Interaction Effects Research Articles

Do transformational leaders reduce the barriers women face in accessing managerial positions? The moderating role of leaders’ gender

Abstract Despite recent advancements in promoting women to managerial roles, women face several barriers that diminish their chances of attaining managerial positions. These barriers include obstacles related to work-life balance, biased HR practices, difficulties accessing influential networks, being subjected to excessive scrutiny, and the need to demonstrate their contributions more than men. Additionally, a male-oriented organizational culture further exacerbates these barriers. However, transformational leadership could reduce gender barriers. Moreover, leader-member gender congruity can further alleviate these perceived obstacles. Female supervisors are better positioned to assess female employees’ performance, empathize with their needs, offer invaluable support, and advocate for gender-equitable HR practices. This study delves into the direct impact of transformational leadership and leader-member gender congruity and their interactive effects on the perceived promotion barriers. The sample consists of 579 women from three Spanish financial organizations with different positions at work, ranging from executive managers to bank officers. A path analysis model was tested with Mplus, linking perceived barriers to women’s promotion with transformational leadership. Transformational leadership perceptions diminish women’s perceptions of organizational culture-related barriers hindering women’s promotion. Leader-member gender congruity reduces their perceptions of barriers related to unequal performance appraisal and unfair HR practices. Furthermore, there was an unexpected interaction effect: perceived transformational leadership reduces women employees’ perceptions regarding barriers to managerial positions when they have male supervisors. However, this effect was not observed when supervisors were female. Thus, the impact of women transformational leaders on reducing the barriers to women’s promotion is not dependent on their transformational perceived behaviors. These outcomes highlight the role of perceived transformational leadership in mitigating women’s promotion difficulties and emphasize the relevance of female supervision in reducing women’s perceptions of barriers to management promotion.

Does gaze direction influence cycling effort?

Cycling effort can be influenced by the speed of the optic flow to which individuals are exposed. The present study tested whether gazing toward proximal (e.g., the road in front) versus distal areas (e.g., the horizon ahead) would influence cycling effort. We expected that gazing toward proximal areas would generate a feeling of "momentum" and thereby increase efforts. Twenty-eight cyclists completed two 20-minute trials on their bicycle in a VR environment, aiming to outperform the power output they exerted during a baseline trial. Their gaze direction was guided through a virtual frame, either aimed at the road immediately in front of the cyclist (proximal) or at the horizon (distal), in counterbalanced order. A repeated measures ANCOVA, with baseline power as a covariate, showed no significant difference in exerted effort between the proximal and distal conditions, and no significant interaction effect between condition and baseline power. This finding is not in accordance with previous research, in which occlusions of proximal and distal areas of the visual field did influence cycling efforts. Taken together, the results suggest the importance of peripheral vision in speed perception, which may influence cycling effort.

Effects of SAFE Early Intervention Approach in the First Months of Life in Infants at Risk: A Randomized Controlled Study.

This study aimed to examine the effects of the SAFE early intervention approach (Sensory strategies, Activity-based motor training, Family collaboration, and Environmental Enrichment), developed for at-risk infants, on motor, cognitive, language development, and sensory processing skills in the first 3 months of life. Twenty-six infants with a corrected age of 42 weeks were included in the study, and the infants were randomly distributed to the treatment and control groups. The SAFE early intervention approach was applied to 14 infants in the treatment group, and the Neurodevelopmental Treatment-based home programme was applied to 12 infants in the control group. All infants included in the study were evaluated at the corrected 42nd week before the intervention and at the corrected 12th week after the intervention by an evaluator blinded to the treatment. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (Bayley-III) to evaluate cognitive and motor development; Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) to evaluate neuromotor development; Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile 2 (ITSP 2) to assess sensory processing t was used. The Infant/Toddler HOME Inventory was used to evaluate the home environment. The interaction effects (time × group) revealed significant advantages for the SAFE early intervention group, evidenced by higher scores in the Bayley-III motor composite, TIMP elicited and HOME total assessments (p < 0.05). However, the interaction effects (time × group) showed no differences between the groups in the Bayley-III cognitive and language composite scores, as well as the TIMP observed and TIMP total scores (p > 0.05). The main effect for time was significant in all parameters (p < 0.05). Similarly, the main impact for groups was substantial in all evaluation parameters except the Bayley-III language composite score and TIMP observed score (p < 0.05). The interaction effects (time × group) demonstrated significant differences in favour of the SAFE early intervention group for the general processing score, auditory processing score, tactile processing score and total score of the ITSP 2 (p < 0.05). The SAFE early intervention approach enhanced motor and sensory outcomes and provided a more enriched home environment than the NDT-based home programme. It was concluded that neurodevelopmental improvement will be achieved with the SAFE early intervention approach in the early period in at-risk infants. NCT06361134.

Effects of loneliness and social isolation on sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults: The mediating role of depressive symptoms and cognitive function.

Effects of loneliness and social isolation on sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults: The mediating role of depressive symptoms and cognitive function.

More active, more nature-connected? The carry-over effect of physical activity in pro-environmental behavior.

More active, more nature-connected? The carry-over effect of physical activity in pro-environmental behavior.

Genetic ancestry influences gene-environment interactions with sociocultural factors: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Genetic ancestry influences gene-environment interactions with sociocultural factors: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Relationships between elementary teachers' enjoyment and students' engagement across content areas and among student groups.

We explored associations among teachers' self-reported enjoyment for teaching mathematics, science, and English language arts and their students' self-reported behavioral engagement in each content area, and how these associations varied depending on student sex and socioeconomic status. Participants included 33 fourth-grade teachers and 443 students from 14 schools in the Southwestern United States. Multiple regression models with cluster robust standard errors was used. Models regressed students' content-area engagement on teachers' content-area enjoyment, controlling for students' initial engagement in that content area and other relevant covariates. Teachers' English language arts and mathematics enjoyment were each positively associated with students' engagement in each content area, and an interaction effect was detected in mathematics whereby lower socioeconomic status students with low-mathematics-enjoyment teachers reported lower mathematics engagement. Findings extend recent research highlighting teachers' emotions, and more specifically positive emotions, as factors that can be leveraged to support student learning, as well as provide more nuanced information about the contexts and student groups for whom these processes may be most relevant. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The effect of nonlinear spin-orbit interaction on decay and recovery of 2D injected electrons spin polarization and velocity quantum oscillations

The effect of nonlinear spin-orbit interaction on decay and recovery of 2D injected electrons spin polarization and velocity quantum oscillations

The effects of non-covalent interaction between rice glutelin and gum arabic on digestibility and stability of perilla oil emulsion.

The effects of non-covalent interaction between rice glutelin and gum arabic on digestibility and stability of perilla oil emulsion.

Numerical Analysis of Fluid‒solid Interactions in a 3D Piezoelectric Micropump Featuring a Passive Check Valve

Piezoelectric micropumps have attracted considerable research attention due to their low production cost, compact size, and controllable output performance. However, the fluid-structure interaction mechanisms in passive check valve-based piezoelectric micropumps remain insufficiently understood, leading to gaps in the current understanding of how their flow characteristics influence overall performance. This study addresses these gaps by establishing a flow model for a typical cantilever valve piezoelectric micropump, considering the effects of fluid-structure interaction. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the flow field, pressure distribution within the pump chamber, and the dynamic behavior of the check valve during operation. The simulations revealed that the mechanical inertia of the valve causes its opening to lag behind the fluid pressure wave propagation, leading to a phase difference between the piezoelectric actuator and the valve. This delay results in transient backflow during the valve's state transition, which negatively impacts the micropump's overall performance by reducing efficiency. Furthermore, the influences of valve dimensions, pump chamber size, piezoelectric actuator size, as well as external driving voltage and frequency on the pump's operational characteristics were systematically analyzed and optimized. Following the optimization process, the micropump's output flow rate increased to 34.02 mL/min, representing a 54.54% improvement over its initial design, demonstrating the substantial performance gains achieved through structural refinement.

Effect of soil-structure interaction on seismic behavior of self-centering rocking piers supported on shallow foundations

Effect of soil-structure interaction on seismic behavior of self-centering rocking piers supported on shallow foundations

Effects of a 24-week dual-task training on postural control complexity during standing and walking in older adults: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial.

Effects of a 24-week dual-task training on postural control complexity during standing and walking in older adults: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial.

Effect of individual preferences on 20-yard sprint performance in novice athletes: A quasi-experimental study

This study sought to investigate the effect of individual preferences on 20-yard sprint performance in novice athletes. Initially, 94 physically and mentally healthy female physical education students were randomly selected from the same university and age range. From this sample, 24 participants were randomly assigned to three groups of eight. In each group, the examiner determined the type of attentional instruction for the skill execution. The three groups were (1) no-focus/non-preference condition, (2) proximal-external focus/non-preference condition, and (3) distal-external focus/non-preference condition. Subsequently, the remaining 70 participants performed a 30-yard sprint under three attentional conditions (proximal-external, distal-external, and no-focus) as a trial run. Experiments were performed in the context of a 20-yard sprint task. Participants were instructed to have either a proximal-external focus (cones placed 5 yards apart) or a distal-external focus (the 20-yard finish line). Participants in the preference groups were asked to choose their preferred focus of attention, while in the non-preference groups, the experimenter assigned the attentional focus. The preference group demonstrated mean records of 4.04 (SD=0.06) seconds, 4.0 (SD=0.10) seconds, and 3.92 (SD=0.11) seconds, respectively. Under the same conditions, the non-preference group achieved mean times of 4.06 (SD=1.05) seconds, 4.03 (SD=0.09) seconds, and 3.92 (SD=0.09) seconds. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) on 20-yard sprint performance revealed a significant main effect for the type of attentional instruction (P=0.223, F=4.15). However, no significant main effect was found for preference type (P=0.250, F=1.33). Furthermore, the two factors had no significant interaction effect (P=0.879, F=1.29). A significant difference was found between the mean 20-yard sprint records under no-focus and distal-external focus (P=0.022). Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the mean 20-yard sprint times under distal-external and proximal-external focus conditions (P=0.175). These findings prove that distance's effect on attentional focus is a global phenomenon and does not depend on individual preferences.

Flame interaction effects on the flame structure of twin parallel rectangular fires

Flame interaction effects on the flame structure of twin parallel rectangular fires

Influence of consortium culture and mixed culture on carbon steel corrosion in B30 storage system.

Influence of consortium culture and mixed culture on carbon steel corrosion in B30 storage system.

Glucose intake reduces alcohol craving and amplifies habituation to cue-induced brain activation in male patients with alcohol use disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study examining male and female patients with AUD.

Glucose intake reduces alcohol craving and amplifies habituation to cue-induced brain activation in male patients with alcohol use disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study examining male and female patients with AUD.

Optimal design and performance evaluation of a tuned inertial damper considering soil-structure interaction effects

Optimal design and performance evaluation of a tuned inertial damper considering soil-structure interaction effects

Comparative toxicity analysis of benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 on HepG2 cells using transcriptomics and metabolomics.

Comparative toxicity analysis of benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 on HepG2 cells using transcriptomics and metabolomics.

Guanidinoacetic acid in laying hen diets with varying dietary energy: Productivity, antioxidant status, yolk fatty acid profile, hepatic lipid metabolism, and gut health.

Guanidinoacetic acid in laying hen diets with varying dietary energy: Productivity, antioxidant status, yolk fatty acid profile, hepatic lipid metabolism, and gut health.

Non-traditional socio-environmental and geospatial determinants of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia mortality.

Non-traditional socio-environmental and geospatial determinants of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia mortality.