Interdigital Necrobacillosis Research Articles

Skin diseases in sheep are important animal health and production problems, especially in wool-producing sheep. To document the type, signalment, associations and prevalence of skin disease in a referral hospital population. Case population at a university veterinary medical teaching hospital. Retrospective study by searching computerised medical records of sheep examined between 1 January 1986 and 1 January 2021. 'alopecia, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Corynebacterium, Demodex, dermatitis, Dermatophilus, dermatophyte, ectoparasite, examination, fibre damage, foot rot, fungus, interdigital necrobacillosis, itching, lice, Malassezia, melanoma, mite, pruritus, rubbing, scabies, skin, SCC, squamous cell carcinoma, Staphylococcus, Trueperella pyogenes, wool break, wool loss'. Two thousand and two records, totalling 11,799 sheep, had the age, breed and sex reported. Older sheep were more likely to present with skin disease (p < 0.0001; standard deviation 36.6 ± 1.15 confidence interval). The American Merino, East Friesian, Rambouillet, Suffolk and Shetland breeds were at higher risk of developing skin disease (p < 0.0001). Males, whether rams or wethers, were more likely to present with skin disease than ewes (p = 0.0019). Owing to the lack of dermatological examination reported, the four largest flocks (a total of 7,892 sheep) were excluded from disease analysis. Of the remaining 3,907 sheep, 299 (7.6%) had skin disease recorded. The most common diagnoses made were pododermatitis, bacterial abscesses, squamous cell carcinoma and myiasis. Fifty-five of 299 sheep were presented primarily for nonskin disease. Clinicians should include a dermatological examination in sheep regardless of the reason for presentation.

Lameness is one of the greatest constraints on the productivity, health, and welfare of dairy cattle. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2021 to September 2021 in Hawassa town with the aim of assessing the prevalence and identifying the associated risk factors of lameness in dairy farms. The study was conducted on 440 animals belonging to 19 randomly selected intensive dairy farms. Data regarding lameness and its possible risk factors were collected both at animal and farm level using a questionnaire. The results showed that the overall prevalence of lameness was 10.2% (n = 45/440). The association of lameness prevalence with various risk factors including milking status, exercise, age, parity, milk yield, and lactation stage was statistically tested using logistic regression model. There was a significant variation in the prevalence of lameness (P < 0.05) between cattle with different milking status, age, parity, milk yield, and stage of lactation by the univariable analysis result. According to the multivariable analysis, only milk yield and lactation stage were statistically associated with the occurrence of lameness. Milking animals (8%) had higher prevalence of lameness than nonmilking (2.2%). The occurrence of lameness increased with milk yield. The highest prevalence of lameness was recorded in the early stage of lactation. Lameness was more frequent in hind limbs (6.6%) than in forelimbs (3.6%). The main causes of lameness observed in this study were both claw overgrowth 10 (2.3%), unequal claw size 10 (2.3%), solar ulcer 8 (1.8%), interdigital necrobacillosis 2 (0.5%), interdigital hyperplasia 2 (0.5%), and digital dermatitis 1 (0.2%). There was no means of early lameness diagnosis in 94.7% of farms. Lameness was found to be an important disease in dairy cows at Hawassa town. Prevention and early diagnosis leading to prompt treatment of lameness in cows should be part of dairy farm management practice.

The aim ofthis study was tocomparatively evaluate the efficacy ofdifferent antimicrobial agents against interdigital necrobacillosis (IN) incattle toidentify the treatment with the greatest benefit. Anetwork meta-analysis was used tosynthesise empirical results from randomised controlled trials. Four studies with five interventions for 565animals were included. The meta-analysis found nosignificant differences between the risk ratios for theantimicrobials versus placebo. However, ceftiofur sodium administered intramuscularly atadose of1.0μg/kg body weight every 24h for 3days showed abetter clinical response than 6.6μg ofoxytetracycline, 2.5μg oftulathromycin, the placebo and 0.1μg ofceftiofur sodium. The results show the best efficacy for 6.6μg ofoxytetracycline and 1.0μg ofceftiofur sodium. Nevertheless, the latter islikely tobe superior tooxytetracycline interms ofits pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. Thus, 1.0μg ofceftiofur sodium appears toprovide the best therapeutic activity against IN incattle. Further well-designed studies are required.

Comparison of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Oxytetracycline for the Treatment of Early Stage Interdigital Necrobacillosis in Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of foot lesions in cattle slaughtered in the northwest of Iran. This study was performed on lower limbs of slaughtered cattle in four seasons of 2018-19. The feet of 400 cattle were divided into various zones to differentiate the lesions. The associations between gender and season with the lesions were assessed using the chi-square method and the results were presented as a percentage. P<0.05 was considered significant. The association between gender and season with the lesions was statistically significant (P<0.01). Lesions were observed in 61.5% of cattle and 78.5% of them were male. The lesions were more prevalent in autumn and winter (35.4%). 27% of total lesions were related to the forelimbs and 73% of them were related to the hindlimbs. Double sole and subclinical laminitis were the most frequent lesions of the limbs followed by sole, toe, and heel ulcers, white line disease, hoof cracks, interdigital hyperplasia, and interdigital necrobacillosis. Since a high percentage of slaughtered cattle in northwest Iran had at least one lesion in their feet, especially in the autumn and winter, it seems that proper management of herds is necessary to eliminate predisposing factors and improve livestock health.

Bovine Interdigital Necrobacillosis Epizootic Data from Livestock Farms in Almaty Region of Kazakhstan between 2017 and 2019

Prevalence of lameness was investigated in 1000 randomly selected cattle in Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) and different dairy farms in Boira Union, Mymensingh during January to December 2015. The aetiology, age [Cal≤f 1 year, 1 - 3 years, 3 - 5 years and &gt;5 years], sex (male, female), different stages of cattle [Calves, Heifers, Pregnant cows, Lactating cows, Dry cows, and Bulls] and floor type (concrete, muddy floor, pavement, straw yard) were studied. Out of 1000 cattle examined, 111 (11.1%) showed lameness in different grades, with 82.0% slightly, 14.4% moderately and 3.6% severely lame. The aetiologies of lameness are upward fixation of patella, traumatic injury, foot and mouth disease (FMD) complications, arthritis, interdigital hyperplasia, interdigital dermatitis and interdigital necrobacillosis. Higher percentages of lameness were in hind limbs than fore limbs. Left hind limbs were more frequently affected than right hind limbs. Animals over 5 years of age were most vulnerable to lameness. Female especially high yielding cows were at higher risk (69.4%) than the male cattle (30.6%). Prevalence of lameness was higher when cattle were confided to the concrete floor than the muddy floor. Pregnant cows were the most vulnerable to lameness. It is suggested that aetiology, age, sex, different stages of cattle and floor type could be considered as risk factors causing lameness in cattle.Bangl. vet. 2017. Vol. 34, No. 1, 1-8

Abstract Objective: This current study was done to find any correlation between clinical mastitis and lameness occurrence and incidence in dairy farms.Design: This prospective field trial was done on a case control study basis. Cows were divided into two mastitis and control group and lameness recorded and compared in both groups.Procedures: This current study was done during 9 month in a dairy herd with 800 milking cows. The mastitis scoring system was based on the International Dairy Federation definitions of mastitis severity from one to three. All cows were trimmed two times annually and also high locomotion score, lame and long toe cows referred for possible inspection and treatment. Records of sole ulcer (SU), white line disease (WLD), Toe Ulcer (TU), heel erosion (HE), digital dermatitis (DD) and interdigital necrobacillosis (INB) were assessed in this study. Data of the lesions up to three month after occurrence of mastitis was followed. 543 cows affected with mastitis were allocated to treatment and the same amount of the cows that didn’t show any mastitis during past three month allocated to control group.Results: Occurrence of mastitis reduce incidence of digital dermatitis significantly. Lameness except digital dermatitis were higher in mastitis group than control group (P<0.05).Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Mastitis can play a role in occurrence of claw horn lesions (CHL) and any control program of lameness in the herds with high incidence of CHL should precede with control program of other predisposing or causative factors of this condition. Mastitis besides other infectious causes as a predisposing factor can play a significant role on lameness.

The prevalence of claw affections was investigated in 602 cattle in two organized dairy farms during June 2010 to May 2011. Of these cattle 176 were from Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (BAUDF) and 426 were from Central Cattle Breeding Station and Dairy Farm (CCBSDF). These animals were studied under 6 groups: calf, heifer, pregnant cow, lactating cow, dry cow and breeding bull. Out of 426 cattle in CCBSDF, 85 animals were affected with various claw affections, the prevalence being 19.95%. The prevalence in BAUDF was 22.72%. Claw affections causing lameness comprised sole ulcer (3.82%), heel erosion (2.49%), interdigital necrobacillosis (2.15%), sand crack (1.82%), hoof overgrowth (3.32%) and white line disease (2.32%). The prevalence of lameness in BAUDF was 13.06% and that in CCBSDF was 11.50%. Sole ulcer (3.82%) was predominantly associated with lameness in both farms while the lowest prevalence of lameness was encountered with interdigital dermatitis (1.39%). The lowest prevalence of lameness was observed in calves in both BAUDF (0.56%) and CCBSDF (0.93%). Pregnant cows were the most vulnerable to claw diseases and manifested lameness of varying degrees. Hind limbs were more frequently affected with claw affections than fore limbs. Animals of over 5 years were mostly affected with foot diseases. Breeding bulls showed 2.27% prevalence of lameness in BAUDF and 1.87% CCBSDF. Among various affections sole ulcer ranked the highest in both the farms. Sand crack and interdigital necrobacillosis registered the lowest prevalence in BAUDF and interdigital dermatitis was the lowest in CCBSDF. Sole ulcer ranked the highest among all claw affections. Pregnant cow were more vulnerable to lameness. Hind limbs were frequently affected with various lesions than the forelimbs.Res. Agric. Livest. Fish.4(3): 193-199, December 2017

Tulathromycin is approved in the United States for the treatment of respiratory disease in bovine and swine, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis associated with Moraxella bovis, and interdigital necrobacillosis in bovine. This macrolide highly concentrates in lung tissue and persists in the intra-airway compartment for a long time after a single administration. It also accumulates in inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and macrophages. This article reviews pharmacokinetic information about tulathromycin in different veterinary species with particular emphasis on the respiratory system.

The objective of this longitudinal controlled trial was to determine the effect of systemic treatment with ceftiofur on antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal Escherichia coli isolates in dairy cows. Cows with metritis or interdigital necrobacillosis requiring systemic antimicrobial treatment were sequentially assigned to two treatment groups. The first group was treated with ceftiofur hydrochloride and the second with penicillin G procaine. Untreated healthy control cows were selected for sampling on the same schedule as treated cows. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. In total, 21983 E. coli isolates from 42 cows were analyzed for susceptibility to ampicillin, tetracycline, and ceftiofur using a hydrophobic grid membrane filter system to assess growth on agar containing selected antimicrobial drugs. Temporal changes in both the concentration of E. coli in feces and the susceptibility of E. coli to each drug were analyzed. A significant decrease in the concentration of fecal E. coli on days 2 and 7 post-treatment (but not thereafter) was detected in animals treated with ceftiofur. The proportion of all isolates (95% confidence interval in parentheses) showing reduced susceptibility at day 0 was 3.0% (2.5, 3.6) for ampicillin, 10.6% (9.7, 11.6) for tetracycline, and 4.8% (4.2, 5.6) for ceftiofur; 1.7% (1.3, 2.1) of isolates were resistant to ceftiofur based on growth at 8 μg/mL. Treatment did not have any significant effect on the proportion of isolates expressing reduced susceptibility to antibiotics with the exception of decreased tetracycline susceptibility in the ceftiofur-treated group on day 2. Although we found the potential for selection pressure by documenting the change in E. coli concentration after ceftiofur treatment, an increase in ceftiofur resistance was not found.

The relationship between serum biotin and oxidant/antioxidant activities in bovine lameness

Prospective study was carried out to determine the characteristics of claw lesions in dairy cattle in Nairobi and the peri-urban districts between December 2005 and May 2006. The gaits of 300 dairy cows in 29 zero-grazed and 3 pasture-grazed farms were evaluated and their claws examined for laminitis and other lesions. A retrospectivestudy was also conducted on case records for dairy cattle foot lameness in the Large Animal Clinic of the University of Nairobi. Claws were also collected from abattoirs and examined for lesions. Data was analyzed with GENSTAT for Windows Discovery Edition 2. From the retrospective study, the prevalence of laminitic lesions was 0.79%while infective lesions particularly interdigital necrobacillosis and sole abscesses had prevalence of 35.7% and 11.1% respectively. In the prospective study, the prevalence of laminitis was 70.3%, sole bruising 45%, heel erosion 27.3%, white line separation 18% and double soles 17%. However, the total prevalence of infective claw lesions was 4.7%. Abattoir claws had lesions with similar trends as prospective survey.Current nutrition, housing and management practices that are adopted for increasing productivity and improving hygiene, may account for changes seen in claw lesion patterns of increased laminitis and decreased infective lesions in dairy cattle.

As doenças digitais estão entre as principais causas de performance reduzida de rebanhos leiteiros. Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência, classificar clinicamente e estabelecer os fatores epidemiológicos das enfermidades podais em vacas da bacia leiteira de Rondon do Pará, foram avaliadas 1.236 vacas, das quais 275 apresentaram pelo menos um tipo de lesão podal. Identificou-se 655 lesões, o que resultou em uma prevalência de 22,25%. As enfermidades mais frequentes foram hiperplasia interdigital (80,92%), necrobacilose interdigital (6,11%) e cascos com crescimento excessivo (6,42%). Os membros pélvicos foram os mais acometidos (61,83%) e o espaço interdigital, tanto nos membros torácicos (36,34%), quanto nos pélvicos (48,09%), a região digital acometida com maior frequência. O estudo epidemiológico mostrou que características ambientais tais como relevo montanhoso, pastagem em formação com presença de troncos e galhos de árvores, irregularidades nos pisos dos currais, presença de piçarra e lama podem favorecer o aparecimento das lesões podais. Constatou-se a ausência de medidas de controle e profilaxia de afecções que acometem os cascos em 95,5% das propriedades estudadas. O exame clínico específico do casco foi eficiente no diagnóstico das enfermidades.

Serum haptoglobin concentrations in dairy cattle with lameness due to claw disorders

An Evaluation of the Seasonality of Veterinary Treatments for Lameness in UK Dairy Cattle

Lameness remains a major cause of morbidity and economic loss in dairy, cow-calf and feedlot operations. The majority of bovine lameness involves structures of the digit, with digital dermatitis (hairy heel warts), sole ulcers, white line disease, subsolar abscesses and interdigital necrobacillosis (footrot) being among the most common disorders of the digit. Given that owner-initiated diagnosis and treatment appear common in many areas, veterinarians are well positioned to help owners develop protocols for lameness treatment. Application of a few very simple rules of thumb may aid owners in discriminating between cases appropriately managed by farm personnel versus those that warrant prompt veterinary examination. This review will cover guidelines for on-farm diagnosis and treatment of routine lameness cases as well as methods for prompt identification of problematic cases which may require veterinary examination.

A Longitudinal Field Trial of the Effect of Biotin on Lameness in Dairy Cows

Lameness in Feedlot Cattle

Lameness in tied Danish dairy cattle: the possible influence of housing systems, management, milk yield, and prior incidents of lameness