Interaction Of Components Research Articles

Claudin and transmembrane receptor protein gene expressions are reversely correlated in peritumoral brain edema.

Peritumoral brain edema (PTBE) has been widely reported with many brain tumors, especially with glioma. Since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for maintaining minimal permeability, any alteration in the interaction of BBB components, specifically in astrocytes and tight junctions (TJ), can result in disrupting the homeostasis of the BBB and making it severely leaky, which subsequently generates edema. This study aimed to evaluate the functional gliovascular unit of the BBB by examining changes in the expression of claudin (CLDN) genes and the expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) membrane channels, additionally to define the correlation between their expressions. The evaluation was conducted using invitro spheroid swelling models and tumor samples from glioma patients with PTBE. The results of the spheroid model showed that the genes TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5, and TRPV1 were upregulated in glioma cells either wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) or the IDH1 R132H mutant, with or without NaCl treatment. Furthermore, TRP genes appeared to adversely correlate with the up regulation of CLDN1, CLDN3, and CLDN5 genes. Besides, the upregulation of TRPC1 and TRPC4 in IDH1mt-R132H glioma cells. On the other hand, the correlation analysis revealed different correlations between different proteins in PTBE. CLDN1 exhibits a slight positive correlation with CLDN3. Similarly, TRPV1 displays a slight positive correlation with TRPC1. In contrast, TRPC4 shows a slight negative correlation with TRPC5. On the other hand, TRPC3 demonstrates a slight positive correlation with TRPC5, while the non-PTBE analysis highlights a moderate positive correlation between CLDN1 and TRPM4 while CLDN3 exhibits a moderate negative correlation with TRPC4. Additionally, CLDN5 demonstrates a slight negative correlation with TRPC4 but a moderate positive correlation with TRPC3. Furthermore, TRPC1 have a slight negative correlation with TRPV1, TRPC3 exhibiting a slight positive correlation with TRPC4, and TRPV1 showing a slight negative correlation with TRPC5. As a conclusion, the current study provided evidence of a slight negative correlation between TRPs and CLDN gene expression in PTBE patients and confirmatory results with some of the genes in cell model of edema.

“Evaluation of surface interaction of plant root extract components on mild steel surface in HCl medium: Electrochemical, and surface characterization approaches”

Mild steel materials are extensively used in various industrial operations in acidic conditions, but it susceptible to corrosion and lose its service life. Decalepis hamiltonii root extract (DHRE) containing several phytochemicals are readily interact on mild steel surface and prevent it from corrosion. The weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that, DHRE inhibited maximum 97.19%, 97.35%, and 96.73%, respectively for corrosion of MS in 1 M HCl. Activation energy in the absence of the inhibitor was found to 80.89 kJ/mol, which increased to 140.55 kJ/mol with 200 ppm of DHRE concentration, indicating a higher energy requirement to undergo corrosion Scanning electron microscopy images of MS surface in presence of DHRE constituents, serving as a safeguard for MS corrosion. Atomic force microscopic images shows the corroded MS surface roughness in presence of DHRE reduced from 1048 nm to 682 nm. The variation of MS surface hydrophilic character was evaluated by contact angle measurements.

Binaural Interaction Component and Behavioral Auditory Processing in the Elderly with Hearing Loss: Preliminary Study

Purpose: The binaural interaction component (BIC) is presumed to reflect binaural hearing abilities, including spatial hearing. This study aims to record BIC amplitudes and examine their relationship with behavioral auditory tests.Methods: Nine elderly adults with hearing loss (eight males and one female) participated in this study. The BIC was derived from the wave V amplitude of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and the N1-P2 amplitude of the auditory late latency response (ALR). Behavioral auditory processing tests, including sentence recognition scores, localization scores, and masking level difference, were obtained and analyzed with respect to electrophysiological BICs.Results: BICs were more reliably identified in ALR compared to ABR. The ALR BIC elicited by a 2,000 Hz tone burst showed a significant correlation with sentence recognition scores in both quiet and noise, as well as localization scores at 2,000 Hz. Other variables also demonstrated significant interrelationships.Conclusion: This study suggests that the ALR BIC elicited by a 2,000 Hz tone burst may be a key physiological component representing spatial hearing abilities in individuals with hearing loss. More robust conclusions can be drawn from future studies with larger sample sizes and more sophisticated designs.

On the role of water in regulating the mechanics of collagen fibers

The mechanical properties of collagen fiber–based materials have garnered considerable attention owing to their application in various hydration environments. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive investigation on the mediatory role of water in the mechanical properties and structure of collagen fibers. Lower hydration levels are conducive to the mechanical strength, particularly the tensile and tear properties, and reduce the softness of collagen fibers as well as the D-period and the lateral spacing between collagen molecules. Atomic force microscopy measurements indicate that lower hydration levels also enhance the roughness, adhesion force and lateral forces between collagen fibers. Theoretical calculations further reveal that the hydration level regulates weaker components of water-mediated interactions, such as electrostatic and van der Waals forces, which dominate the resistance against mechanical shock. Our findings provide valuable insights into the role of water in regulating the mechanical behaviour of collagen fibers, thereby contributing to the development of novel high-performance collagen fiber materials.

Artistic Practices in the Context of the Evolution from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0

This article examines the evolution of artists’ interaction with the audience in the context of media culture, linked to the updates of communication mechanisms on the Internet, from the static Web 1.0 to the interactive Web 3.0. The aim of the article is to show the connections between the changes in authorship models and mechanisms of interaction with the audience in artistic practice and the evolutionary development of web technologies. The transformation of contemporary artistic forms is the result of the active influence of digital technologies and the associated collapse of the existing hierarchy between author, performer and audience. The study discusses the strengthening of the interactive component in artistic practices, parallel to the development of Internet technologies from Web 1.0 to the semantic Web 3.0 and analyzes the overlapping of these processes and their mutual influence in the context of post humanist perspectives. It was found that artistic collaborations through collective authorship are a characteristic model of authorship for this phase of Internet development. It was noted that the evolution from Web 2.0 to Web 3.0 opens new possibilities for the creation of multisensory experiences, thanks to the use of VR (Virtual Reality) and AR (Augmented Reality) technologies, which are actively used by artists in artistic practices and works, for example in operas or concerts. In addition, the active development and integration of artificial intelligence technologies in artistic practices has been identified. By analyzing musical projects of different genres and forms, the transformative influence of web culture on contemporary artistic practices becomes clear. Keywords: artistic practices, music, internet, technologies, interactivity, communicative models’ development

Development and validation of the Environmental Health Literacy Index: a new tool to assess the environmental health literacy among university students.

Environmental health literacy (EHL) is a rather recent concept that applies health literacy skills to environmental issues. Research in this field is still at the beginning, and there is currently no existing tool in the literature designed to comprehensively assess individual general EHL among university students. The aim of our study is to fill this gap through the validation of the Environmental Health Literacy Index (EHLI) in such a target group. We adapted a previously administered survey, originally completed by 4778 university students from various Italian universities. Starting from the original questionnaire, our methodology involved a three-round item selection process, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of the instrument's psychometric properties. The EHLI consists of 13 Likert-type items, covering three primary domains of health literacy: functional (six items), interactive (three items), and critical (four items). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.808 for the global scale, while it stands at 0.888 for the functional, 0.795 for the critical, and 0.471 for the interactive components. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reached a value of 0.643. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant yet slight correlation between EHLI and both functional health literacy score and the extent of pro-environmental behaviors adoption. Our study serves as an important initial step in developing a tool able to evaluate the EHL of university-aged individuals. Further research efforts may improve the questionnaire's validity and completeness, as well as to explore its applicability to different age groups.

Finger-Individuating Exoskeleton System with Non-Contact Leader-Follower Control Strategy.

This paper proposes a novel finger-individuating exoskeleton system with a non-contact leader-follower control strategy that effectively combines motion functionality and individual adaptability. Our solution comprises the following two interactive components: the leader side and the follower side. The leader side processes joint angle information from the healthy hand during motion via a Leap Motion Controller as the system input, providing more flexible and active operations owing to the non-contact manner. Then, as the follower side, the exoskeleton is driven to assist the user's hand for rehabilitation training according to the input. The exoskeleton mechanism is designed as a universal module that can adapt to various digit sizes and weighs only 40 g. Additionally, the current motion of the exoskeleton is fed back to the system in real time, forming a closed loop to ensure control accuracy. Finally, four experiments validate the design effectiveness and motion performance of the proposed exoskeleton system. The experimental results indicate that our prototype can provide an average force of about 16.5 N for the whole hand during flexing, and the success rate reaches 82.03% in grasping tasks. Importantly, the proposed prototype holds promise for improving rehabilitation outcomes, offering diverse options for different stroke stages or application scenarios.

Reliability analysis for 5G industrial network with application and dynamic coupling

The analysis of reliability is vital in ensuring the operation of 5G industrial networks (5GIN). With 5GIN are no longer merely chains of physical components, they consist of different applications that are dynamically deployed on base platform. Such a sharing of infrastructure between applications complicates the fault logic and greatly impacts their operation. Current reliability analysis tends to treat system as static, fail to take applications and dynamic coupling into accounts. This paper proposes a model consisting of network evolution model of 5GIN (NEM5G) and reliability-based sensitivity analysis (SA). NEM5G depicts the interaction of physical components and applications, which provides a description of dynamic coupling within system and its effect on reliability. Furthermore, SA helps identify influential parameters within 5GIN to support reliability optimization. The simulation results show that, our model achieves steady-state reliability aligned with that of the Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) model in a simplified intelligent optical network case. When facing complex steel processing scenario, simulation results illustrate the variation trend of 5GIN reliability, further presents an importance ranking of parameters and analyzes available design strategies.

Retrospective identification of the first cord blood-transplanted severe aplastic anemia in a STAT1-associated chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis family: case report, review of literature and pathophysiologic background.

Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a life-threatening bone marrow failure syndrome whose development can be triggered by environmental, autoimmune, and/or genetic factors. The latter comprises germ line pathogenic variants in genes that bring about habitually predisposing syndromes as well as immune deficiencies that do so only occasionally. One of these disorders is the autosomal dominant form of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), which is defined by germ line STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) pathogenic variants. The resultant overexpression and constitutive activation of STAT1 dysregulate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT) signaling pathway, which normally organizes the development and proper interaction of different components of the immunologic and hematopoietic system. Although SAA is an extremely rare complication in this disorder, it gained a more widespread interest when it became clear that the underlying causative pathomechanism may, in a similar fashion, also be instrumental in at least some of the idiopathic SAA cases. Based on these premises, we present herein what is the historically most likely first cord blood-transplanted SAA case in a CMC family with a documented STAT1 GOF pathogenic variant. In addition, we recapitulate the characteristics of the six CMC SAA cases that have been reported so far and discuss the significance of STAT1 GOF pathogenic variants and other STAT1 signaling derangements in the context of these specific types of bone marrow failure syndromes. Because a constitutively activated STAT1 signaling, be it driven by STAT1 GOF germ line pathogenic variants or any other pathogenic variant-independent events, is apparently important for initiating and maintaining the SAA disease process, we propose to acknowledge that SAA is one of the definite disease manifestations in STAT1-mutated CMC cases. For the same reason, we deem it necessary to also incorporate molecular and functional analyses of STAT1 into the diagnostic work-up of SAA cases.

What does the Thinking about Relationalism and Humanness in African Philosophy imply for Different Modes of Being Present in the Metaverse?

In this article, I interrogate whether the deployment and development of the Metaverse should take into account African values and modes of knowing to foster the uptake of this hyped technology in Africa. Specifically, I draw on the moral norms arising from the components of communal interactions and humanness in Afro-communitarianism to contend that the deployment of the Metaverse and its development ought to reflect core African moral values to foster its uptake in the region. To adequately align the Metaverse with African core values and thus foster its uptake among Africans, significant technological advancement that makes simulating genuine human experiences possible must occur. Additionally, it would be necessary for the developers and deployers to ensure that higher forms of spiritual activities can be had in the Metaverse to foster its uptake in Africa. Finally, I justify why the preceding points do not necessarily imply that the Metaverse will have a higher moral status than reallife on the moral scale that can be grounded in Afro-communitarianism.

Understanding The Effectiveness Of Virtual Reality In Medical Training A Prospective Observation Study.

Background: The medical training procedures need fine skills and brings many practical experiences. They do not have highly engaging and interactive components that are seen in contemporary approaches. Virtual Reality (VR) gives a controlled environment whereby knowledge is comprehended and cemented more conveniently since the learner is afforded a physical environment in which he can practice and make mistakes without consequence. Objectives : This study aimed to understand the effectiveness of using VR training in relation to the improvement in the medical students’ knowledge, practical skills and confidence at BKMC,MMC. Study Design: A Prospective observation study Place and duration of study : 05-July 2022 to 05-Dec 2022 at Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan Methods : out of 100 medical students BKMC received the six-months training through VR from January to 05-July 2022 to 05-Dec 2022. The program comprises of such functional areas as anatomy/surgery and emergencies. The effectiveness of the training was assessed through a quantitative approach; this involved; a pre-training and post-training assessment exam, practical assessment, and group feedback questionnaires. Results : our study finding shows that 100 students whose mean age was 22. 5 years ± 2. 3 years. Knowledge retention was enhanced by 35 percent ( p < 0. 01 ). Another interesting observation was an overall positive reaction in terms of practical competencies enhancement: the difference amounted to 40%, significance level being equal to 0,01. Self-confidence increased and the number of students who claimed to be more ready for realistic situations, increased to 85%. The reaction to the feedback on training and particularly on VR training was positive as people noted that the training was fun and effective. Conclusion: Important conclusions that have been made in the study involve; VR training increases knowledge acquisition and retention, improves on practical aspects, and increases student’s confidence. One of the characteristics of using VR is that learning endeavours are enhanced because of the engagement of multiple senses. It is therefore possible to underline that integration of VR in medical curricula me an effective strategy in obtaining a more appropriate approach to educational process which prepares students for clinical practice. Keywords: Understanding ,Virtual Reality, Training and Simulation, Education

SketchDream: Sketch-based Text-To-3D Generation and Editing

Existing text-based 3D generation methods generate attractive results but lack detailed geometry control. Sketches, known for their conciseness and expressiveness, have contributed to intuitive 3D modeling but are confined to producing texture-less mesh models within predefined categories. Integrating sketch and text simultaneously for 3D generation promises enhanced control over geometry and appearance but faces challenges from 2D-to-3D translation ambiguity and multi-modal condition integration. Moreover, further editing of 3D models in arbitrary views will give users more freedom to customize their models. However, it is difficult to achieve high generation quality, preserve unedited regions, and manage proper interactions between shape components. To solve the above issues, we propose a text-driven 3D content generation and editing method, SketchDream, which supports NeRF generation from given hand-drawn sketches and achieves free-view sketch-based local editing. To tackle the 2D-to-3D ambiguity challenge, we introduce a sketch-based multi-view image generation diffusion model, which leverages depth guidance to establish spatial correspondence. A 3D ControlNet with a 3D attention module is utilized to control multi-view images and ensure their 3D consistency. To support local editing, we further propose a coarse-to-fine editing approach: the coarse phase analyzes component interactions and provides 3D masks to label edited regions, while the fine stage generates realistic results with refined details by local enhancement. Extensive experiments validate that our method generates higher-quality results compared with a combination of 2D ControlNet and image-to-3D generation techniques and achieves detailed control compared with existing diffusion-based 3D editing approaches.

Including patient perspectives in secondary prevention: one step closer to patients needs

Abstract Introduction Including patients in the decisions regarding their health is challenging. Patients’ understanding of their health conditions and lifestyle behaviors are strongly influenced by the interactions between patients and health care providers (1). Putting their needs up-front when you are designing projects for a global approach on Secondary Prevention is even more defiant. Following up to the person-centered care approach, the best way to tailor anything is to focus on the patients’ needs, by including the patient in the choices of the services they can have/need available. Having initiated the partnership, it is also necessary to implement it and safeguard it (2). Purpose To identify the patients’ needs, regarding the Prevention Program, in order to better shape the health care services provision. Methods A qualitative design approach was carried out. A focus group was conducted with patients enrolled in the Cardiovascular Risk Prevention Program (N=8), that have participated in more than two components of the program. The aim of this focus group was to obtain feedback from patients in order to improve and develop the services included in the Secondary Prevention Program. Content analysis was performed, results were assessed with dedicated software. Results There were tree specific topics that were evidenced: communication/access; education; time. Regarding the communication/access, patients mostly outlined the need for a close-up partnership, in order for them to have faster and easier communication channel with the health care professionals team. In the education topic, patients identified the need for increasing the number of educational sessions and repeating some contents, in order to have more discussion moments. The need for increase of the interactive component of certain sessions was also outlined. Patients also identified time as an issue, considering that the sessions are during lunch time, the multidisciplinary consultations take longer than the pre-established timings, and they’re only one day per week. Conclusion(s) The obtained results were used for Program improvement, by creating new communication and educational opportunities. They also served as fuelers for safeguarding this partnerships, as patients were involved in the update and further development of the Program, that they were and are still benefiting from. Patient involvement in the development of healthcare services is a great step towards improvement of health systems performance globally.

Management and Operator Control System based on Microservice Architecture and Application on the HIPr Accelerator

The paper describes the basic principles of developing a distributed control system (DCS) and a GARNET operator control system based on a microservice architecture as part of a high-availability cluster. The application of the operator’s control system as a DCS component is described. The main elements of software components of operator control and DCS are presented and described. The process of conveyor assembly and publication of software tools into a working product environment, which implements the principle of continuous integration, is described. The mechanism of interaction of key components among themselves is presented. The mechanism for hosting management services using the Docker containerization system and Kubernetes container orchestration is demonstrated. Examples of services for interaction with users in the environment of the GARNET operator control system being developed, separation of users by roles and access rights, integration of the data visualization service using Grafana are shown. The vector of further development of DCS and operator control tools is described, in particular, the possibility of using the practice of developing user web interfaces using the micro frontend approach. The components and results of the operation of a prototype system designed to interact with the measurement infrastructure of the linear heavy ion accelerator HIPR are presented.

Surface Enrichment and Depletion of Components in a Ternary Drug-Surfactant-Polymer Amorphous Solid Dispersion.

Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) can be used to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. An ASD is often a ternary system containing a drug, a surfactant, and a polymer. Recent work on binary ASDs has observed significant differences between surface and bulk compositions, with impacts on wettability and stability. Here we investigate a ternary ASD composed of the antifungal posaconazole, the surfactant Span 80, and a dispersion polymer (PVP or PVP/VA). The surfactant loading was fixed at the typical level of 5 wt %, and the drug/polymer ratio was varied. We observed strong surface enrichment of the surfactant and simultaneous depletion of the drug. This effect is already pronounced in the binary drug-surfactant system and is enhanced by the addition of the polymers. Between the two polymers, the more hydrophilic PVP causes a stronger enhancement of the surface enrichment effect. These results demonstrate the impact of component interactions on the surface composition of ASDs and the performance.

Molecular-atomic scale insights into polymer-asphalt interactions induced by the oxidation of reactive oxygen species via computational simulation and multifield microscopy characterization

The objective of this study is to investigate the intermolecular interactions between polymers and asphalt components due to the oxidation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Quantum chemistry (QC) and molecular dynamics (MD) were employed to simulate the molecular properties and intermolecular interactions between SBS and asphalt components during ROS aging. Multifield optical microscopy was utilized to analyze the microstructural characteristics and validate intermolecular interactions of SBS and asphalt components during ROS aging. The results show that asphaltenes have the most uneven electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution, followed by resins and aromatics, while saturates exhibit the most uniform ESP distribution. ROS aging leads to a more uneven ESP distribution and a higher polarity for HiMA molecules, especially for asphaltenes and resins with increased formation of polar functional groups. SBS and saturates exhibit small energy gaps and electronic softness, indicating good resistance to ROS oxidation, whereas asphaltenes and resins are prone to free radical oxidation reactions with ROS. The potential ROS oxidation site of asphaltenes and resins are mainly distributed in benzene ring regions and heteroatoms, while that of SBS are primarily located at the polybutadiene chains. The interactions between SBS and asphalt components are primarily driven by van der Waals forces. However, the hydrogen bonding appears after ROS aging, enhancing the intermolecular interactions. The interaction energies of SBS-asphaltenes and SBS-resins are significantly enhanced, and the intermolecular distances are shortened as ROS aging progresses. Multifield microscopy observation reveals that the development of bee structures in polymer regions is significantly faster than that in asphalt regions, indicating a significantly enhanced adsorption of asphaltenes by polymers after ROS aging. This is attributed to the uneven charge distribution, increased polarity, and enhanced reactivity of asphaltenes and SBS due to ROS aging. This study contributes to a molecular-atomic-level understanding of the intermolecular interactions between polymers and asphalt components during ROS aging.

Estimation of environment stability for fruit yield and capsaicin content by using two models in Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Ghost Pepper) with multi-year evaluation.

Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Ghost Pepper) is well-known for its high pungency and pleasant aroma. The recent years witnessed a significant decline in popularity of this important crop due to the use of inferior planting material and lack of elite lines. To maintain constant performance across a variety of settings, it is crucial to choose stable lines with high yield and capsaicin content, as these are the most promising traits of Ghost Pepper. In this study, 120 high-capsaicin genotypes were subjected to a 3-year (kharif 2017, 2018 and 2019) stability investigation utilizing two well-known stability methods: Eberhart-Russell (ER) and additive main effects and multiple interaction (AMMI). Three replications were used following Randomized Complete Block Design for 11 traits. The experiment soil was sandy loam with pH 4.9. Minimum and maximum temperature of 18.5 °C, 17.5 °C, 17.4 °C and 32.2 °C, 31.3 °C, 32.7 °C and rainfall of 1,781, 2,099, 1,972 mm respectively was recorded for the study period. The genotype-environment linear interaction (G×E Lin.) was highly significant for days to 50% flowering, capsaicin content, fruit length and girth, fruit yield per plant and number of fruits per plant at p < 0.005. G×E interaction for fruit yield and capsaicin content in AMMI-analysis of variance reported 67.07% and 71.51% contribution by IPCA-1 (interactive principal component axis) and 32.76% and 28.49% by IPCA-2, respectively. Eight genotypes were identified to be stable with high yield and capsaicin content. The identified stable lines can be opted for cultivation to reduce the impact of crop failure when grown in different macro-environments. Moreover, the pharmaceutical and spice sectors will also be benefitted from the lines with high capsaicin content. Further research assessing the lines' performance across various regions of India can provide a solid foundation for the crop's evaluation at national level.

Non-invasive VOCs detection to monitor the gut microbiota metabolism in-vitro

This work implemented a non-invasive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) monitoring approach to study how food components are metabolised by the gut microbiota in-vitro. The fermentability of a model food matrix rich in dietary fibre (oat bran), and a pure prebiotic (inulin), added to a minimal gut medium was compared by looking at global changes in the volatilome. The substrates were incubated with a stabilised human faecal inoculum over a 24-h period, and VOCs were monitored without interfering with biological processes. The fermentation was performed in nitrogen-filled vials, with controlled temperature, and tracked by automated headspace-solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. To understand the molecular patterns over time, we applied a multivariate longitudinal statistical framework: repeated measurements—ANOVA simultaneous component analysis. The methodology was able to discriminate the studied groups by looking at VOCs temporal profiles. The volatilome showed a time-dependency that was more distinct after 12 h. Short to medium-chain fatty acids showed increased peak intensities, mainly for oat bran and for inulin, but with different kinetics. At the same time, alcohols, aldehydes, and esters showed distinct trends with discriminatory power. The proposed approach can be applied to study the intertwined pathways of gut microbiota food components interaction in-vitro.

HOW HUMAN THINKING IS INFLUENCED BY THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE

This paper aims to prove a deep connection between language and thought and confirm that language is a powerful tool that humans possess. It is not just a collection of words, but rather a medium of communication that has far-reaching impacts. Effective communication heavily relies on language, which serves as a vital tool for communicating with others. Although it may not determine our thought patterns, language is universally recognized as an essential component of human interaction. With over 7,000 languages spoken worldwide, each one boasts a unique vocabulary, sound, and structure. Humans possess an incredible ability to convey complex ideas and thoughts through language. Language can also impact our perception of time and color. Different languages have varying words to describe colors, with some having only a few, such as dark and light. This article explores these various aspects of language. The connection between language and thought is intricate and multi-dimensional. Language is an essential aspect of human interaction, and its structure is linked to brain processes and external factors in nature. This article intends to discuss the varying meanings of language expressions and their significance.

Separation of 2-ethoxyethanol from wastewater by four esters: Correlation of LLE thermodynamic modeling, influence of molecular structure, and investigation of component interactions

To prevent the wastewater containing 2-ethoxyethanol (2EE) from causing environmental pollution and economic waste, liquid–liquid extraction was used to recover 2-ethoxyethanol from wastewater in this study. The liquid–liquid equilibrium behavior of water + 2-ethoxyethanol + four solvents (propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, and isobutyl acetate) was investigated at 303.2 K and atmospheric pressure. The distribution coefficient (D) and separation factor (S) were used to compare and discuss the extraction efficiency of each system. The results indicated that all esters could effectively separate 2-ethoxyethanol from water. Among them, isobutyl acetate exhibited the highest values for D and S, demonstrating its superior separation capability. The experimental data were correlated with the thermodynamic model and interaction parameters were obtained. These parameters were verified using the GUI-MATLAB tool, and all four systems passed validation, confirming the reliability of the obtained binary interaction parameters. Furthermore, the root mean square deviation (RMSD) was used to assess the deviation between the experimental and regression values. The RMSD values for the NRTL and UNIQUAC models were 0.008 and 0.007, respectively. The interactions between 2-ethoxyethanol and water or esters were explored using σ-Profile, and it was found that esters with a branched chain structure provided better extraction. To explain the properties of the extractants microscopically, the interaction energies between 2-ethoxyethanol molecules and water or ester molecules, as well as the non-bonding energies of 2-ethoxyethanol in different media, were calculated.