Interleukin-6 In Patients Research Articles

Elevated expression of interleukin-27, IL-35, and decreased IL-12 in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a chronic autoimmune disease. The interleukin-12 (IL-12) family includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-35, all of which play important roles in autoimmunity. Thus far, the relationship between IL-12, IL-27, and IL-35 and the TAO has not been evaluated. Seventy-five serum samples from patients with TAO were collected. Serum samples from 90 healthy controls (HC), 55 patients with Graves' disease (GD), 38 patients with uveitis (UV), 17 patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS), and 65 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were collected as controls. The associations between IL-27, IL-35, IL-12, and other clinical parameters were analyzed. Elevated serum levels of IL-27/IL-35 and decreased serum IL-12 levels were observed in TAO patients compared to those in HC (p < 0.001). For HC, we observed good diagnostic ability to predict TAO (area under the curve = 0.74, 0.78, and 0.78, for IL-27, IL-35, and IL-12, respectively). For other autoimmune diseases, IL-27, IL-35, and IL-12 had the ability to discriminate between UV, RA, and SS (area under the curve = 0.80, 0.83, and 0.85 for IL-27; 0.52, 0.69, and 0.67 for IL-35). The positive detection rates of IL-12 were significantly lower in the TAO group than in the UV and RA groups (p = 0.002, 0.01). IL-12, IL-27, and IL-35 have the potential as biomarkers for TAO.

Evaluation of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 in Patients with Urinary Tract Infection

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTIs) are considered to be the most common infections in humans.Aims: this study aimed to evaluate the immune status of the patients with UTI by studying of (IL-6 and IL-10).Subjects and Methods: A total of 49 UTI patients infected with gram –ve bacteria and 25 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Urine samples from UTI cases was collected in AL-Imam AL-Hussain teaching hospital in Thi- Qar province, during the period from February 2014 to July 2014. Urinary isolates were identified by conventional methods.3 ml were collected in plastic tube and then centrifuged at 3000 round per minute (rpm) for 5 min to obtain sera. And after the serum sample were collected they were divided into two apendroff tubes and stored in deep freeze at – 20º C until performing IL-6 and IL-10. (Lewis et al., 2006).Results: Patients with E. coli infection accounted for 26 (53.06%); other culture results were as follows: 7 (14.29 %) patients had K. pneumonia, 9 (18.37%) patients had P. aerogenosa, 4 (8.16%) had Proteus and 3 (6.12%) patients had K.oxytoca. Measure levels of serum IL-6 and IL-10 for study group against control group, which is showed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in the levels of interleukins (IL-6, IL-10) in all serum patients compared to the control group.Conclusion: E- coli was most common causative agent in UTI, The high rate concentration of IL-6 and IL-10 in patients with UTI compared with the healthy control group. This refers to the injury for their role in the immune response.

Correlation of liver function tests and serum level interleukin-18 in patients with hepatitis B and C virus infection

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are among the most common Infectious agents are most commonly transmitted through the blood Still a major global health problem, this possibility A study was conducted in Fallujah General Hospital, and the Public Health Laboratory in Anbar Governorate – Iraq. Study it was conducted on 60 individuals out of (30) cases of hepatitis B and C patients and (30) healthy cases (control) who were selected according to health criteria .The following data was recorded:Age, gender, date, resident, type of injury, data were collected by Statistical units Data were analyzed using SPSS for windows (version Distributing (HBV,HCV) patients into age group revealed that &lt; 40 year age group had the highest frequency ` (56.67)%. while the age group &gt; 50 year recorded the lowest frequency 3 (10.00)%. Among control, the age group &gt; 50 years had the highest frequency 14(48.28)%, followed by the age group &lt; 40 and year 10(34.48)%. And the lowest frequency in age group 40-50 recorded 5(17.24n Most of HBV,HCV patients were males (21(70%), while female patients accounted for 9(30%). Almost approximated frequencies were reported in control (17(58.62)and 12(41.38%, respectively).

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of sortilin-1, lipocalin-2, autotaxin, decorin and interleukin-33 in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure of unknown cause. It has been suggested that the inflammatory process plays a role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Sortilin-1, lipocalin-2, autotaxin, decorin, and interleukin-33 (IL-33) are among the factors involved in inflammatory processes. To investigate the CSF levels of sortilin-1, lipocalin-2, autotaxin, decorin, and IL-33 in patients with IIH. A total of 24 IIH patients and 21 healthy controls were included in the study. Demographic characteristics of the patients and of the control group as well as CSF pressures were evaluated. Sortilin-1, lipocalin-2, autotaxin, decorin and IL-33 levels in the CSF were measured. The CSF levels lipocalin-2, sortilin-1, autotaxin, IL-33 and CSF pressure were significantly higher in the patients group compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Decorin levels were reduced in patients (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the autotaxin and IL-33 levels and age, gender, CSF pressure, and body mass index. The results of our study showed that inflammatory activation plays an important role in the development of the pathophysiology of IIH. In addition, the fact that the markers used in our study have never been studied in the etiopathogenesis of IIH is important in explaining the molecular mechanism of this disease. Studies are needed to evaluate the role of these cytokines in the pathophysiology of the disease. It is necessary to evaluate the effects of these molecules on this process.

Profiles of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUNDAllogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) may be related to the occurrence of complications, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and infections. The pathogenesis of acute GvHD is connected with T lymphocytes, which identify alloantigens on host's antigen-presenting cells, activate production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), and act on the immune effector cells and damage tissues and organs.AIMThe aim of the study was to investigate and distinguish serum concentration profiles of IFN-gamma and IL-2 within a 30-d period after allo-HSCT.METHODSWe enrolled 62 patients, i.e., 30 (48%) male and 32 (52%) female subjects [median age 49.5 (19-68) years], after allo-HSCT from siblings (n = 12) or unrelated donors (n = 50) due to acute myeloid leukemia with myeloablative conditioning (n = 26; 42%) and with non-myeloablative conditioning (n = 36; 58%). All patients were given standard immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin-A and methotrexate and pre-transplant antithymocyte globulin in the unrelated setting. Blood samples were collected pre-transplant before and after (on day -1) the conditioning therapy and on days +2,+4, +6, +10, +20, and +30 after allo-HSCT. Serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma were determined using ELISA. RESULTSPatients were divided into four groups depending on the presence of acute GvHD and clinical manifestations of infection. Group I included patients with neither acute GvHD nor infections [n = 15 (24%)], group II consisted of patients with infections without acute GvHD [n = 17 (27%)], group III was comprised of patients with acute GvHD without infections [n = 9 (15%)], and group IV included patients with both acute GvHD and infections [n = 21 (34%)]. IFN-gamma concentrations were higher in Group II than in other groups on days +20 (P = 0.014) and +30 (P = 0.008). Post-hoc tests showed lower concentrations of IFN-gamma on day +30 in groups I (P = 0.039) and IV (P = 0.017) compared to group II. The levels of IL-2 were mostly undetectable.CONCLUSIONSerum levels of IFN-gamma following allo-HSCT progressively escalate. High serum levels of IFN-gamma are related to infectious complications rather than acute GvHD. Serum concentrations of IL-2 in most patients are undetectable.

Pilot study of peripheral blood chemokines as biomarkers for atrial fibrillation-related thromboembolism and bleeding in elderly patients.

BackgroundThe scoring systems currently used to identify the potential for thrombosis and bleeding events in high-risk atrial fibrillation patients have certain limitations. The aim of this pilot study was to identify inflammatory chemokines with potential utility as sensitive biomarkers for the risk of thrombosis and bleeding in elderly patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.MethodsFrom January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, 200 consecutive elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (average age: 87.6 ± 7.7 years) were enrolled and followed up for 2 years to observe thromboembolic (arterial and venous) and bleeding events. Serum was collected upon enrollment, and the baseline levels of 27 chemokines were analyzed. During the 2-year follow-up, 12 patients were lost to follow-up. Among the 188 patients, there were 32 cases (17.0%) of AF-related thrombosis, 36 cases (19.1%) of arterial thrombosis, and 35 cases (18.6%) of major bleeding events.ResultsAmong 188 patients, 30 patients without clinical events (control group), 23 with arterial thrombosis, 15 with atrial fibrillation-related venous thromboembolism, and 12 with major bleeding were selected and randomly matched to compare chemokine levels. The baseline levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, chemokine C-C-motif ligand, B-lymphocyte chemoattractant 1, interleukin-4, E-selectin, fractalkine, C-X-C motif chemokine 12, and granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 were found to differ statistically among the four groups (p < 0.05). Compared with that in the control group, the level of interleukin-4 in patients with atrial fibrillation-related thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, or major bleeding increased by 53-fold (0.53 vs. 0.01 pg/ml), 17-fold (0.17 vs. 0.01 pg/ml), and 19-fold (0.19 vs. 0.01 pg/ml), respectively. Compared with that in the control group, the level of interleukin-6 in patients with arterial thrombosis increased by six-fold (39.78 vs. 4.98 pg/ml).ConclusionsAmong elderly patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk of thromboembolism and bleeding, the baseline levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-4, and E-selectin were significantly increased in those that experienced thrombosis and bleeding events during the 2-year follow-up, indicating that these chemokines may serve as potential biomarkers for an increased risk of thrombosis and bleeding in this population.Clinical trial registration numberChiCTR-OCH-13003479.

Role of interleukin-6 in diabetic foot ulcers patients in Thi-Qar Provence

The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of Interleukin-6 in patient with diabetic foot ulcers. The present study was carried out in the Diabetes and Endocrinology Center of the Health Directorate at Thi-Qar Provence, at the period between January to July (2022). The immune status investigates for patients with diabetic foot ulcers by measuring the levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum using a technique enzyme-linked immune Sorbent adsorptive (ELISA). The study included 100 subjects, (50) patients with diabetic foot and (50) were healthy control. The statistical analysis showed that a high significant increase (P≤0.01) in serum the rate of concentration of (IL-6) in patients (6.16 ± 5.24) pg/ml compared to the healthy control group (5.42 ± 7.74) pg/ml with significant difference (0.01). These results revealed that the excessive presence of (IL-6) might play a role in Thi-Qar Provence population.

A newly identified myokine: irisin, and its relationship with chronic spontaneous urticaria and inflammation.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is an important dermatological disease involving severe itchy urticaria lesions and/or angioedema. Urticaria and angioedema occur in the community at a rate of 25–30%. Many factors, such as inflammation, have been implicated in the etiology of CSU. Irisin is a newly identified adipocytokine shown by research to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in addition to its many other effects. The aim of the study was to investigate, for the first time in the literature, the significance of serum irisin levels in patients with CSU. Seventy-eight individuals were evaluated. The study group included 44 patients diagnosed with CSU, and the control group consisted of 34 healthy individuals. Serum samples were collected, and serum irisin, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-3 (IL-3), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Interferon-ɣ (IF-ɣ) levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Irisin was studied for the first time in patients with CSU and exhibited a significantly higher level in the control group than in the patient group (p = 0.020). IL-2, IL-3, and IF-ɣ levels were higher in the CSU group than in the control group, although the results were not statistically significant. Only TNF-α results increased significantly. Correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationships between irisin and IF-ɣ and IL-3 levels. This revealed that the irisin parameter was significantly and positively correlated with IF-ɣ and IL-3 in patients with CSU (r = 0.518, p = 0.016 and r = 0.536, p = 0.022, respectively). This is the first report to evaluate irisin as an inflammatory biomarker in CSU. Irisin levels in patients with CSU were low, suggesting that irisin may pay a role in the pathogenesis of CSU and may be a marker showing the severity of the disease.

Level of interleukin-35 in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy and its predictive value for remission time.

ObjectiveAs a member of interleukin-12 family, interleukin-35 (IL-35) plays an important regulatory role in immune response. The relationship between IL-35 and idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is still unclear, and the purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between IL-35 and disease activity and remission of IMN.MethodsThis study was a single-center, retrospective study in which all patients were diagnosed with IMN by renal biopsy or aPLA2R titer and treated with Mahuang Fuzi and Shenzhuo Decoction (MFSD). A follow-up was conducted with the endpoint of clinical complete or partial remission (CR+PR). Levels of serum IL-35 were measured and its relationship with IMN remission were analyzed. The regulatory T cell (Treg) and inducible IL-35 producing Tregs (iTR35) in peripheral blood of IMN patients were detected by flow cytometry.ResultsA total of 76 IMN patients (age 51.95 ± 13.29) were followed-up for 18 (12, 24) months. The level of serum IL-35 in all patients increased after treatment, but the degree of increase in remission group was significantly higher than that in no remission (NR) group (117.6% vs 83.7%, P<0.01). The baseline IL-35 level in remission group was higher than that in NR group (174.87 vs.151.87 pg/ml, P=0.016). Cox regression analysis showed that baseline IL-35 level was a independent risk factor for IMN remission (HR 1.081, 95%CI 1.048-1.116, P<0.001). Patients with baseline IL-35 lower than the lower quartile (≤145.49 pg/ml) had an average remission time twice as long as those with baseline IL-35 higher than the upper quartile (> 203.05 pg/ml) (12mon vs. 24mon, P<0.01). The baseline IL-35 can predict the remission time of IMN patients with either aPLA2R positive (AUC=0.673) or negative (AUC=0.745). Analysis of 18 patients with IMN showed that IL-35 level had a higher correlation with iTR35, but not Treg (r=0.613, P<0.05).ConclusionsThe level of IL-35 in patients with IMN showed an increasing trend with the progress of treatment, and the baseline IL-35 could predict the remission time of IMN patients, including those patients with negative aPLA2R. The level of IL-35 is related to the number of iTR35 cells.

Serum Level Of Interleukin-23 in patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and correlation to Disease Activity

Serum Level Of Interleukin-23 in patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and correlation to Disease Activity

Some aspects of the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy

Aim. To study the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Material and methods.141 patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by hepatic encephalopathy were examined. The diagnosis was established on the basis of anamnesis, clinical, biochemical, instrumental, virological methods of research, including the study of the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ammonia in the blood serum. Results and discussion. The level of interleukin-6 in patients with liver cirrhosis in the stage of decompensation averaged 118 ± 14 pg/ml (p &lt; 0,01), and increased to 194 ± 14 pg/ml (p &lt; 0,05) in hepatic encephalopathy. Levels of tumor necrosis factor – α almost doubled. The level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in patients with liver cirrhosis in the stage of decompensation averaged 121 ± 12 pg/ml (p &lt; 0,001), while in patients with hepatic encephalopathy it made 244 ± 17 pg/ml (p &lt; 0,005). A similar picture was also observed when studying the ammonia in blood serum. In liver cirrhosisin the stage of decompensation level of ammonia was 93,1 + 4,2 (p &lt; 0,001). In patients with hepatic encephalopathy, a decrease in the number of bifidobacteria, lactobacteria and eubacteria by 3-4 times compared with the norm was revealed. At the same time, the number of pathogenic microflora and yeast fungi increased. Conclusion. In the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, a high content of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitrogenous compounds play an important role as a result of the syndrome of increased bacterial growth and persistence of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa.

Contribution of interleukin 27 serum level to pathogenesis and prognosis in children with immune thrombocytopenia.

Concepts surrounding the mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in ITP have shifted from the traditional view of autoantibody mediated platelet destruction to more complex mechanisms in which impaired platelet production, T-cell-mediated effects, and disturbed cytokine profiles play a role. Interleukin 27 (IL-27) plays pleiotropic roles in immunomodulation and autoimmune diseases.We aimed to determine the level of IL-27 in patients with ITP and its relationship to patient and disease characteristics as well as disease chronicity and response to treatment.Sixty childrens with primary immune thrombocytopenia were consequetively enrolled in this study as well as 20 age and sex matched healthy controls.ITP patients had significantly higher levels of IL-27 than controls (770.6 and 373.8 pg/ml, respectively). Patients with acute ITP had the highest levels of IL-27 among patient groups, while patients in remission had the lowest IL-27 levels (860.1and 622.9 pg/ml, respectively). Patients who received IVIG and combined steroids plus IVIG had significantly higher IL-27 levels than others. Patients who received Eltrombopag had significantly lower IL-27 levels than others.IL-27 seems to play a role in pathogenesis of childhood ITP. IL-27 can be used as a predictor for disease occurrence as well as responsiveness to treatment.

Serum level of interleukin-17 in patients with psoriasis

Introduction: Psoriasis is one of the most common chronic and disabling dermatoses. Recent studies showed that interleukin-17 (IL-17) may play a role in the development of psoriasis. Objectives: In this study, serum levels of IL-17 in psoriatic patients was compared with healthy controls; besides, in patients with psoriasis, serum levels of IL-17 were compared with pre-treatment levels, after topical treatments. Patients and Methods: In this case-control study, serum levels of IL-17 were measured and compared in 30 psoriatic patients and 30 healthy individuals matched to age, gender and body mass index. After evaluating the severity of psoriasis with PASI (Psoriasis Area Severity Index), they were treated with psoriasis topical corticosteroids for four weeks. IL-17 and PASI levels were re-evaluated after the treatment without any intervention. Results: Before the start of treatment, the mean±SD of serum level of IL-17 was 6.24±4.65 pg/mL and 2.0 ± 0.75 pg/mL in psoriatic patients and control group, respectively (P=0.001). The mean±SD of PASI severity scale of patients was 10.68 ± 6.65 and 6.16±4.2 before and after treatment, respectively (P&lt;0.001). The mean±SD of serum level of IL-17 of patients before and one month after treatment were 6.24±4.65 and 3.34±1.77 pg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: In psoriatic patients, serum levels of IL-17 increased significantly compared to healthy subjects. Treatment of psoriasis with topical corticosteroids for four weeks reduced the serum level of IL-17 and the severity of disease.

Chronic inflammation in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract. Our study aimed to establish a possible correlation between parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and biomarkers of inflammation in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.&#x0D; Methods. This observational сross-sectional study involved 108 hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. The levels of serum cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined in all patients. The correlations between the levels of inflammatory mediators on the one hand and the level of PTH on the other were studied. The effects of diabetes, heart failure (HF), fractures, and smoking on the inflammatory status and PTH levels were assessed.&#x0D; Results. The level of IL-1 in patients with diabetes was more than 2 times higher than in patients without diabetes (p&lt;0.05). The level of IL-6 in patients with diabetes was more than 3 times higher than in patients without diabetes (p&lt;0.05). The level of TNF-alpha in patients with diabetes was more than 1.5 times higher than in patients without diabetes (p&lt;0.05). The level of PTH was more than 2.4 times higher in patients with diabetes compared with patients without diabetes (p&lt;0.05). The level of IL-1 in patients with HF was 1.7 times higher than that in patients without HF (p&lt;0.05). The level of IL-6 in patients with HF was more than 3 times higher than in patients without HF (p&lt;0.05). The level of TNF-alpha did not differ significantly in patients with and without HF. The level of PTH was more than 2.3 times higher in patients with HF compared with patients without HF (p&lt;0.05). The level of IL-1 in patients with fractures was more than 2.8 times higher than in patients without fractures (p&lt;0.05). The level of IL-6 in patients with fractures was more than 3.6 times higher than in patients without fractures (p &lt;0.05). The level of TNF-alpha in patients with fractures was more than 1.5 times higher than in patients without fractures (p&lt;0.05). The level of PTH was more than 2.4 times higher in patients with fractures compared to patients without fractures (p&lt;0.05). Smoking status in our study did not affect the levels of both PTH and inflammatory mediators. A positive correlation between the concentration of IL-6 and serum PTH was found (r = 0.7; p &lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions. The presence of chronic inflammation is characteristic of hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Proinflammatory cytokine levels are significantly higher in patients with diabetes, HF, and a history of fractures. A positive correlation between the level of IL-6 and PTH may indicate a relationship between the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and chronic inflammation.

Evaluating serum levels of interleukin-8 and interleukin-17 in patients with COVID-19 and their correlation with disease severity

Introduction: In COVID-19 patients, those with underlying disease are relatively more susceptible to respiratory viral infections and are more likely to develop severe symptoms compared to people without underlying disease. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-17 in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and patients with underlying disease. Patients and Methods: Serum samples were collected before administration of any antiviral and/or immunosuppressive drug. Around 64 adult patients with COVID-19 and 12 adult patients with underlying disease were compared with 16 healthy subjects as controls. The cytokine levels were assessed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method and the statistical analysis was carried out using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The average levels of these cytokines in the severe group were significantly higher than those in the mild and control group (r=0.48, P&lt;0.016); it is worth noting that patients with underlying disease also displayed a higher level of these cytokines than those with mild and control groups ( r = 0.283, P&lt;0.049). No significant differences were observed between severe and other patients with underlying disease and also between mild and control groups. Conclusion: Our data indicate that IL-17 and IL-8 are involved in inducing and mediating proinflammatory responses and that the elevated level of these inflammatory cytokines could be the effective ground in the severity of COVID-19 and being susceptible in people with underlying disease. Thus, providing a platform of inflammatory signature cytokines in COVID-19 patients with underlying co-morbidities or without as well as in non-COVID-19 patients with underlying diseases might provide a promising solution to COVID-19 disease.

A Prognostic Impact of Interleukin 17 (IL-17) as an Immune-Marker in Patients with Bladder Cancer.

Urinary bladder cancer is a worldwide health issue and the ninth most prevalent cancer across the globe, accounting for almost two-thirds of all urinary malignancies. Interleukin 17 (IL17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with pivotal modulatory effects on antitumor immune responses and has been reported to play a prominent role in the occurrence and development of bladder cancer. The present study aimed to measure the quantitative serum and urine levels of IL-17 in patients with bladder cancer. Blood and urine samples were obtained from 50 diagnosed bladder cancers and 96 healthy people as a control group. The serum and urine level of IL-17 was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It has been revealed that the level of IL-17 was higher in all patients, as compared to that in controls. These results indicated that this interleukin is an indicator to predict the progression or recurrence of the disease.

Estimating the Level of Interleukin-22 in Sera of Patients with Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in Mosul City

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) were infectious diseases of the urinary system, that were caused by the different causative agents, including fungi, parasites, viruses, and bacteria. The current study was designed to isolate different bacteria from UTI and choose E. coli isolates to study levels of interleukin-22 in patients infected with it. Furthermore, studying the prevalence of type 1 fimbriae (fimH) virulence gene from isolated E. coli of above patients. Methods: In the present study, a total of (140) midstream urine and serum samples were collected from patients (110 females and 30 males) with the age ranged between 10 to 65 years, who had signs and symptoms and primarily diagnosed with UTI by physician in Al-Salam Teaching Hospital – Mosul/Iraq during the period between January and March 2021, while thirty-four healthy individuals were studied as controls for the ELISA test. Identification of bacterial isolates was done by microscopical examination, biochemical tests, and (API 20E). Furthermore, disc diffusion method was used in antibiotic sensitivity test, and DNA from E. coli isolates was extracted for gene detection. In addition, serum interleukin-22 level was determined via ELISA technique. Results: The mean ± SD age in UTI patients were (32.95 ± 12.80) years, while in the healthy controls group were (35.55 ± 13.51) years. Additionally, E. coli were the most common isolated bacteria from the patient group with a frequency and percentage of 50 (35.7%). Furthermore, when compared to the control group, serum IL- 22 level was significantly higher in the patient's group due to E. coli infection (P<0.001). Moreover, the prevalence of the fimH gene in E. coli isolates was 47 (94.0%) were positive for that gene. Conclusion: The present study revealed that E. coli was the most bacterial infection in patients with urinary tract infection, while the highest E. coli sensitivity was to Meropenem, Nitrofurantoin (F15) and Chloramphenicol also the higher serum IL- 22 level in patients with UTIs due to E. coli compared to controls group. Therefore, IL-22 could be used as a biomarker for UTI. Additionally, the prevalence of the fimH gene in E. coli isolates was present in most isolates.

Deregulation of purinergic ectoenzyme activity in head and neck cancer promotes immunosuppression.

BackgroundHead and neck cancer (HNC) comprises a spectrum of neoplasms that affect the upper aerodigestive tract and are the sixth most common cancers worldwide. Individuals with HNC exhibit various symptoms and metabolic changes, including immune alterations and alterations of the purinergic pathway, which may signal worse outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to measure the activity of purinergic ectoenzymes and interleukins in patients with HNC, oral cavity cancer, and larynx cancer.Methods and ResultsWe recruited 32 patients and 33 healthy control subjects and performed the laboratory analyses. We identified dysregulation in the purinergic signaling pathway characterized by an increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis and a decrease in the deamination of adenosine to inosine in these cancers (p < 0.05). These alterations were likely caused by increased activity of the ectoenzymes E-NTPDase and ecto-5’-nucleotidase and reduced adenosine deaminase activity. This dysregulation was associated with immune alterations, increased levels of IL-10, and decreased myeloperoxidase activity (p < 0.05), suggesting immunosuppression in these patients and suggesting possible accumulation of adenosine in the extracellular environment.ConclusionsAdenosine is a potent immunosuppressive molecule associated with tumor progression and immune evasion. Our findings suggest a relationship between extracellular purines and the development and progression of the tumor microenvironment and poor outcomes. These findings increase the understanding of biological mechanisms related to HNC and demonstrate that these components are potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for future management strategies and improvement in the quality of life.

Tranexamic Acid and Its Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect: A Systematic Review.

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug primarily used for reducing blood loss in patients with major bleedings. Animal and cell studies have shown that TXA might modulate the inflammatory response by either enhancing or inhibiting cytokine levels. Furthermore, recent human studies have found altered inflammatory biomarkers in patients receiving TXA when compared with patients who did not receive TXA. In this systematic review we investigated the effect of TXA on inflammatory biomarkers in different patient groups. A systematic literature search was conducted on the databases PubMed and Embase to identify all original articles that investigated inflammatory biomarkers in patients receiving TXA and compared them to a relevant control group. The review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, and the literature search was performed on November 29, 2021. Thirty-three studies were included, among which 14 studies compared patients receiving TXA with patients getting no medication, another 14 studies investigated different dosing regimens of TXA, and finally five studies examined the administration form of TXA. The present review suggests that TXA has an anti-inflammatory effect in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery illustrated by decreased levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients receiving TXA compared with patients receiving no or lower doses of TXA. However, the anti-inflammatory effect was not found in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, pediatric craniosynostosis patients, or in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The inflammatory response was not affected by administration form of TXA (oral, intravenous, or topical). In conclusion, an anti-inflammatory effect of TXA was consistently found among orthopaedic patients only.

INCREASING STRESS RESISTANCE BY TRANSCRANIAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IN PATIENTS AFTER PROSTATE CANCER SURGERY

Anxiety in men often increases during the rehabilitation period after prostate cancer surgery. Moreover, simultaneous development of erectile dysfunction is also observed. This contributes to psycho-emotional stress formation.&#x0D; The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) on stress vulnerability during the rehabilitation period after various types of prostate cancer surgery.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. The authors estimated anxiety level and erectile dysfunction in 124 men 6 months after prostate cancer surgery. The patients were divided into groups according to the surgery type: Group 1 (n=24) – high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU); Group 2 (n=50) – laparoscopic radical prostatectomy; Group 3 (n=50) – laparotomic radical prostatectomy. Serum concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, adrenaline, interleukins 1 and interleukins 2 (IL-1, IL-2) and stress vulnerability level according to N.V. Kirsheva and N.V. Ryabchikova test, Holmes and Rahe stress scale, S. Cohen and G. Williamson test, and “Prognosis” method was determined twice: before and after tES.&#x0D; Results. Erectile dysfunction was detected in 37 patients 6 months after radical prostatectomy (Group 2, n=17; Group 3, n=20). All the patients of Group 1 (HIFU) restored erection. A decrease in stress vulnerability was observed in all patients, regardless of the surgery type and the severity of functional disorders. After tES, a significant decrease in the levels of ACTH, cortisol, IL-1, IL-2 was estimated (p&lt;0.05). According to all tests used, a significant increase in stress vulnerability was noted, regardless of the type of surgery (p&lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion. In terms of frequency of functional disorder development during the rehabilitation period, HIFU has advantages over radical prostatectomy, regardless of the surgical approach. Transcranial electrical stimulation 6 months after surgery significantly reduces the level of stress hormones and interleukins in patients’ blood serum; increases stress vulnerability regardless of the surgery type and functional disorders. Moreover, tES can be recommended for all patients after prostate cancer surgery.