina, functional classes II-III. Materials and Methods: The clinical study included 120 patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease: stable effort angina, functional classes II–III, and 40 healthy participants who met the inclusion criteria. Further, four groups were randomly formed: a group receiving the standard treatment; a group receiving Mexicor for 10 days in addition to the standard treatment; a group receiving Mexicor and Phosphogliv for 10 days in an addition to the standard treatment; and a group receiving Mexicor and Polyoxidonium for 10 days in addition to the standard treatment. After the treatment, cycle ergometry performance and plasma concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were assessed in the patients. Mathematical statistical analysis was carried out using Statistica 10.0 software. The statistical significance of differences between the qualitative indicators was assessed using the χ2 test. The results of the statistical analysis were considered statistically significant at p&lt;0.05. Results: The combined treatment with using the above-mentioned pharmacological agents resulted in a statistically significant improvement in cycle ergometry indicators: Mexicor made it possible to increase the threshold load power by 43.0% and the total load power – by 70.3%. In the groups of patients with coronary heart disease who had received Mexicor and Phosphogliv or Mexicor and Polyoxidonium, there was an increase in the load duration by an average of 69.0% and in the rate-pressure product – by 25%, respectively. When analyzing the dynamics of plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, it was found that a statistically significant decrease in the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 was registered only in the groups receiving Mexicor and Phosphogliv or Mexicorand Polyoxidonium in addition to the standard treatment. Conclusion: Applying the combined treatment regimens using Mexicor and Phosphogliv or Polyoxidonium results in the most effective improvement of the cycle ergometry performance and the dynamics of plasma concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins in patients with stable effort angina, functional classes II-III.

The Assessment of IL-4 and IgG1 Levels in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontitis: A Serological Study in Hilla City, Iraq

Abstract Background: Periodontal disease, which has a complex etiology, is prevalent and influenced by several factors, including microorganism invasion, host health, and external environmental factors, contributing to its development. It is unknown whether rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis are related. Objectives: The current study aims to assess the relationship between periodontitis and RA by measuring the concentrations of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in patients’ serum and quantifying Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. Materials and Methods: The study comprised patients with periodontitis, RA, and healthy controls. The levels of IL-4 and IgG1 in the serum samples were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The identification of subgingival plaque bacteria is made by using the polymerase chain reaction technique. Results: The results showed the levels of IgG1 were high in healthy people compared to those with periodontitis and those with periodontitis and arthritis, where the levels in healthy people were 2.3 ± 0.28, 2.06 ± 0.55, 2.05 ± 2.34, 1.82 ± 0.77 in the age groups 41:50, 20:30, 51:60, 31:40, respectively. It was found that there are significant differences between the values of IgG1 and IL-4 in patients with periodontitis at P ≤ 0.05 which is considered a differential sign. Conclusion: The concentrations of IL-4 and IgG1 are decreased in patients (periodontitis and periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis) compared to their concentrations in healthy people. Thus, we indicate IL-4 was related to reducing the severity of periodontitis disease and RA.

Association of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 levels in lateralized temporal epilepsy patients.

To explore the clinical significance of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in the development of lateralized temporal epilepsy. The prospective study was conducted from January to April of 2022 at the Neurology Department of Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey, and comprised patients with lateralized temporal epilepsy aged 18-86 years who were in the interictal period in group A and healthy controls in group B. The levels of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 of patients in both groups were compared. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Of the 92 subjects, 60(65.2%) were in group A; 35(58.3%) were males and 25(41.7%) were females with a median age of 37.5 years (interquartile range: 2.2-42.7 years). There were 32(34.8%) subjects in group B; 19(40.6%) females and 13(40.6%) males with a median age of 40.5 years (interquartile range: 25-50 years) (p>0.05). Within group A, 41(68.3%) patients had left-sided epilepsy and 19(31.7%) had right-sided epilepsy (p<0.001). Both interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 levels were lower in group A than in group B (p<0.001). Both interleukin levels did not significantly differ between right and leftlateralised temporal seizures (p=0.44). In the left-lateralized temporal seizures, interleukin-1 levels correlated with epilepsy duration (p<0.006), lower onset age (p<0.050), and presence of prenatal risk (p<0.028). Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 levels were positively correlated with each other for lateralized temporal epileptic hemispheres (p<0.001). Interleukin-1 level was correlated with epilepsy duration, lower onset age, and presence of prenatal risk in the left-lateralized temporal epilepsy.

Effect of Statins on Serum Levels of TNF-alpha and Interleukin-6 in Patients with Kidney Disease: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Some clinical trials have indicated the beneficial effects of statins in patients with kidney disease, while others have reported no positive effect of statins in these patients. We conducted this meta-analysis to identify the effects of statins on serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) in patients with kidney disease. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify all studies published from inception to August, 2022. The major outcome variable was the Weighted Mean Difference (WMD). Eligible studies were stratified based on target population, intervention duration, dosage and type of statins, and solubility of statins. Meta-analysis performed on seven publications (8 studies), including 213 patients with kidney disease and 188 control individuals, indicated that the concentration of IL-6 was marginally decreased in patients with kidney disease following statin therapy disease (WMD = -1.15 pg/mL; 95% CI = -2.33 to 0.04, P = 0.05, I2 = 68.5%). The findings of subgroup analysis based on the dosage of statins showed that neither highintensity nor moderate/low-intensity statin treatment could significantly influence the serum level of IL-6. Lipophilic statins were more effective than hydrophilic statins, and they marginally decreased the levels of IL-6 (WMD = -1.21 pg/mL; 95% CI = -2.43 to 0, P = 0.05, I2 = 55.7%). Meta-analysis of four publications (five studies) with 157 patients with kidney disease and 132 control subjects showed that statins reduced the serum levels of TNF-α in patients with kidney disease when compared with control individuals (WMD= -2.66 pg/mL; 95% CI = -4.26 to -1.06, P < 0.001, I2 = 63%). Statins only marginally decreased the concentration of IL-6 in patients with kidney disease, but neither high-intensity nor moderate/low-intensity statin treatment could significantly influence the level of IL-6. However, statins reduced serum levels of TNF-α in patients with kidney disease.

Systemic low-grade C-reactive protein is associated with proximal symptom spread in carpal tunnel syndrome.

Neuropathic pain is a highly prevalent condition associated with persistent disability. Some patients with neuropathic pain experience symptom spread outside neuroanatomical boundaries; these patients report more severe sensory symptoms and greater disability. However, the mechanisms behind such symptom spread are not fully understood. We used pre-surgical carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as a human model system of neuropathic pain to identify differences in the concentration of serologic inflammatory mediators between patients with CTS with territorial symptoms and those with proximal symptom spread to either the elbow or shoulder/neck. We performed a post-hoc analysis, comparing levels of serologic inflammatory mediators in a discovery cohort among 3 symptoms spread profiles (n = 55; n = 25 no spread, n = 21 spread to elbow, n = 9 spread to shoulder/neck). We then de-novo analysed the significantly dysregulated mediators in an independent validation cohort (n = 72; n = 34 no spread, n = 16 spread to elbow, n = 22 spread to shoulder/neck). The discovery cohort revealed higher serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 in patients with any symptom spread proximal to the wrist; interferon-γ was higher in patients with symptom spread to the elbow compared with those without proximal spread. The validation study replicated the association of higher CRP concentrations in patients with proximal spread to the elbow (no spread: median [interquartile range] 2.5 [5.4]; spread to elbow 6.2 [4.6]; spread to shoulder/neck 2.6 [3.7], P = 0.006). No other markers replicated in the validation cohort. Our findings suggest that proximal symptom spread in the context of neuropathic symptoms is associated with low-grade inflammation.

Salivary interleukin-17A and interleukin-18 levels in patients with celiac disease and periodontitis.

An increased level of interleukin-17A and interleukin-18 in the serum and intestinal mucosa of celiac disease patients reflecting the severity of villous atrophy and inflammation was documented. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of salivary-17A, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-18 in patients with celiac disease who are on a gluten-free diet, both with and without periodontitis, and to compare these levels with those in healthy individuals. The study involved 23 participants with serologically confirmed celiac disease (CD) and 23 control subjects. The CD patients had been following a gluten-free diet (GFD) for a minimum of 1 year and had no other autoimmune disorders. The research involved collecting demographic data, conducting periodontal examinations, gathering unstimulated whole saliva, and performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure salivary interleukin-17A, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-18 levels. Spearman's correlation analysis was utilized to explore the relationships between CD markers in patients on a GFD and their periodontal clinical findings. The periodontal findings indicated significantly lower values in celiac disease patients adhering to a gluten-free diet compared to control subjects (p = 0.001). No significant differences were found in salivary IL-17A, IL-18, and IL-1B levels between celiac disease patients and control subjects. Nevertheless, the levels of all interleukins were elevated in periodontitis patients in both the celiac and control groups. The IL-1 Beta level was significantly higher in periodontitis patients compared to non-periodontitis patients in the control group (p = 0.035). Significant negative correlations were observed between serum IgA levels and plaque index (r = -0.460, p = 0.010), as well as gingival index (r = -0.396, p = 0.030) in CD patients on a gluten-free diet. Celiac disease patients on gluten-free diet exhibited better periodontal health compared to control subjects. However, increased levels of salivary IL-17A, IL-18 and IL-1B levels were associated with periodontitis. Additionally, serum IgA level was significantly inversely associated with periodontitis clinical manifestations and with salivary inflammatory mediators in CD patients on GFD.

Role of Interleukin-1 in Patients with Pott's's Spine

Role of Interleukin-1 in Patients with Pott's's Spine

Immunological Assessment of Interleukin-6 in Patients with Gastric (Stomach) Ulceration of Acute and Chronic Types in Babylon Province

Stomach ulcers have emerged as a serious public health concern. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in individuals with chronic and acute gastric ulcers will be examined in this study. Sixty blood samples were obtained from participants in the research. The Marjan Teaching Hospital, Al-Sadiq Hospital in Babylon Province, Iraq, treated forty patients having stomach ulcer surgery between March and November 2023; the control group consisted of twenty individuals. A high mean value for IL-6 concentration was seen in both the chronic and acute patient groups compared to the control group (44.1 ± 28.6 pg/ml) for chronic patient and (30.2 ± 15.4 pg/ml) for acute patients with significant differences(P&lt;0.05). The results conducted a noteworthy rise in the level of interleukin-6 in the age group of 71–80 years, with a mean value of 10.9±9.02 pg/ml, compared to other age groups. Additionally, when considering gender, it was observed that males had a higher mean value of 73.4±30.60 pg/ml, while females had a similar mean value of 73.4±30.60 pg/ml. These findings were found to be statistically significant (P&lt;0.05).

Interleukin 1 Alpha Gene Polymorphism in Breast Cancer After Chemotherapy Treatment

Abstract Background: The interleukin 1 (IL-1) family of cytokines is essential for triggering and controlling immunological and inflammatory responses. We believe the levels of these cytokines in breast tumor homogenates relate to other known prognosticators of patient survival. Objectives: The association between the risk of breast tumors and the IL-1 alpha −889 C&gt;T Promoter Primer polymorphism has been established. Interleukin 1 alpha −889 C&gt;T Promoter Primer has been proven to influence breast tumor susceptibility. Our research aimed to determine whether the IL-1 alpha −889 C&gt;T Promoter Primer gene polymorphism and susceptibility to Breast cancers (BCs) are related. Materials and Methods: The genotype frequencies of the IL-1 alpha −889 C&gt;T Promoter Primer polymorphism were compared between 100 BC cases and 50 controls with the assistance of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. Additional multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine the level of IL-1 in patients’ blood and to examine the association between the IL-1 alpha −889 C&gt;T Promoter Primer polymorphism and BC risk utilizing the ELISA technique after therapy. Results: The concentration of CA 15-3 in patients with BC was 101.107 increase significantly compare with mean of control group was 62.802, in chemotherapy patients genotype frequencies of TT, CT, CC of IL-1 alpha −889 C&gt;T gene polymorphism where it patients with genotype TT were affected by breast tumors approximately one time comparison with patients having genotype CT (odd ratio = 1.50 and 0.91). Conclusion: Concentration of CA 15-3 increase in patients after chemotherapy compared with healthy, The IL-1 alpha −889 C&gt;T polymorphism affects breast tumors in women.

Anticytokine therapy with interleukin-17 in patients with moderate and severe psoriasis

Clinical observations of three patients aged 26, 43 and 37 years with severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are presented. Clinical examples show the experience of effective treatment of patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis using anti-cytokine therapy with an interleukin-17 inhibitor, initiated when the disease progresses. The clinical picture of the presented observations was characterized by an aggressive course of the skin and articular process, torpidity to basic therapy, despite the young age of the patients. It has been shown that the early termination of the progression of the inflammatory process in psoriasis with the use of genetically engineered biological therapy with secukinumab leads to a decrease in symptoms, both on the part of the skin and manifestations of the disease on the part of the musculoskeletal system. The high efficacy and safety of the drug allow complete control of the disease and improve the quality of life in patients suffering from severe forms of dermatosis.

The Role Of Interleukin-17 In The Development And Severity Of Psoriasis

IL-17 is a member of the innate immune system, it is preferentially expressed by Th2 cells, and is highly recognized in psoriasis skin lesions. The current study aims investigate the role of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) in development and severity of psoriasis (PsO). Eighty persons from both genders are included in the study, 40 of them were patients and the same number were as control. Blood samples were taken from both groups and ELISA ready kit was used to estimate the sera levels of IL-17. The current findings pointed to a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in the of serum IL-17 in the patients’ group in comparison with the control group (20.97 ± 12.93 vs 20.97 ± 12.93 respectively). The results also showed that there is a highly significant increase in mean levels of IL-17 (20.3 pg/ml) in patients with moderate PsO and (20.8 pg/ml) for patients with severe PsO, compared to those with mild PSO. Conclusion: It was concluded that the high levels of IL-17 in psoriasis, and it seem that this interleukin may contribute to the severity of the disease. No gender differences were seen regarding the level of IL-17.

A Matched Case-Control Study of the Serum Level and Gene Expression of IL-6 and IL-12 in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder: An Azeri Acute Phase/Recent-Onset Psychosis Survey (ARAS) Study

Background: The causes of schizophrenia spectrum disorders are believed to be multifactorial, with both genetic and environmental factors, as well as gene-environment interactions, influencing the course of this disorder. Research suggests that immunological factors may play a role in the development of psychotic disorders. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), as well as the expression levels of IL-6 and IL-12 genes, between an Iranian Azeri population of patients with first-episode psychosis and healthy controls. Methods: Forty patients who had recently experienced first-episode non-affective psychosis were allocated to the patient group. Forty healthy volunteers, matched for age and gender, were also recruited as controls. The study was conducted in 2020 in Tabriz, Iran. Peripheral blood samples were collected (using the Ficoll-Paque process) and assessed to determine the expression levels of IL-6 and IL-12 mRNA (using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction-PCR- system), as well as the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-12 (with a sandwich ELISA kit). GraphPad Prism Version 6.0 was used for all statistical analyses. Results: Each group consisted of 40 participants in this study. Patients had significantly higher levels of IL-6 mRNA expression compared to the healthy controls (P &lt; 0.0001), while no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of IL-12 mRNA expression (P = 0.5697). A similar pattern was reported for the serum levels of IL-6 (P &lt; 0.0001) and IL-12 (P = 0.0777). The area under the curve (AUC), which indicates the accuracy of the predictive model, was 0.9669 for the level of IL-6 mRNA expression (P &lt; 0.0001). This Area (AUC) was 0.9584 for the serum concentration of IL-6 (P &lt; 0.0001). The levels of IL-6 or IL-12 were not correlated with the severity of symptoms, gender, or age of the patients. Conclusions: The expression level of IL-6 mRNA and the serum concentration of IL-6 were altered in patients with first-episode non-affective psychosis. This finding supports the role of inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of psychosis. According to our results, measurement of the circulating level of IL-6 may be useful in distinguishing patients with first-episode psychosis from healthy individuals.

The correlation between interleukin-4 (IL-4) and programmed cell death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) expression with clinicopathological characteristics on prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent cancer diagnosed worldwide and the second most common malignancy in men. IL-4 is one of cytokines related to the inflammation process. An increase level of IL-4 in patients with PCa might be related to progression to castrate-resistance prostate cancer. Programmedcell death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) plays an important role in the anti-tumor immune system, however the exact mechanism is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between IL-4 and PD-L2 expression with the clinicopathological characteristic of PCa. The IL-4 and PD-L2 examinations wereperformed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) while clinicopathological characteristics were described by the Gleason score and International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade. Data collected were then analyzed using Pearson and Spearman test. In total, 20 patients withPCa tissue were collected between 2015 and 2020. The mean level of IL-4 and PDL2 were higher in metastatic PCa/M-PCa (105.64 and 665.42 ng/mL) compared to non-metastatic PCa/NM-PCa (41.62 and 215.06 ng/mL). A significant difference with medium correlation between IL-4 and PD-L2 with Gleason score and ISUPgrade was observed on all samples (p = 0.035 and 0.045; r = 0.454 and 0.473). However, no significant difference with weak correlation was observed on each group (p = 0.136 and 0.858; r = 0.065 and 0.506). Interestingly, there was a significant difference with very strong correlation observed between IL-4 andPD-L2, both on all samples (p = 0.001; r = 0.955) and on each group (p = 0.001 and 0.001; r = 0.917 and 0.955). In conclusion, there is a correlation between IL-4 and PD-L2 with the clinicopathological characteristics of PCa.

Human-Beta-Defensin-1, Ferritin, Interleukin-6 and their Relationship with Clinical and Laboratory Parameters of the Severity of the Tuberculosis Process

Establishing relationships between clinical and laboratory parameters, such as general patient’s state, parameters of complete blood count and blood biochemistry and markers of the course of tuberculosis in the future can be used to predict the severity of dysfunction of various organs and tissues in patients with tuberculosis and in particular in patients who receive anti-tuberculosis treatment. Objective — to investigate the relationship between biochemical markers, namely Human-beta-defensin-1, ferritin and interleukin-6, and clinical and laboratory indicators of the severity of the tuberculosis process. Materials and methods. 100 patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis were included in the study. After receiving 60 doses of anti-tuberculosis treatment, the patients were retrospectively divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n = 77) consisted of patients in whom sputum conversion was observed after 60 doses of treatment, determined by sputum microscopy. Group 2 (n = 23) comprised patients in whom bacterial secretion was maintained after 60 doses of treatment, as detected by microscopy. In addition to the routine studies provided for the monitoring of patients with tuberculosis by the current orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the levels of Human-beta-defensin-1, ferritin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the fasting blood were additionally measured by ELISA at the beginning of treatment and after 60 days. Statistical data processing was carried out using the Statistica 8.0 software environment. Results. A comparison of the investigated parameters between groups at the beginning of treatment showed significantly higher values of Human-beta-defensin-1 (Group 1 — (18.97 ± 2.42) pg/ml, Group 2 — (55.02 ± ± 15.69) pg/ml), ferritin (Group 1 — (94.86 ± 6.02) ng/ml, Group 2 — (141.61 ± 24.66) ng/ml) and IL-6 (Group 1 — (80.33 ± 5.03) pg/ml, Group 2 — (110.13 ± 10.35) pg/ml) in patients with positive sputum micros­copy after 60 doses of treatment, p &lt; 0.05. All studied markers demonstrated a reliable positive relationship with the massiveness of bacterial excretion, a conditional indicator of the severity of clinical symptoms and signs, ESR and urea level, as well as reliable negative correlations with creatinine level. In addition, patients with a lower body mass index were found to have higher levels of Human-beta-defensin-1 and ferritin. Higher levels of Human-beta-defensin-1 and ferritin are associated with lower hemoglobin levels (Human-beta-defensin-1 was also negatively correlated with erythrocyte count). An increase in the leukocytes level is accompanied by a significant increase in the level of Human-beta-defensin-1 and IL-6. Additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between the level of glucose and ferritin, as well as between the level of bilirubin and ferritin and IL-6. Conclusions. The determined significantly higher levels of Human-beta-defensin-1, ferritin and interleukin-6 in patients in whom sputum microscopy was positive after 60 doses of treatment allow considering the investigated biochemical parameters as markers of the ineffectiveness of anti-tuberculosis therapy. The identified positive relationships with the severity of clinical symptoms indicate the possibility of using the studied parameters as markers of the severity of the tuberculosis course. The possibility of using Human-beta-defensin-1 and ferritin as markers of anemia was also found. Correlations with parameters of blood biochemistry allow us to talk about increased levels of Human-beta-defensin-1, ferritin and interleukin-6 against the background of kidney damage.

Assessment of Serum Soluble Toll-like Receptor-4 and Interleukin-8 as Biomarkers in Patients with Breast Cancer

Background: Chemokines and toll-like receptors (TLR) have a synergistic role in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. TLR-4 is involved in the invasiveness of cancerous cells. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) has a significant role in boosting the angiogenesis and growth of cancer cells. Objective: To measure the level of soluble TLR-4 and interleukin-8 in patients with breast cancer and to study the possibility of using them as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in these patients. Methods: The study enrolled a total of 200 female subjects: 100 patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer and 100 healthy controls. Soluble TLR-4 and IL-8 levels in the blood were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: upregulated levels of soluble TLR-4 as well as interleukin-8 in individuals with breast cancer compared to controls (5.79 vs. 1.01 ng/ml for TLR-4 and 29.1 vs. 7.1 pg/ml for IL-8). The concentration of soluble Toll-like receptor-4 besides interleukin-8 is significantly higher in stage IV than in other stages. A substantial increase in these biomarkers in grade 3 was detected compared to other grades. ROC curves show that both biomarkers were useful in differentiating between healthy females and those who have breast cancer. Conclusions: High concentrations of soluble TLR-4 as well as IL-8 have been linked to advanced stages of breast cancer, and these markers were effective in detecting the disease and predicting its prognosis.

Assessment of interleukin 17A and 23 in the course of bladder cancer and selected benign urological diseases.

Several cytokines have been indicated to be significantly involved in urological diseases. Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 23 (IL-23) have recently received attention for their involvement in inflammatory diseases and cancers. The aim of the study was to show changes in the level of pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-17A and IL-23 in patients with bladder cancer (BC) and selected urological diseases. An important cognitive aspect was to study the interdependencies between the studied interleukins and to assess their diagnostic value for such diseases. The material for the study was urine sample from patients with BC, urinary tract infection (UTI), urolithiasis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), US (urethral stricture), which was compared to the urine sample of healthy people without urological disorders. Interleukin concentrations were measured by the immunoenzymatic method. The levels of IL-17A and IL-23 in the urine of patients with BC, UTI, BPH and US were significantly higher compared to the control group. Statistically significant differences were found in the level of both interleukins compared to the control group in all diseases except urolithiasis. IL-17A and IL-23 correlated with each other in patients with all urological diseases except urolithiasis. The results of the conducted studies showed that selected urological diseases changed the levels of IL-17A and IL-23 in the urine of patients. The observations made confirmed the participation of these interleukins in the course of the urological diseases, especially in BC, and allowed to classify them as potentially useful parameters for diagnostic purposes.