Interaction Theory Research Articles

Reduced theory of symmetric and antisymmetric exchange interactions in nanowires

We investigate the behavior of minimizers of perturbed Dirichlet energies supported on a wire generated by a regular simple curve $\gamma$ and defined in the space of $\mathbb{S}^2$-valued functions. The perturbation $K$ is represented by a matrix-valued function defined on $\mathbb{S}^2$ with values in $\RR^{3 \times 3}$. Under natural regularity conditions on $K$, we show that the family of perturbed Dirichlet energies converges, in the sense of $\Gamma$-convergence, to a simplified energy functional on $\gamma$. The reduced energy unveils how part of the antisymmetric exchange interactions contribute to an anisotropic term whose specific shape depends on the curvature of $\gamma$. We also discuss the significant implications of our results for studies of ferromagnetic nanowires when Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) is present.

Social Dynamics and Language Learning: Do Extroverts Excel in L2 Acquisition? An Analysis through the Lens of Interactionism Theory

The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between social dynamics and second language acquisition, with a specific emphasis on whether extroverts surpass in learning English as a second language more efficiently and effectively than introverts. Moreover, the research is grounded in the Interactionism theory by Lev Vygotsky (1962) which states that language development is hugely determined by social and cultural communication and interaction. So, this study examines whether the personality traits such as being extrovert affect learner’s engagement to learn language more efficiently by socially interacting with other people or not. For this purpose, students of the BS English department of Army Burn Hall College for Girls, Abbottabad were selected as the participants to share their views through a mixed-method approach. A structured questionnaire was designed to gather insights from the students. Results for the close-ended questions have been shown through graphs whereas thematic analysis has been done for open-ended questions. The findings revealed that though ESL learners face many challenges during social meet-ups they still learn vocabulary, pronunciation, confidence, fluency, etc.

Evaluating the Implementation and Impact of Fee-Free Education Policy in Temeke Municipality: Challenges and Opportunities

This study examines the implementation and impact of the fee-free education policy in Temeke Municipality, Tanzania, with a focus on its influence on access, quality, and equity in primary education. Guided by the Classical Liberal Theory of Equal Opportunity, Interactionism Theory, and Human Capital Theory, the study employs a mixed-methods approach to gather data from 201 participants, including head teachers, teachers, parents, and students. The findings reveal that while the policy has significantly increased enrollment and reduced dropout rates, its success is hindered by systemic challenges such as resource shortages, overcrowded classrooms, insufficient teacher training, and delayed funding. Additionally, limited parental involvement and inadequate stakeholder collaboration impede the delivery of quality education. The study underscores the need for increased funding, teacher capacity-building, and infrastructure development to address these challenges. It also highlights the importance of structured parental engagement and robust monitoring systems to ensure policy effectiveness. The findings contribute to the discourse on educational reform, providing practical recommendations to bridge the gap between policy intentions and outcomes.

GT-CAM: Game Theory Based Class Activation Map for GCN.

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) have shown outstanding performance in skeleton-based behavior recognition. However, their opacity hampers further development. Researches on the explainability of deep learning have provided solutions to this issue, with Class Activation Map (CAM) algorithms being a class of explainable methods. However, existing CAM algorithms applies to GCN often independently compute the contribution of individual nodes, overlooking the interactions between nodes in the skeleton. Therefore, we propose a game theory based class activation map for GCN (GT-CAM). First, GT-CAM integrates Shapley values with gradient weights to calculate node importance, producing an activation map that highlights the critical role of nodes in decision-making. It also reveals the cooperative dynamics between nodes or local subgraphs for a more comprehensive explanation. Second, to reduce the computational burden of Shapley values, we propose a method for calculating Shapley values of node coalitions. Lastly, to evaluate the rationality of coalition partitioning, we propose a rationality evaluation method based on bipartite game interaction and cooperative game theory. Additionally, we introduce an efficient calculation method for the coalition rationality coefficient based on the Monte Carlo method. Experimental results demonstrate that GT-CAM outperforms other competitive interpretation methods in visualization and quantitative analysis.

Kehidupan Mahasiswa Profesi Barista di Kota Pekanbaru

The city of Pekanbaru is one of the cities with a fairly rapid development of the industrial world, especially in the business industry, one of which is the very rapid development of coffee shops. The coffee shop itself is a place to gather, relax, socialize, and even to hold work meetings, with family, friends, and also colleagues. Usually, coffee shops provide several types of drinks and food, especially in the type of coffee drinks. In every coffee shop, there must be a barista as the maker or blender of the drink, but the barista's job is not only that the barista must also understand the types of coffee and the types of coffee machines. The location of this research was carried out at one of the coffee shops in Pekanbaru, namely Noa Coffee which is located on Jalan Arifin Ahmad No.70, Central Tangkerang, Marpoyan Damai District, Pekanbaru City. The purpose of the study is to find out the lifestyle of barista students in daily life and to find out the social meaning of barista for students. This research uses the Theory of Symbolic Interactionism and this research uses a qualitative method by taking 5 (five) research subjects, and using purposive techniques (intentional) or setting criteria on the subject. The data obtained in this study through primary and secondary data were collected by observation, interviews and documentation. According to the research conducted, it can be concluded that students who work as baristas mostly have the same lifestyle, but there is a slight difference in interpreting the social meaning of barista for students.

Consumer personality, online social interaction, and deep online consumption behavior

It aims to explore the positive relationship between consumer personality and deep online consumption behavior, and discover the mediating and moderating roles of online social interaction. By integrating Big Five personality and social interaction theories, we established a theoretical framework for presenting the relationship. We then developed a structural equation model and used regression analysis method to analyze the data collected from 313 Chinese consumer questionnaires. The results show that though the direct effect of consumer personality on deep online consumption behavior is insignificant on the whole, the extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness of consumers significantly and positively affect online purchase decision and post-purchase consumer engagement. While the neuroticism negatively affects online purchase decision and insignificantly affects post-purchase consumer engagement. Moreover, online social interaction significantly and positively mediates the relationships between the first four personalities and deep online consumption behavior. It also significantly moderates the effect of five personalities on online purchase decision, and strengthens the effect of conscientiousness on post-purchase consumer engagement. The study enriches our understanding of the complexity and heterogeneity of the influence of consumer personalities on online consumption behavior.

Impact of face trustworthiness on approach-avoidance behavior of adolescents with varied social anxiety traits

Approach/avoidance behavior is a basic human behavior pattern. However, more recent studies have demonstrated that this behavior pattern greatly differs among individuals. This heterogeneity has promoted research on exploring the predictive value of individual differences. Based on Person-Context Interaction Theory, the current study focused on the impact of face trustworthiness on adolescents’ approach/avoidance behavior with varied social anxiety traits. Results revealed that the avoidance behavior of highly anxiety individuals was affected by face trustworthiness, while in contrast, individuals with low levels of anxiety were only affected by face trustworthiness in their approach behavior. This indicates that adolescents tend to be more responsive to external influences in behaviors where they have greater proficiency, whereas external factors have a less significant impact on behaviors in which they lack skill. Results were also interpreted in terms of two independent social motivations, which may benefit the development of adolescents’ interpersonal relationships and the solution of extended problems caused by social problems.

Cultural Behavior of Vietnamese High School Teachers in Online Teaching: Current Status and Implications

Although online teaching has become widespread, few studies have specifically examined teachers' cultural behavior within this context in Vietnam. To investigate teachers' cultural behavior, this article draws on theories of social behavior, interaction, media richness, and models of online communication. A quantitative survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted with 321 teachers and 602 high school students from multiple schools across three provinces/cities representing Vietnam's three regions (Hanoi in the North, Nghe An in the Central region, and Ho Chi Minh City in the South). The survey results indicate that some teachers still lack communication skills and exhibit inappropriate behaviors in the online environment. There are notable differences between teacher and student evaluations, and factors such as gender and teaching experience are found to influence teacher behavior. Based on these findings, the paper proposes strategies to enhance communication skills and cultural behavior in online teaching.

The turbulent cascade of inertia-gravity waves in rotating shallow water

In this work we study features of inertia-gravity wave turbulence in the rotating shallow water equations. On examining the dynamics of waves with varying rotation rates, we find that the turbulent cascade of waves is strongest at low rotation rates, forming a $k^{-2}$ energy spectrum, and a rich distribution of shocks in physical space. At high rotation rates, the forward cascade of waves weakens along with a steeper energy spectra and vanishing of shocks in physical space. The wave cascade is seen to be scale-local, resulting in a noticeable time interval for energy to get transferred from domain scale to dissipative scale. Furthermore, we find that the vortical flow has a non-negligible effect on the wave cascade, especially at high rotation rates. The vortical flow assists in the forward cascade of waves and shock formation at high rotation rates, while the waves by themselves in the absence of the vortical flow lack a forward cascade and shock formation at such high rotation rates. On investigating the physical space structures in the vortical flow and their connections to the wave cascade, we find that strain-dominant regions, that are located around the boundaries of coherent vortices, are the physical space regions that contribute majorly to the forward cascade of waves. Our results in general highlight intriguing features of dispersive inertia-gravity wave turbulence that are qualitatively similar to those seen in three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence and are beyond the predictions of asymptotic resonant wave interaction theory.

A universal scaling for the length scales of shock-induced separation

Experiments of transitional shock wave–boundary layer interactions (SBLIs) over 6 $^\circ$ and 10 $^\circ$ compression ramps were performed at Mach number 1.65. The unit Reynolds number was varied by a factor of two between 5.6 million per metre and 11 million per metre. Schlieren flow visualization was performed, and mean flow measurements were made using Pitot probes. Free interaction theory was verified from pressure measurements for all operating conditions. A new non-dimensional parameter was developed for scaling the strength of the imposed shock, which was based on the pressure required to separate a boundary layer. The validity of this new scaling was supported by the reconciliation of large discrepancies in a diverse collection of experimental results on the length scales of transitional interactions. This non-dimensional scaling was also applied to turbulent interactions, where different models were used to determine the pressure required to separate a turbulent boundary layer. Finally, a direct comparison between transitional and turbulent SBLIs was made, which revealed new insights into the evolution of length scales based on the state of the boundary layer.

Nature of metal-support interaction for metal catalysts on oxide supports.

The metal-support interaction is one of the most important pillars in heterogeneous catalysis, but developing a fundamental theory has been challenging because of the intricate interfaces. Based on experimental ‎data, interpretable machine learning, theoretical derivation, and first-principles simulations, we established a ‎general theory of metal-oxide interactions grounded in ‎metal-metal and metal-oxygen interactions. The theory applies to metal nanoparticles and atoms on oxide supports and oxide films on metal supports. We found that for late-transition metal catalysts, metal-metal interactions dominated the oxide support effects and suboxide encapsulation over metal nanoparticles. A principle of strong metal-metal interactions for encapsulation occurrence is formulated and substantiated by extensive ‎experiments including 10 metals and 16 ‎oxides. The valuable insights revealed on (strong) metal-support interaction advance the interfacial design of supported metal catalysts.

Customer Relationship Practices through Processes Automation and Customer Satisfaction. Service Industry Experience

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to establish the effect of Customer Relationship Management practices through Process Automation and customer satisfaction at Koitaleel Samoei University College. Specifically, this study was anchored on the CRM practices through processes automation and how they influence customer satisfaction. The study was based on symbolic interaction theory which insisted on the codependence of individuals and ideologies and how customer satisfaction depends on the CRM practices. Customer relationship management theory, an accepted philosophy that is concerned with identifying, satisfying, retaining, partnering and maximizing the value of customers by effectively managing the relationship between parties. Methodology: Descriptive design was used in this study. Data was collected by use of questionnaires and interview schedule. Data was presented by use of charts and tables. The target population was 150 individuals within KSUC. Strata of fifty (50) individuals was sampled compromising of suppliers, management and staff. The tools of data collection helped in ensuring the validity and reliability of the data that was collected. Ethical standards were considered where seeking permission before data collection from individuals was sought and the respondent’s privacy was granted. Findings: The study found out that CRM is a critical component in customer satisfaction and therefore can be highly applied. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended provision of platforms for customers to leave reviews or even complaints and suggestions from their experience, Enhancement of Communication Channels and Implementation of clear and accessible communication channels for stakeholders to interact with the procurement department.

From Attraction to Retention: How Vlogger Attributes, Vlog News Content Quality, and Platform Features Affect Continuance Intention of Vlog News

In the digital media era, video blogs (vlogs) have become a crucial news platform, gaining attention for their personalized and interactive features. However, research has yet to fully explore the factors influencing sustained audience engagement with vlog news. Grounded in Media-system Dependency (MSD) Theory and Parasocial Interaction (PSI) Theory, this study examines key drivers of continuous user engagement, including vlogger attributes, content quality, and platform technicalities. A survey of 553 users, analyzed with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), reveals significant effects of vlogger attractiveness and expertise, content’s entertainment and information quality, and the platform’s interactivity and fluency on PSI and ongoing viewing intentions. Additionally, the emotional bond between users and vlog news moderates the PSI and sustained viewing relationship. These findings enrich the media consumption framework and offer practical insights. Notably, the role of algorithmic content curation, enhancing media dependency and PSI through personalized content recommendations, is acknowledged.

How do goal orientations and motivational climate interact to affect short-term performance and self-confidence in sport? A test of the matching hypothesis across three studies

Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) is an interactionist theory that predicts that motivation is determined by the interaction of dispositional goals and the motivational climate. The ‘matching hypothesis’ predicts that that motivation is optimal when there is congruency between dispositional goal orientation (DGO) and motivational climate (MC). The matching hypothesis is tacitly accepted as an important element in goal setting interventions by many practitioners, but few studies have tested the short-term motivational effects of matching on sport tasks. This issue was addressed by examining the interaction between DGO and MC on objective measures of performance of 138 advanced athletes (Experiment 1) and 139 recreational athletes (Experiment 2) on a 400 m run, and on 154 recreational athletes’ ability to shoot basketball free-throws (Experiment 3). Moderated hierarchical regression revealed that the ego MC improved performance of more advanced athletes by 2 seconds, irrespective of their DGO (Experiment 1) and improved performance of recreational athletes by 2.4 seconds, unless the athletes had both high task and low ego DGO (Experiment 2). The MC had no effect on free-throw performance, but the ego MC significantly reduced confidence (Experiment 3). The facilitatory effect of ego climate on performance was mediated by the value athletes attached to ego goals, such that bigger improvement was seen in athletes who most valued ego goals. The parsimonious interpretation of these data is that aligning MC with DGO does not optimize short-term motivation. However, an ego MC can elicit enhanced performance in short duration tasks that rely on cardiovascular effort.

Being a woman or being a mathematician: Self and external perceptions of female early career researchers in a mathematical cluster of excellence

In Germany, equality between men and women in mathematics, particularly in scientific leadership positions, is far from being achieved. This is despite to different equality measures implemented over the last few decades. Grounded in sociology of knowledge, interaction theory, and field theory, this article analyzes possible causes and mechanisms that maintain gender differences in a mathematical cluster of excellence in which gender equality is formulated as a goal and implemented in various measures. Based on 65 semi-structured interviews, the focus is on the self-perceptions of female early career researchers as mathematicians, as well as the (gendered) attributions they have to deal with by (male and female) scientists in leadership positions against the background of the specific culture in a mathematical cluster of excellence. We highlight the tensions that female early career researchers identify in being regarded as women when they want to be perceived and recognized first as mathematicians. We shed light on how this tension is connected to the discipline and (re)produced by scientists in leadership positions in their patterns of interpretation about equality (measures).

General theory of cavity-mediated interactions between low-energy matter excitations.

The manipulation of low-energy matter properties such as superconductivity, ferromagnetism, and ferroelectricity via cavity quantum electrodynamics engineering has been suggested as a way to enhance these many-body collective phenomena. In this work, we investigate the effective interactions between low-energy matter excitations induced by the off-resonant coupling with cavity electromagnetic modes. We extend a previous work by going beyond the dipole approximation accounting for the full polarization and magnetization densities of matter. We further include the often neglected diamagnetic interaction and, for the cavity, we consider general linear absorbing media with possibly non-local and non-reciprocal response. We demonstrate that, even in this general scenario, the effective cavity-induced interactions between the matter degrees of freedom are of electrostatic and magnetostatic nature. This confirms the necessity of a multimode description for cavity engineering of matter systems where the low-energy assumption holds. Our findings provide a theoretical framework for studying the influence of general optical environments on extended low-energy matter excitations.

The nexus between multilingualism and criminality in West Africa through the lens of symbolic interactionism theory

This study examines the relationship between multilingualism and criminality through the lens of symbolic interactionism theory. A qualitative approach was adopted, utilizing an ethnographic research design to explore the intricate connections between communication symbolism and deviant behavior within the Ghanaian cultural context. The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with three (3) categories of participants: ten (10) deviant individuals, including criminals from Ankaful Prison and community members, eight (8) community members, and four (4) law enforcement officers. A purposive sampling method was employed to ensure participants possessed relevant expertise and firsthand knowledge of communication symbolism in deviant subcultures. The findings indicate that communication through multilingualism serves as an effective symbol of group identity and connection. Furthermore, the complex dynamics surrounding the stigmatization and labeling of language symbolism significantly impact the self-esteem of deviant individuals and their interactions with law enforcement. To effectively identify and understand such communication symbolism within deviant and criminal subcultures, this study suggests that policymakers establish a collaborative task force comprising law enforcement officers, community leaders, and cultural experts.

Navigating uncertainty and negotiating trust in judicial deliberations.

Autonomy and independence are key features of legal decision-making. Yet, decision-making in court is fundamentally interactional and collective, both during the information gathering phase of hearings, and in evaluations during deliberations. Depending on legal system and type of court, deliberations can include different constellations of lay judges, jurors, or judge panels. In this article, we explore the collective dynamic of knowledge acquisition in legal decision-making, by analysing their emotional undercurrents. We show how judges balance uncertainty and certainty in legal deliberation, elaborating on (1) trust; (2) uncertainty exchange, and; (3) certainty as an agile emotion. Theoretically, the article combines an emotive-cognitive judicial framework, which understands emotion and reason as intersecting and continuous, with social interactionist theory. The analysis builds on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in Sweden, including shadowing and interviews with judges as well as observations during court proceedings and deliberations. The article actualizes the joint accomplishment of legal independence, and contributes with a nuanced account of how the decision-making process unfolds in legal deliberations.

The impact of multiplex relationships on households’ informal farmland transfer in rural China: A network perspective

Over the last three decades, farmland transfers in rural China have significantly increased. Despite this rise, informal farmland transfers within social networks continue to be common in many villages, underscoring the need for a more nuanced understanding of their determinants. Existing literature extensively explores the influence of social networks on farmland transfers, it often overlooks the distinction between formal and informal transactions and primarily focuses on binary relationships. Limited data availability and constraints in econometric methodology have impeded quantitative estimation of the impact of farmers’ interactions on informal farmland transfers at the local levels. To address this issue, we developed a framework that integrates embeddedness theory and social interaction theory to uncover the mechanism between multiplex relationship and informal farmland transfers from a network perspective. Using survey data collected from all 341 households in a village in central China, we constructed both relationship networks and informal farmland transfer network among peasant households. We then employed the logistic regression quadratic assignment procedure (LRQAP) to quantify the impact of multiplex relationships and network structures on informal farmland transfers. The results reveal a significant positive correlation between multiplex relationships and informal farmland transfer behaviors among peasant households. Specifically, households are more likely to engage in informal farmland transfer through relationships characterized by emotional connections and reciprocal exchanges, rather than through relationships based on cooperative support. Furthermore, our findings indicate that multiplex relationships influence informal farmland transfer behaviors through network structure effects, such as reciprocity and preferential attachment, rather than through transitivity. These results highlight the importance of leveraging multiplex relationships to facilitate and regulate informal farmland transfers amid rural decline and land use change.

Gauge Theory Bootstrap.

We propose the gauge theory bootstrap, a method to compute the pion S matrix that describes the low-energy physics of the strong interaction and other similar gauge theories. The phase shifts of the S0, P1, and S2 waves obtained are in good agreement with experimental results. The only numerical inputs are the quark mass m_{q}, the QCD scale Λ_{QCD}, the pion mass m_{π}, and the pion decay constant f_{π} without any other experimental data. We make use of the form-factor bootstrap recently proposed by Karateev, Kuhn, and Penedones together with a finite energy version of the Shifman-Veinshtein-Zakharov sum rules.