Interaction Of Different Levels Research Articles

Effect of Potassium and Zinc on Soil Properties and Fraction of Potassium and Zinc in Soil

A field experiment was carried out on Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during rabi season of the year 2020-21. The experiment comprising nine treatment combinations consisted of three levels of potassium (0, 20 and 40 kg/ha) and three levels of zinc (0, 2.5 and 5.0 kg/ha). These treatments were evaluated in Randomized Block Design (factorial) with four replications. The soil of the experimental plot was loamy sand in texture, alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, potassium and zinc. Results of the experiment revealed that the available K2O in soil was significantly increased due to application of 40 kg K2O/ha (K2) and was found to be at par with application of 20 kg K2O/ha (K1). All other chemical properties of soil (pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P2O5, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were not differ significantly due to application of different levels of potassium. Levels of zinc also failed to produce its significant effect on chemical properties of soil except available Zn in soil as it was significantly increased with the treatment of Z2 (5.0 kg Zn/ha) than control but was found to be at par with treatment Z1 (2.5 kg Zn/ha). Moreover, no any chemical property of soil differ due to the interaction of different levels of potassium and zinc. The water soluble K and exchangeable K fractions in soil significantly increased with the treatment of K2 (40 kg K2O/ha) otherwise non-exchangeable K, total K and different zinc fractions in soil did not differ significantly by the different levels of potassium. Different potassium fractions and total Zn fraction in soil were found to be non-significant under the different zinc levels but all the zinc fractions in soil (water soluble plus exchangeable Zn, carbonate bound Zn, Fe/Mn oxide bound Zn, organically bound Zn and residual Zn) significantly increased with the treatment of Z2 (5.0 kg Zn/ha) and was remained at par with treatment Z1 (2.5 kg Zn/ha). The interaction between potassium and zinc failed to influence significantly on potassium and zinc factions in soil.

СЕТЕВОЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ШКОЛЫ И УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В РАЗВИТИИ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ПОДРОСТКОВ

The article deals with the network interaction between secondary school and institutions of additional education; it denotes aims, tasks, stages and methods to organize interaction as the key element of social educational activity development. The example of the educational area “secondary school – the country center” located in Zerkalnyi, Leningrad region, as a cluster depicts the influence of network interaction of different levels and variations on the social educational activity of adolescents as educational subjects. It is highlighted that socialization of students by involving into different activities by means of general and vocational programmes as well as parents and tutors active communication can stimulate social educational activity of adolescents in general. The article also shows the indicators of social educational activity, sorted out within the use of project and interactive techniques that allow to define the level of adolescents’ development that can promote the growth of their social, professional and personal qualities aiming to build individual educational routes in case the specific students’ characteristics are taken into account.

НЕВРОЛОГІЧНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ МОВЛЕННЄВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article discloses the main results of the study of topical issues of studying the mechanisms of neurological support of speech activity. It was noted that the understanding of the mechanisms of neurological support of speech activity is based: first, on knowledge of the morpho-functional organization of the organs of the peripheral speech apparatus, departments and structural formations of the brain that provide the motor level of the speech-motor mechanism of speech; secondly, the ability to carry out differential diagnosis, to determine the symptoms and mechanisms of speech and motor disorders in organic lesions of the central nervous system (CNS); thirdly, the ability to determine the peculiarities of disturbances in the formation of the phonetic component of the speech system due to organic pathologies of the central nervous system in various forms of dysarthria; fourthly, knowledge of the principles of the functioning of the higher nervous activity of a person and the peculiarities of the course of pathological processes in organic lesions of the cerebral cortex, which lead to speech disorders; fifth, awareness of the organization scheme of the central nervous system, its role in ensuring the speech act; sixth, on knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis, structure of speech defect in various forms of dysarthria, aphasia, characteristics of differential diagnosis of pathologies, signs of paresis and paralysis, main symptoms of movement disorders; seventh, possessing methods of diagnosing the formation of the speech-motor function, appropriate methods of examination of the sound-speech aspect of speech in people with pathologies and interpretation of the identified symptoms, etc. It has been established that higher mental functions are based on the coordinated work of complex functional systems, and not on separate «centers». It is emphasized that the basis of speech is conditioned reflex activity. It is indicated that the nature of brain maturation as a multi-level hierarchical organized system is manifested in the fact that evolutionarily older structures mature earlier. Thanks to two types of feedback - auditory and kinesthetic, the cerebral cortex participates in ensuring the memorization of the correct pronunciation of certain syllables. The speech process is carried out thanks to the complex coordinated interaction of different levels of the nervous system, respiratory organs, phonation and articulation. It is substantiated that the study of the neurophysiological basis of the functioning of speech systems contributes to the formation of an idea about the mechanisms of generation and perception of speech-language expressions by a person and the pathogenesis of speech disorders in local organic lesions of the cerebral cortex and other pathologies. Keywords: speech activity, neurology, higher nervous activity, speech apparatus, pathology, education, science.

The role of executive authorities and local self-government in the sphere of ensuring the energy efficiency

The purpose of the paper is to determine the role of executive power bodies and local self-government bodies in the field of energy efficiency. Disclosure of the specified problem is possible only in the complex, therefore, the analysis was carried out from the standpoint of regulatory and legal support and the socio-economic plane. To achieve the goal, both special and general scientific research methods were used. The paper analyzes the normative and legal framework regarding the specified issue. The performed analysis allows us to state that Ukraine has a fully formed legislative complex for the implementation of energy-efficient systems. Currently, there is a clear differentiation of the functions and powers of the executive power bodies and local self-government bodies. Central and local bodies of executive power have organizational, corrective and control functions. In particular, the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan is developed and adjusted by the central bodies of executive power, adjustments are made if necessary, and its implementation is monitored. In fact, the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan is the document that defines the key guidelines of the state in the field of energy efficiency. Purposeful activity of the state in this area is conditioned by both the current political and economic situation and the European vector of development. Local self-government bodies play a leading role in the field of energy efficiency. Taking into account the processes of decentralization, it is at the community level that plans and programs in the field of energy efficiency are implemented. It should be noted that acting as the main subject of the implementation of energy-efficient systems, communities receive the largest share of benefits in the socio-economic plane. The implementation of the action plan on energy efficiency is possible only under the conditions of the created system of cooperation and interaction of different levels of power structures.

Bio-inspired multi-level interactive contour detection network

Encoding-decoding convolutional neural network structures have shown powerful performance in contour detection tasks, however, the design of models in the past seems to have little reference to physiological mechanisms, especially biological visual mechanisms. And physiological studies have shown that the visual system is efficient and accurate in the extraction of contour features. Meanwhile, when designing network models, researchers pay more attention to the impact of decoding networks on the performance of the models and pay little attention to the impact of encoding networks on the performance of the models. Therefore, in this paper, inspired by the effective mechanism of the biological vision system for contour detection, we combine it with convolutional neural net and self-attention mechanism to design a multi-level interaction contour detection model. We call it MI-Net. Among them, the multi-level interaction module is designed to simulate the transmission mechanism of visual information across the visual cortex and the feedback mechanism of visual information to realize the multi-level interaction of different levels of the encoding network, and then optimize each visual level to achieve the improvement of the performance of contour detection. The feature integration module is designed by simulating the feature integration function of the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. Multiple feature integration modules are combined into a decoding network to increase the feature integration capability of the decoding network. Experiments on publicly available datasets show that our proposed contour detection network has good performance.

Quantitative characterization of hierarchical multiscale surfaces of micro and nanostructured materials

Hierarchical surfaces have recently attracted a lot of interest, mainly due to their ability to exhibit multifunctionality combining different properties. However, despite the extensive experimental and technological appeal of hierarchical surfaces, a systematic and thorough quantitative characterization of their features is still missing. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap and build a theoretical framework for the classification, identification and quantitative characterization of hierarchical surfaces. The main questions addressed in the paper are the following: given a measured experimental surface how can we detect the presence of hierarchy, identify the different levels comprising it and quantify their characteristics? Special emphasis will be given on the interaction of different levels and the detection of the information flow between them. To this end, we first use a modeling methodology to generate hierarchical surfaces of a wide spectrum of characteristics with controlled features of hierarchy. Then we applied the analysis methods based on Fourier transform, correlation functions and multifractal (MF) spectrum properly designed to this aim. The results of our analysis reveal the importance of the hybrid use of Fourier and correlation analysis in the detection and characterization of different types of surface hierarchy as well as the critical role of MF spectrum and higher moment analysis, in the detection and quantification of the interaction between hierarchy levels.

A comparative analysis of English nuclear stress principles in conversation

AbstractNuclear stress (or sentence stress) as a prosodic feature marks information flow in spoken English, and has received some treatment in the linguistics literature, most notably in pragmatics, but less so in newer phonological paradigms. Current theories in linguistics might shed light on this feature, such as Optimality Theory (OT) and cognitive grammar (CG). This paper compares potential insights and likely predictions of these two approaches for nuclear stress, by examining a recorded conversation of native US English speakers. The descriptive statistics indicate stress pattern distributions as expected, and some stress tokens show particular pragmatic and discourse functions of nuclear stress. The OT framework can better explain the interaction of different levels of prosody, grammar, and information structure, while CG might offer a more holistic explanation of stress, and its sociopragmatic and discourse functions, and may thus be likely more applicable to discourse studies, applied linguistics, and pedagogy. Implications are discussed for a CG theory of prosodic phonology, and for L2 pedagogy.

Effect of Spacing, Nutrition and Their Interaction on Growth and Yield of Nerium (Nerium oleander L.) cv. Pink Single

Background: Commercial cultivation of a crop needs improved agro techniques, such as optimum plant density, application of a required quantity of manures and fertilizers, etc. As such, for nerium cultivation no specific recommendations are available on spacing and nutrition requirements and majority of growers are practicing varied spacing with different nutritional levels. Optimum spacing helps not only in obtaining increased production of better quality but also in the proper utilization of land and other inputs. Excess use of fertilizers may result in wastage of resources apart from damage to plant, soil and environment, whereas, undernutrition leads to low production and poor-quality flowers. The current study aimed to standardize optimum plant spacing and nutrition for commercial production of Nerium. Methods: This field investigation was started in 2018 and carried out up to 2019. The planting materials were planted at the College of Horticulture-Bengaluru with three levels of spacing combined with four levels of nutrition using a factorial randomized complete block design. Result: The effect of spacing, nutrition and interaction studies of Nerium genotype ‘Pink Single’ for various growth and yield parameters showed significant differences for the growth and yield parameters studied. Among the interaction of different levels of spacing and nutrition, yield/hectare was higher (14.43 t) in S2F1 (1.2 m × 1.2 m, 5 kg FYM/plant + 90:180:180 g NPK/plant).

Debussism as a Modernist Phenomenon: statement of the problem, musical approaches

The relevance of the study. Among the many artistic definitions aimed at encompassing and understanding the artistic phenomena of the modernist era, the concept of debussism was perceived rather ambiguously and remained incompletely defined during the lifetime of Claude Debussy and after his death. Moreover, it remains so even today, in the 21st century. Therefore, the problem of scientific adaptation of the mentioned concept and its gradual and deep research assimilation seems urgent and one that requires comprehensive attention and a step-by-step solution.
 The main objectives of the study are to review available scientific and journalistic sources regarding the ways of formation and features of the development of the phenomenon of debussism as an individual and stylistic phenomenon of the modernist era; trace the biographical and historical circumstances that preceded and accompanied the formation of debussism; and activate the concept of debussism in the interests of further terminological use in the field of domestic musicology.
 The research methodology combines historical and comparative methods to trace the moments of emergence and manifestations of debussism's functioning. The method of operationalization of concepts is used in the article to clarify the parameters of the definition of the concept of debussism as well as to formulate its own definition. The system approach ensures the complex interaction of different levels of manifestation of the phenomenon.
 Results and conclusions. Based on the study of scientific sources related to the work of Debussy, the author summarizes his analytical observations regarding the specific content of the concept of debussism. The identification of three levels of manifestation (compositional, social, and epochal) aids in understanding debussism's volumetric and multi-vector nature as a complex modernist phenomenon and a revealing marker of contemporary multidimensional culture. When his compositional features were masterfully integrated into the new artistic material of another author, the idea of following Claude Debussy (at all levels) became the real debussism. That is when Claude Debussy's imitation reaches the level of artistic reception. Otherwise, such an imitation is obviously feeble.
 The proposed periodization of debussism into lifetime and posthumous stages determines the universal division of the cohort of researchers and composers into those who knew C. Debussy personally (or at least lived with him at the same time) and those who were influenced by him already after the artist's death. Such a division allows us not only to emphasize the importance of practical imitation of compositional and technological techniques but also to confirm as a fundamental fact the impact of Debussy's social relationships on modernist musical culture. Furthermore, such a periodization helps to establish, albeit broadly but objectively confirmed, chronological boundaries for debussism.
 Taking into account the main events of the creative biography of the author of "Faun", the complex external and stylistic motivations of the development of his work, and the processes of formation and strengthening of the composer's popularity, as well as based on the presented research, it is arguable that debussism as a specifically modernist phenomenon, appeared on the predominant background of symbolism and impressionism, the combination of features of which in music served as the main impetus for supporters and followers of Debussy. Currently, the article presents its own working definition, which allows us to cover all three levels of detection of debussism: compositional, social, and epochal. Therefore, in the proposed study, debussism is defined as a personal musical and stylistic phenomenon of the modernist era, which is based on the synthesis of general signs of symbolism and impressionism and the individual innovations of Claude Debussy.
 Having reviewed the forms of existence, stages of history, and levels of functioning of the phenomenon of debussism, we can state that it delicately balances between personal and general musical trends of the time, as a result of which it appears as a vivid expression of modernist patterns.

Research on carbon emission reduction and blockchain investment under different dual-channel supply chains.

Based on the consideration that consumers have low-carbon sensitivity and channel preference, a Stackelberg game model dominated by the manufacturer was constructed to study the joint strategies of low-carbon emission reduction and blockchain investment of supply chain members under three models: traditional retailer dual channel, manufacturer's online direct sales dual channel, and third-party e-commerce distribution dual channel. The interaction of different levels of emission reduction and blockchain investment in different dual-channel models was verified through the calculation and simulation analysis of the optimal decision of the supply chain members. The research results showed that the optimal emission reduction of manufacturers and the blockchain investment level of retailers under different dual-channel models are distinguishing, and manufacturers have the highest emission reduction under the dual-channel model of direct online sales; when manufacturers invest the same amount of emission reduction, the traditional retailer dual-channel model can obtain the highest profit. In the process of emission reduction decision-making, there are technology investors and beneficiaries, and the investment level is affected by the dual benefit effect of low-carbon emission reduction and trust and the combined effect of cost input. And the profit of the dual channel of third-party e-commerce distribution is the lowest; the ratio of technology gain to cost investment in the supply chain determines the initiative of low-carbon investment. Meanwhile, there are specific blockchain investment thresholds in different dual-channel modes, and the increase of the threshold value will improve the emission reduction. Besides, emission reduction investment is driven by the manufacturer's profit, and the more the manufacturer's channel accounts for, the higher the emission reduction tends to be. And further from the perspective of profit and emission reduction, it provides a reference for the channel selection and joint emission reduction strategies of the supply chain.

Is One-Way Multi-Station Feasible? Influence of Value and Cost on Travel Intention of Urban Agglomeration in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area

Regional tourism with urban agglomeration as the spatial carrier has become one of the flow characteristics of many tourists. Tourists visiting multiple cities at one time will certainly gain more value than visiting one city, but they will also pay more costs, thus affecting their emotions and willingness to travel. But the mechanism and theoretical boundaries have not been clarified. Based on the cognitive–affective–behavioral attitude model and the customer-delivered-value model, this paper takes the tourism destination tourists of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration as samples to explore the influence mechanism of tourists’ perceived functional value, social value and knowledge value on positive emotion and travel intention, and to test the moderating mediating effect of monetary cost, energy cost and psychological cost on positive emotion. Social value and knowledge value positively affect travel intention. Functional value, knowledge value and social value positively affect positive emotion, and positive emotion positively affect travel intention. Positive emotion plays a complete mediating role between functional value, social value and travel intention, and plays a partial mediating role between knowledge value and travel intention. Monetary cost, energy cost and psychological cost respectively moderate the mediating effect of positive emotion between functional value and travel intention. Psychological cost moderates the mediating effect of positive emotion between social value and travel intention. Monetary cost and psychological cost respectively moderate the mediating effect of positive emotion between knowledge value and travel intention. Differences in the impact of consumers’ perceived value at different levels on positive emotion and travel intentions. It opens up the differences in the effects of the interaction of different levels of perceived value and different types of perceived cost on positive emotion. From an empirical point of view, it is proved that the tourism boutique line design based on multicity destination combination in China is feasible as a method to promote tourism integration and regional tourism brand building. It also puts forward the management enlightenment of regional tourism integration and regional tourism brand building from the perspectives of enterprises, front-line service personnel, residents and government.

Multimodal deep learning for biomedical data fusion: a review.

Biomedical data are becoming increasingly multimodal and thereby capture the underlying complex relationships among biological processes. Deep learning (DL)-based data fusion strategies are a popular approach for modeling these nonlinear relationships. Therefore, we review the current state-of-the-art of such methods and propose a detailed taxonomy that facilitates more informed choices of fusion strategies for biomedical applications, as well as research on novel methods. By doing so, we find that deep fusion strategies often outperform unimodal and shallow approaches. Additionally, the proposed subcategories of fusion strategies show different advantages and drawbacks. The review of current methods has shown that, especially for intermediate fusion strategies, joint representation learning is the preferred approach as it effectively models the complex interactions of different levels of biological organization. Finally, we note that gradual fusion, based on prior biological knowledge or on search strategies, is a promising future research path. Similarly, utilizing transfer learning might overcome sample size limitations of multimodal data sets. As these data sets become increasingly available, multimodal DL approaches present the opportunity to train holistic models that can learn the complex regulatory dynamics behind health and disease.

Современные социокультурные коммуникации: трансформации в цифровую эпоху

The article deals with the problem of transformation of modern communication processes caused by the formation of a new digital society and its influence on all aspects of social and cultural life. Communication becomes diverse, rhizomatically branched, offering an interweaving of channels and means of communication, a multivariate effectiveness and a change in the actual communicants, communication actors. It is noted that long-term social ties cease to be dominant. A qualitatively new environment, called the media space, lays down a new format of communication. Information is perceived in increasingly shorter blocks. The essence and depth of communicative interaction is flattened. People are increasingly communicating taking into account specific brief cases or events, uniting for their implementation in rapidly disintegrating fragile social formations. Horizontal socio-cultural ties and social stigmergia are being strengthened. There is a playization, which is becoming one of the characteristic features of modern communication. There is a leveling of communications, interactions of different levels and different tasks. The author notes that such changes contribute to the disappearance of hierarchy, multi-level, highly contextual interaction from the space and at the same time strengthen the emotional component of communication. All this creates conditions for qualitative changes in the meanings and methods of social interaction.

НАПРЯМИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ КОМУНІКАТИВНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЛЮДСЬКОГО КАПІТАЛУ В УКРАЇНІ

It was investigated in the article the peculiarities and essence of communicative provision of state regulation of human capital formation in Ukraine. It is noted that the establishment of effective interaction of different levels of government bodies with the public depends on qualitative changes in the model of public administration in Ukraine. The models of public administration (Old Public Management; New Public Management; Good Governance) are analyzed. Recommendations were given on the application of the principles of new public management and good governance to improve the mechanism of interaction between the subjects and objects of state regulation of human capital formation in Ukraine. Designed by mechanism of management of communications between the government, business and society in the context of the implementation of state policy on the formation and development of human capital, the functioning of which provides not only informing the population, but also establishing partnerships or effective feedback, conducting appropriate publicity work, establishing public control on the activity of state and local self-government bodies. It was carried out within the framework of the proposed mechanism for transfer the accents of attention of public administration attention from the operational tasks of using separate elements of marketing to the strategic tasks of forming stable groups of loyal stakeholders through the implementation of a system and tools for marketing partnerships. Disclosed of the role of fixed assets of integrated marketing communications (public relations, direct marketing, public advertising) in achieving the strategic goals of the state regulation of human capital formation. It was emphasized, that addressing the complex problem of human capital formation requires the involvement of all stakeholders in a particular field (health, education and science, culture, environmental security, public services, etc.), therefore, the main scientific task is to develop organizational and legal measures to implement the principles of governance in the practice of government structures in three main areas: the development of public-private partnerships, the development of public service delivery system and the creation of favorable conditions for effective interaction of different levels of public power (central, regional, local).

Using complex network theory for temporal locality in network traffic flows

Monitoring the interaction behaviors of network traffic flows and detecting unwanted Internet applications and anomalous flows have become more challenging, since many applications obfuscate their network flow by using unregistered port numbers or payload encryption. In this paper, the temporal locality complex network model—TLCN is proposed as a way to monitor, analyze and visualize network flows. In TLCN, the TLCN node/edge filtering mechanisms are provided to describe the interactions of different levels of flows, and a method of temporal locality window determination is designed for constructing an effective TLCN structure to flow interactions. Then, the statistical characteristics and dynamic behaviors of the TLCNs are studied to represent the ability of structure representing of TLCN to flow interactions. According to the analysis of TLCN statistical characteristics with different Internet applications, we found that the weak interaction flows prefer to form the small-world TLCN and the strong interaction flows prefer to the scale-free. In the studies of anomaly behaviors of TLCNs, the structure of attacked TLCNs can have a remarkable feature for three attack patterns, and the evolution of TLCNs exhibits a good consistency between TLCN structure and attack process. With the findings of TLCNs, we could develop novel methods for traffic classification and traffic anomaly detection based on flow interaction behaviors.

Impulsivity in early psychosis: A complex link with violent behaviour and a target for intervention

BackgroundViolent behaviour (VB) occurs in first episode of schizophrenia and can have devastating impact both on victims and patients themselves. A better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of VB may pave the way to preventive treatments. Objectives1) To explore the nature of the link between impulsivity and VB in early psychosis (EP) patients; 2) To explore the interactions between impulsivity and substance abuse, insight, and positive symptoms, the main dynamic risk factors of VB described to date. Design and methodsPost hoc analysis of data acquired in the frame of a 36-months EP cohort study. A total of 265 EP patients, aged 18 to 35, treated at TIPP (Treatment and early Intervention in Psychosis Program), at the Department of Psychiatry in Lausanne, Switzerland, were included in the study. Logistic regression analyzes were performed as well as mediation analysis and interaction analysis ResultsOur data suggest that impulsivity is a predictor of VB when analyzed independently and as part of a multi-factorial model. Impulsivity continues to differentiate violent patients from non-violent ones at the end of the program. In addition, the relationship between impulsivity and VB is not mediated by substance abuse. Finally, the effect of impulsivity on the probability of VB is potentiated by the interaction of different levels of insight and positive symptoms. ConclusionsEarly intervention strategies in psychotic disorders should include evaluation of impulsivity considering it is linked to increased risk of VB and may respond to treatment.

Structural uncertainty and policy making for a mega public project in communist China: the case of Three Gorges Dam

As an alternative to the cost and benefit analysis adopted by scholars in neoclassical economics, this paper utilises an evolutionary approach to understand the policy making of the Three Gorges Dam project. We argue that the decision on constructing the Three Gorges project and its implementation are largely the result of the interactions of different levels of public agents and special interest groups who attempt to pursue their self-interest in the policy making process. This paper focuses on three levels of governmental interaction, namely central leadership, provincial officials and local cadres. Under uncertainty, the construction of the world's largest dam is the result of clashes in private interests, bargaining and consensus building among all levels of governments and special interest groups. The policy making process often produces an unintended consequence in which the players do not know in advance. This paper concludes that the outcome of the Three Gorges Dam today could not be known in advance.

A survey of Canadian urologists' opinions and prescribing patterns of testosterone replacement therapy in men on active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer.

Attitudes regarding the safety of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in hypogonadal men with prostate cancer (PCa) have changed over the past few years with the emergence of case studies suggesting a low risk of cancer progression and a better understanding of the interaction of different levels of androgen with prostate cellular metabolism. This new view has the potential to change clinical practice. Active members of the Canadian Urological Association were surveyed about their opinions on the safety of TRT in men with low-risk PCa, as well as their current prescribing habits. Of 57 responding urologists, 86% actively prescribe TRT in men with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS), 93% are involved in the treatment of men with PCa, and 95% offer active surveillance as a management option for low-grade/low-stage disease. Furthermore, 65% stated that they would offer TRT to men with TDS who were on active surveillance for PCa and 63% believed that TRT did not increase the risk of progression of PCa in these men. In terms of treatment methods, 96% believed TRT was safe for men who have undergone radical prostatectomy, while a smaller number felt it was safe for patients who have undergone brachytherapy (86%) or external beam radiation (84%). Despite these figures, only 35% of the surveyed physicians had ever offered TRT for men on active surveillance and only 42% actually had men in their practice who were taking testosterone while on active surveillance. The discrepancy between urologists' beliefs about the safety of TRT and their clinical practice patterns may be due to multiple factors, such as hesitation in recommending treatment in real-life practice, low numbers of eligible patients, absence of screening for testosterone deficiency in patients on active surveillance, and patient preference or fears. Furthermore, the difference in perceived safety in men treated by radical prostatectomy vs. radiation therapy suggests that some urologists are concerned that the radiated gland remaining in-situ may be "reactivated" by TRT. The results from this survey will be used as the basis of developing a national Canadian registry of men with low-grade/stage PCa who are receiving TRT while on active surveillance.

EN

This study was to conducted to evaluate the effects of individual or combined application chemical nitrogen fertilizer , green and animal manure on the various growth attributes such as number of seeds, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, biomass and total grain protein in Single Cross hybrid (S.C 704) in maize. This experiment was conducted in 2014 at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Iran. The study was conducted in split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results of the analysis of variance showed that the difference among grain number per cob among various treatments of cover crop levels at 1% and the effect of different amounts of animal manure at the 5% level were significant, but there was no significant interaction among characters. But for other traits, the results of variance analysis table showed that the interaction of green manure and animal manure on 1000 grain weight at 5% and the nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and biomass at 5%, interaction of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and green manure at 5% and the interaction of different amounts of nitrogen, green manure and animal manure on grain proteins at the level of 1% were significant.

Consumidor fora de estrada: uma análise da cultura de consumo off-road

Cultural meanings construction and sharing through consumption activities has been defined as sub-culture of consumption (SCHOUTEN; MCALEXANDER, 1995). With an approach in off-road culture, I seek to understand how consumption mediates the cultural meaning and categories construction associated with 4wheels vehicles and the role of consumption of this type of vehicle in the creation and maintenance of off-road culture. This approach is motivated by the characteristics of culture off-road, which has the 4wheels vehicles as a totemic object. In conducting this study, I got inspiration in the ethnography, with data collection in three different stages of involvement, using observant participation and informal interviews. Results indicate that cultural meanings and categories emerge from the existence of an object viewed by the group as a totem – 4wheels vehicles. The creation and maintenance of off-road culture is resulted of different levels of interaction around the totem. It is understood, therefore, in the analyzed culture, cultural meanings and categories do not emerge from a simple consumption action, but an interaction of different levels (meanings/categories, actors and forms of consumption) around an object considered as a totem by the group.