Interfacial Reaction Research Articles

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of ion transport during the charging process of porous electrodes in randomly reconstructed seawater desalination batteries

The economics and desalination results of desalination cells are superior to those of other desalination technologies due to their unique electrochemical mechanisms. Nevertheless, there has been a paucity of research into the potential mechanisms of pore-scale ion removal during the operation of this specific type of battery. In this paper, the relationship between electrode microstructure and cell performance is investigated by establishing a lattice Boltzmann model and a high-fidelity two-dimensional electrode structure. The results demonstrate that the random morphology and irregular agglomeration of particles result in significant differences in electrode performance. During electrode deionization, the ion embedding process is faster in particles close to the main flow. In addition, sodium ions are inserted faster in small particles than in large particles. If the particles comprising the electrode exhibit a localized uneven distribution, it is advantageous to have a greater density of particles in the vicinity of the flow channel. The larger the reaction interface per unit area, the faster the interpolation rate of the particle, while the larger the total area, the larger the interpolation capacity of the particle.

Evaluation of Solidification and Interfacial Reaction of Sn-Bi and Sn-Bi-In Solder Alloys in Copper and Nickel Interfaces

Although there are studies devoted to lower Indium (In) addition, Sn-Bi alloys containing 10 wt.% In or more have been barely investigated so far. Higher In contents may offer the potential for improved joint production, better control over the growth of interfacial layers, and enhanced mechanical strength. The present article focuses on the solidification, wettability, adhesion strength, and interfacial intermetallic growth in the Sn-40%Bi-10%In alloy soldered on Cu and Ni pads. SEM-EDS, wettability tests, and tensile tests were performed. The contact angles were measured in Cu and Ni as 24° and 26°, respectively. Indium addition promoted coarsening of the as-solidified microstructure due to an increase in the alloy solidification range. The Bi spacing was increased at least three times, with a strong segregation of Bi towards the interface. The formation and growth of alloy/Cu reaction layers were also evaluated under the different aging conditions of the as-soldered joints, simulating real service. A growth kinetics model of the reaction layer showed that In increases the activation energy, thereby reducing the layer growth. The adhesions of the formed intermetallics films in Cu and Ni were analyzed using tensile tests. It was observed that the alloy/Ni couple exhibited better adhesion. Premature fracturing appears to happen in the alloy/Cu joint due to the higher intermetallic compound’s (IMC) thickness, rough morphology, and coarser microstructure. Both ductile fracture features with dimples and cleavage zones associated with Bi, Cu6(Sn,In)5, and Ni3Sn4 intermetallics were observed.

Dual-porous ZIF-8 heterogeneous catalysts with increased reaction sites for efficient PET glycolysis

Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been widely used for drink bottles, food packing, films, and fibers, resulting in millions of tons of waste PET. Less than 10% of that waste is recycled, and the rest is discarded or incinerated. Waste PET upcycling employs chemical recycling and particularly glycolysis to create the bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer. Herein, we report a dual-porous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticle (DPZIF-8) heterogeneous catalyst for efficient PET glycolysis. The DPZIF-8 nanoparticles were prepared using a triethylamine modulator, which can control the nucleation and growth mechanisms of the ZIF-8 nanoparticles. The DPZIF-8 nanoparticles include both intrinsic micropores and particle-particle adhesion-induced mesopores that can provide a larger external surface area of the zinc sites in the ZIF-8 architecture. The PET glycolysis catalyzed by DPZIF-8 at 180 °C and 1 atm for 4 h shows a PET conversion of 91.7% and a BHET yield of 76.1%, the latter particularly being much higher than with a traditional heterogeneous ZIF-8 catalyst. This dual-porous structure rational design strategy can be versatile for other metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to increase the interfacial catalytic reaction sites between the metal–organic framework and the polymer, enhancing the PET depolymerization performance and efficiency.

Dual sulfur vacancy pairs functionalized SnS2 for efficient photocatalytic molecular oxygen activation

Defect engineering is considered an effective means to improve the photocatalytic performance of semiconductors. However, current research on defects mainly focuses on single atom vacancies, lacking research on atomic vacancy pairs. In this work, we used SnS2 as the research model and constructed SnS2 nanostructures with rich S vacancies and dual S vacancy pairs, respectively. By comparing the photocatalytic activation O2 performance of SnS2 under different defect effects, it was found that dual S vacancy pairs have better performance optimization characteristics than S vacancies. Combining experiments and theoretical calculations, it is confirmed that dual S vacancy pairs have significant advantages over S vacancies in regulating the band structure, improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the migration rate of charge carriers, as well as activating the interface reaction of O2. In addition, when the catalyst is used for the removal of organic matter in water, it can be found that the optimization effect of dual defects on performance has good sustainability. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the application scope of defect engineering and provides new ideas for the development of highly active photocatalysts.

Spatially Confined Engineering Toward Deep Eutectic Electrolyte in Metal‐Organic Framework Enabling Solid‐State Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractUncontrollable interfacial side reactions generated from common aqueous electrolytes, just like the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and dendrite growth, have severely prevented the practical application of zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs). Solid‐state ZIBs are considered to be an efficient strategy by adopting high‐quality solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs). Here, by confining deep eutectic electrolyte (DEE) into the nanochannels of metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐PCN‐222, a stable DEE@PCN‐222 SSE with internal Zn2+ transport channels was obtained. A distinctive ion‐transport network composed of DEE and PCN‐222 in the interior of DEE@PCN‐222 realizes the efficient Zn2+ conduction, contributing to high ionic conductivity of 3.13×10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, low activation energy of 0.12 eV, and a high Zn2+ transference number of 0.74. Furthermore, experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate that DEE@PCN‐222 with its unique channel structure could homogeneously regulate the Zn2+ distribution and effectively alleviate the side reactions. Highly reversible Zn plating/stripping performance of 2476 h can be realized by the SSE. The solid‐state ZIBs show a specific capacity of 306 mAh g−1 and display cycling stability of 517 cycles. This unique design concept provides a new perspective in realizing the high‐safety and high‐performance ZIBs.

Simulation of chemical reactions with methanol and oxalic acid on 4H-SiC surfaces before and after nanoabrasion

Previous work by our team has shown that not only can oxalic acid added to a reactive methanol polishing solution significantly further improve SiC polishing removal rate but also surface quality. However, due to the lack of fundamental information on the nature of the interfacial reaction, the reaction mechanism involved in continuously improving SiC polishing performance remains unresolved. This study explores the chemical interactions of pristine and nano-scratched surfaces with the reaction medium using a molecular dynamics (MD) model combined with the ReaxFF reaction force field. The results show that –OH and –CHn, methanol can effectively break the Si-C bond on the surface of silicon carbide and the high amount of OH and C=O in oxalic acid favors the formation of surface silicon oxides and the softening of the silicon carbide surface. The synergistic effect of oxalic acid and methanol in the pre-scratch system indirectly supports the notion that nanoabrasion caused by nano-abrasives enhances the chemical reactivity of polishing fluid components. In conjunction with the experimental data, a proposed reaction mechanism for organic acid-containing alcohol fluids with SiC based on non-aqueous solvent systems is presented. This may stimulate ideas for better developing and applying novel non-aqueous-based polishing fluids.

High strength of SiC–AlN–TiB2–VC multiphase ceramics induced by interface reactions

In this work, SiC–AlN–TiB2–VC multiphase ceramics with high bending strength were prepared via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1900 °C-2100 °C. The effects of interface reactions and solid solution reactions on microstructure and mechanical properties of these multiphase ceramics were investigated. Results show that the densification of multiphase ceramics is promoted effectively by the addition of Y2O3. Yttrium aluminum oxide with low melting point is formed due to the reaction between Al2O3 (on the surface of AlN) and Y2O3, which promotes the densification of SiC multiphase ceramics. Solid-solution reaction and interface reaction occur between matrix (SiC) and reinforcing phases (AlN, TiB2, and VC). Furthermore, solid-solution reactions occur between SiC and AlN, between AlN and TiB2, and between TiB2 and VC. Al5C3N phase is generated by interfacial reaction between SiC and AlN. Layered, rod-like BN(C) phase is formed at grain boundaries due to the reaction between AlN and B2O3 on the surface of TiB2 particles. Mechanical strength of multiphase ceramics is improved by the formation of solid solutions and the occurrence of these interfacial reactions. When sintered at 2000 °C, SiC multiphase ceramics with added Y2O3 exhibit excellent properties, including relative density of 99.8 %, Vickers hardness of 27.1 GPa, and bending strength of 666 MPa.

Affinity-Controlled Partitioning of Biomolecules at Aqueous Interfaces and Their Bioanalytic Applications.

All-aqueous phase separation systems play essential roles in bioanalytical and biochemical applications. Compared to conventional oil and organic solvent-based systems, these systems are characterized by their rich bulk and interfacial properties, offering superior biocompatibility. In particular, phase separation in all-aqueous systems facilitates the creation of compartments with specific physicochemical properties, and therefore largely enhances the accessibility of the systems. In addition, the all-aqueous compartments have diverse affinities, with an important property known as partitioning, which can concentrate (bio)molecules toward distinct immiscible phases. This partitioning affinity imparts all-aqueous interfaces with selective permeability, enabling the controlled enrichment of target (bio)molecules. This review introduces the basic principles and applications of partitioning-induced interfacial phenomena in a typical all-aqueous system, namely aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs); these applications include interfacial chemical reactions, bioprinting, and assembly, as well as bio-sensing and detection. The primary challenges associated with designing all-aqueous phase separation systems and several future directions are also discussed, such as the stabilization of aqueous interfaces, the handling of low-volume samples, and exploration of suitable ATPSs compositions with the efficient protocol.

Ultra-short running-in period and robust lubricity constructed by dynamic disulfide and hydrogen bonds from ionic liquid polyethylene glycol lubrication

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) system behave the characteristics of non-toxic, non-irritating and good compatibility with various substances, so the improvement and stability of lubrication property and comprehensive performance is vital for PEG system under harsh working conditions. Here, highly reactive ionic liquids (ILs) are designed and introduced with a specifically designed molecular structure, the ultra-short running-in period and robust lubricity can be obtained by dynamic disulfide and hydrogen bonds from the constructed IL-PEG200 lubrication system. Combined with analytical techniques (XPS, FIB-TEM, Nanoindentation, Raman, TOF-SIMS), their interaction was explored to further clarify the interfacial self-assembly behavior. The superior bearing capacity is mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect of carbon-like film, dynamic disulfide bond, hydrogen bonding and interfacial tribochemical reaction.

NiCoP@amorphous carbon composites with 3D core-shell structure for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

In this paper, a facile bio-templating method is proposed to prepare NiCoP coated on amorphous carbon (NiCoP@AC) composite electrode materials with using bagasse as template and carbon source. NiCoP nanowire network arrays precursors coating on bagasse substrate with high yield were prepared via a novel synthesis strategy utilizing the toluene-water interface reaction process, which subsequently formed as NiCoP@AC composite electrode materials after phosphating process. The assembled core-shell structure attenuated the volume expansion during charging and discharging, additionally, the overall electrical conductivity of the composite was also improved owing to the characteristic of bagasse biochar. The NiCoP@AC electrode exhibited high specific capacitance (1706 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), outstanding rate capability (82.1 % capacity retention from 1 to 20 A g−1) and good cycling stability (retaining 80.0 % capacitance over 5000 cycles). In addition, bagasse biomass activated carbon (BAC) was prepared via a typical alkaline activation process for the use as negative electrode. The as-fabricated NiCoP@AC//BAC supercapacitor displayed a high energy density of 46.2 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 807.3 W kg−1, and an excellent capacitance retention rate (88.5 % after 5000 cycles), suggesting that the as-prepared NiCoP@AC electrode materials have wide application prospects in high-performance supercapacitors.

Surfactant-interlayer assisted interfacial polymerization for constructing Janus nanofiltration membranes: Enhanced Li+/Mg2+ separation efficiency

Nanofiltration (NF) technology shows significant potential for lithium extraction, but the limited Mg2+ rejection of conventional negatively charged NF membranes constrains Li+/Mg2+ selectivity. This work proposed a surfactant-interlayer assisted interfacial polymerization (SIAIP) methodology to convert a traditional NF membrane into a Janus membrane featuring dual-electrical properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) restricted the IP reaction region and modulated the interfacial diffusion behavior of amine monomers. The hydrophilic and negatively charged hyaluronic acid (HA) interlayer modified the substrate, enhancing membrane permeability. Under the combined influence of SDS and HA, more amine monomers were stored and diffused to the reaction interface, transforming the membrane surface into a positively charged region and forming a Janus structure with the negatively charged interlayer. The optimal SIAIP membranes possessed a homogeneous pore size distribution, with a high selectivity (S Li, Mg) of 42.15 and superb permeability of 11.06 L m−2 h−1 bar−1. This investigation furnishes an innovative approach for developing high-efficiency Li+/Mg2+ separating NF membranes.

Electrodes for High‐𝜅 Molecular Crystal Antimony Trioxide Gate Dielectrics for 2D Electronics

AbstractWafer‐scale deposition of high‐𝜅 gate dielectrics compatible with atomically thin van der Waals layered semiconductors (e.g., MoS2, WS2, WSe2) is urgently needed for practical applications of field effect transistors based on 2D materials. A study on a high‐𝜅 molecular crystal antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) gate dielectric examined the role of electrode material on dielectric degradation and breakdown. It is demonstrated that the thin films of Sb2O3 can be uniformly deposited on a wafer scale. The current–voltage (I–V) curves show tightly controlled distributions of both leakage current and breakdown voltage. Electrical measurements reveal that defects are generated gradually upon electrical stressing. The evaluation of degradation is based on charge trapping, stress‐induced leakage current, and dielectric breakdown measurements. The breakdown voltage distribution follows a tight monomodal Weibull distribution suggesting a high quality of the film. Comparing Ti and Au as gate electrodes, both the breakdown field and the tunnel current are affected by the choice of electrode material. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the chemistry at the electrode/Sb2O3 interface plays an important role and that Ti scavenges oxygen from the Sb2O3, forming a defective oxide layer at the Ti/Sb2O3 interface. For the Au electrode, this interfacial reaction is completely absent, improving the dielectric performance.

Inorganic/organic hybrid interfacial internal electric field modulated charge separation of resorcinol-formaldehyde resin for boosting photocatalytic H2O2 production

The strategy of inorganic/organic semiconductor material hybridization is of great significance for the development of highly active photocatalysts. Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) resin with a special donor-acceptor (D-A) structure shows excellent performance in the photocatalytic production of H2O2. However, the lack of an internal driving force for the separation and transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes in RF resin greatly limits the performance of H2O2 production. Herein, an inorganic/organic hybrid core-shell structure ZnS@RF photocatalyst was prepared by directionally induced coating of RF resin shells of different thicknesses on the surface of monodisperse ZnS nanospheres. Consequently, the photocatalytic H2O2 performance of ZnS@RF with the optimal RF resin shell thickness reaches 367.9 μmol L−1, which is 69 and 2 times that of ZnS and HRF, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and related characterization results collectively demonstrate that the excellent photocatalytic H2O2 production performance of ZnS@RF photocatalyst is mainly attributed to the internal electric field (IEF) formed at the hybrid interface of ZnS and RF heterojunction and the optimization of RF shell thickness, which significantly enhances the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers and modulates the interfacial catalytic reaction kinetics. This work opens up an avenue for designing inorganic/organic hybrid heterojunction photocatalyst materials with excellent photocatalytic activity.

High entropy Prussian Blue Analogues assisted by reduced graphene oxide for enhancing the lifespan of Sodium-ion batteries

In recent years, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have been regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials for Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their open structure, low cost, and high theoretical capacity. However, the problem of capacity degradation caused by phase transitions during the charge/discharge process has so far limited the applicability of PBAs. While the high entropy strategy can alleviate capacity decay induced by phase transitions, challenges such as low conductivity, material aggregation, and severe interface reactions between electrode materials and electrolytes still persist. Therefore, we used a simple and scalable one-step co-precipitation method to grow high entropy Prussian blue analogues (HEPBA) on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to address these problems. The rGO not only inhibits material agglomeration but also separates the electrolyte from the electrode material to prevent severe interface reactions. Meanwhile, the Warburg impedance is reduced and the Na+ diffusion performance is improved. When high entropy Prussian blue grown on an rGO matrix (HEPBA@rGO) is utilized as the cathode in a half-cell, it exhibits high discharge specific capacity (115.2 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1), long cycling stability (retaining 84.6 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles), and good rate capability (62 mAh g−1 at 15 C). The full battery with HEPBA@rGO as the cathode and hard carbon as the anode has a high specific discharge capacity (100.12 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1), good stability (capacity retention rate of 81 % after 150 charge/discharge cycles), and good rate performance (72.5 mAh g−1 at 5 C). This study provides valuable insights for the development of SIBs.

Advances and Challenges of Porous Structure on Solid–Liquid Interfaces in Polyanionic Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThe sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are expected to be the substitute for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of their low cost, high abundance, and similar working mechanism. Among them, polyanion‐type electrodes show great application prospects due to their superior ion diffusion channels and structural stability. However, there are still many scientific issues that need to be thoroughly investigated, especially the formation mechanism, structural stability, and interface impedance of solid–liquid interfaces. Therefore, it is of great significance to systematically study the mechanism of interface reaction and the electrochemical behavior, to promote the further practical application of SIBs. Fortunately, the polyanionic electrodes can effectively improve the transport dynamics and the interfacial stability of the solid–liquid interfaces through constructing the porous structure, surface modification, and electrolyte strategies, thus improving the cycle and rate performance. This review discusses the characteristics and formation mechanisms of electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI), as well as their electrochemical behavior in porous structures with different dimensions. Furthermore, this review covers the application of porous materials in improving transport kinetics and EEI. In particular, it highlights the various strategies employed to comprehend the interplay among structure, chemistry, preparation methods, and the mechanisms of porous electrodes that ultimately affect the electrochemical properties of SIBs.

Interfacial reaction between the nickel-based superalloy and the Al2O3 crucible during vacuum induction melting

The effects of holding time on the interfacial reaction between a nickel-based superalloy and an Al2O3 crucible during the vacuum induction melting process were studied at 1450 °C. The results show that the reaction products at the interface are intermittently distributed and then gradually become dense and continuous as the holding time increases. The average thickness of the reaction layer increases and then decreases when the melting time is extended. Through microstructure characterization, the interfacial reaction layer extending from the boundary to the matrix consists of a continuous Al2O3 reaction layer and a discontinuous TiC layer. Finally, the process of the interface reaction is summarized.

The Effects of Humidity on the Velocity-Dependence and Frictional Ageing of Nanoscale Silica Contacts

This work examines the effect of environmental humidity on rate-and-state friction behavior of nanoscale silica-silica nanoscale contacts in an atomic force microscope, particularly, its effect on frictional ageing and velocity-weakening vs. strengthening friction from 10 nm/s to 100 μm/s sliding velocities. At extremely low humidities (≪1%RH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\ll 1\\% RH$$\\end{document}), ageing is nearly absent for up to 100 s of nominally stationary contact, and friction is strongly velocity-strengthening. This is consistent with dry interfacial friction, where thermal excitations help overcome static friction at low sliding velocities. At higher humidity levels (10–40% RH), ageing becomes pronounced and is accompanied by much higher kinetic friction and velocity-weakening behavior. This is attributed to water-catalyzed interfacial Si–O-Si bond formation. At the highest humidities examined (> 40% RH), ageing subsides, kinetic friction drops to low levels, and friction is velocity-strengthening again. These responses are attributed to intercalated water separating the interfaces, which precludes interfacial bonding. The trends in velocity-dependent friction are reproduced and explained using a computational multi-bond model. Our model explicitly simulates bond formation and bond-breaking, and the passivation and reactivation of reaction sites across the interface during sliding, where the activation energies for interfacial chemical reactions are dependent on humidity. These results provide potential insights into nanoscale mechanisms that may contribute to the humidity dependence observed in prior macroscale rock friction studies. They also provide a possible microphysical foundation to understand the role of water in interfacial systems with water-catalyzed bonding reactions, and demonstrate a profound change in the interfacial physics near and above saturated humidity conditions.

Photothermal effects on low-temperature hybrid solder joints and its superior drop reliability

Hybrid solder joints incorporating the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Sn–58Bi structure have been studied to tackle challenges such as warpage, thermal degradation, and excessive intermetallic compound (IMC) growth in heterogeneous integrated packages. However, the presence of Bi diminishes drop impact reliability, and conventional reflow processes aimed at increasing the Bi mixing ratio exacerbate IMC growth. This study investigates the feasibility of intense pulsed light (IPL) soldering for hybrid solder joints on electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) and (electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG) PCB substrates, with the goal of advancing reliable and sustainable electronic packaging technology. Microstructural evolution and drop impact reliability of IPL-soldered joints were compared with those of conventionally reflow-soldered joints. Specifically, IPL soldering exhibited approximately sixfold higher drop impact reliability in ENIG and threefold in ENEPIG compared to reflow soldering under the lowest temperature conditions. This underscores IPL's effectiveness in suppressing interfacial reactions, thereby promoting crack propagation in the SnBi phases. Furthermore, under optimized IPL conditions on the ENEPIG substrate, drop reliability was approximately threefold higher than that achieved under the lowest temperature conditions, despite lower power consumption of 13.36 kWh. These findings demonstrate the potential feasibility of IPL soldering as a reliable and sustainable technology for electronic packages.

Impact of high-temperature storage on capacity fading of Ni-rich cathodes in sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries

Despite the extensive research efforts focused on enhancing the lifespan and energy density of all-solid-state batteries, the calendar aging behavior of cathodes within the all-solid-state batteries system continues to be underexplored. In this study, we elucidate the capacity fading of Ni-rich cathodes in sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries after high-temperature storage using electrochemical techniques, synchrotron X-ray-based characterization tools, and electron microscopy. High-temperature storage negatively affects the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich cathodes, limiting their charge and discharge capacities, notably charge fading. The underlying cause of capacity fading lies in interfacial side reactions between Ni-rich cathode materials and solid electrolytes. The LiNbO3 coating layer is found to be effective in preventing interfacial degradation, which virtually eliminates charge and discharge fading. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the capacity fading of Ni-rich cathodes in sulfide-based all-solid-state battery systems during high-temperature storage. Furthermore, they provide insights for achieving all-solid-state batteries with high thermal durability and energy density.

Elucidating the Transition of 3D Morphological Evolution of Binary Alloys in Molten Salts with Metal Ion Additives.

Molten salts serve as effective high-temperature heat transfer fluids and thermal storage media used in a wide range of energy generation and storage facilities, including concentrated solar power plants, molten salt reactors and high-temperature batteries. However, at the salt-metal interfaces, a complex interplay of charge-transfer reactions involving various metal ions, generated either as fission products or through corrosion of structural materials, takes place. Simultaneously, there is a mass transport of ions or atoms within the molten salt and the parent alloys. The precise physical and chemical mechanisms leading to the diverse morphological changes in these materials remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, this work employed a combination of synchrotron X-ray nanotomography and electron microscopy to study the morphological and chemical evolution of Ni-20Cr in molten KCl-MgCl2, while considering the influence of metal ions (Ni2+, Ce3+, and Eu3+) and variations in salt composition. Our research suggests that the interplay between interfacial diffusivity and reactivity determines the morphological evolution. The summary of the associated mass transport and reaction processes presented in this work is a step forward toward achieving a fundamental comprehension of the interactions between molten salts and alloys. Overall, the findings offer valuable insights for predicting the diverse chemical and structural alterations experienced by alloys in molten salt environments, thus aiding in the development of protective strategies for future applications involving molten salts.