Interethnic Cooperation Research Articles

Social Capital in a Diverse Malaysia: Enhancing Bonding, Bridging, and Linking for Greater Social Cohesion

This article explores the role of social capital in fostering social cohesion within Malaysia's multicultural society, focusing on three key dimensions: bonding, bridging, and linking social capital. The study aims to understand how these forms contribute to community resilience, inclusive development, and national unity. Using a qualitative approach, the research incorporates a literature review, case studies, and empirical evidence. Bonding social capital is examined through its role in strengthening intra-group ties, preserving cultural identity, and providing social support. Bridging social capital is assessed in terms of its potential to encourage inter-ethnic cooperation, while linking social capital is analysed for its capacity to connect marginalized groups to institutional resources, thus promoting social mobility. The findings highlight the importance of nurturing all three types of social capital to address socio-economic disparities and historical divisions. The article also identifies barriers to effective social capital development, including entrenched ethnic divisions and economic inequality. In conclusion, the study advocates for targeted policy interventions to enhance social capital, ultimately fostering greater social cohesion and equity in Malaysia.

European standards for the organization and implementation of scientific research and their legal support in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the definition of European standards for the organization and implementation of scientific research and the legal basis for their implementation in Ukraine in the aspect of Ukraine’s integration into the European Research Area. Among the basic principles of the organization and functioning of the European Research Area (USR): openness and interaction between scientists, research, scientific institutions; a unified system of regulations and standards for scientific research; career development as an opportunity to improve working conditions for researchers, to ensure their socio-economic support; interethnic cooperation. The basic principles of open science as the storage, management and exchange of research data must comply with FAIR guidelines: accessibility, interaction, reusability. The legal basis for ensuring these principles are determined by the laws of Ukraine «On Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activities» and «On Cloud Services,» as well as a number of by-laws, which are mainly conceptual in nature. It is emphasized that in the context of the ongoing war, it is extremely difficult to implement in full the mechanisms for ensuring European standards in the field of scientific research, especially in terms of career development as an opportunity to improve working conditions for researchers. In the aspect of introducing and maintaining a unified system of regulations and standards for scientific research throughout Europe, it is important to ensure the coordinated actions of all authorized and interested entities in the scientific, educational spheres and their close connection with the production sector. In this connection, it is necessary to create conditions for the emergence of demand for innovative technologies. Compliance with the organization and implementation of scientific research also requires a modern management system in the field of science, capable of developing domestic and foreign (international, including European) legal policy in the distant and near future, to carry out systemic and predictive influence on the development of science in its interdisciplinary and intersectoral diversity, and relevant social relations.

Repression and Alliance Formation: A Gender(ed) Approach to Interethnic Cooperation During Conflict

ABSTRACT This article explores alliance behaviour among female insurgents. I argue that interethnic cooperation among women affiliated with different ethnic armed groups is affected by whether women share a commitment to gender egalitarianism and the level of repression they face from their male co-ethnics. Building on previous research, I create a typology of women’s alliance behaviour that explains variation in the level of cooperation and the type of alliance women form. I disaggregate gender egalitarianism along three dimensions – shared victimhood, promotion of gender equality and linkages to civil society – to show how women overcome mistrust to create social bonds. Using the case of the Karen Women’s Organisation (KWO), I demonstrate that even in the face of repression, once these bonds are created, they are unlikely to break down. This study adds to research highlighting the role of repression in driving wartime alliances.

PRACTICAL STATE OF FORMING A CULTURE OF INTERETHNIC COOPERATION AMONG STUDENTS

This article explores the practical state of forming a culture of interethnic cooperation among students. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study identifies the factors influencing interethnic relationships and proposes strategies for enhancing cultural competence and mutual respect. The findings emphasize the importance of structured educational interventions in fostering an inclusive environment that encourages interethnic cooperation.

FORMATION OF FUTURE TEACHERS’ READINESS FORACADEMIC MOBILITY

This paper demonstrates the results of the research work on the formation of future teachers’ readiness for academic mobility. Academic mobility has gained recognition as one of the useful strategies for raising the caliber of human capital in recent years. The pace of scientific and educational interchange between countries is accelerating due to the growth of globalization. This increases the competitiveness of national education systems and fosters the growth and reinforcement of interethnic cooperation in this field. The main aim of this study is to find the ways of forming future teachers’ readiness for academic mobility. Generalization, comparative analysis and experiment were used as research methods in the study.The findings of the research demonstrate that having project experience, practicing self-education, taking part in professional activities, beingmotivated, having knowledge and good communication skills can be prerequisites to be prepared for academic mobility.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЕ, КОНТЕКСТУАЛЬНЫЕ И ЦЕННОСТНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭТНИЧЕСКИХ СМИ В СИСТЕМЕ МЕДИА ЮГА РОССИИ

The article summarizes and categorizes various theoretical and methodological approaches to the concept of ethnic media, as well as analyses their place and role in the system of Russian media and that of the South of Russia in particular. The research reveals such contextual peculiarities of ethnic media as bilingualism, focusing on a specific ethnic community and meeting its needs, as well as creating and maintaining ethnic identity. Among other concepts, the predominant are traditional values, interethnic collaboration and preserving historical memory and culture. The principal values spread by the ethnic media of the South of Russia are interethnic cooperation, language preservation, as well as maintenance of cultural achievements and people’s identity.

The Dynamics of Multi-Ethnic Communities and Farmer Mentality In Building Food Security In East Kolaka

This research explores the cooperation of multiethnic communities and the formation of a farmer mentality in East Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, in building food security. The purpose of this study is to understand how the interaction between diverse ethnic groups in East Kolaka society affects the way farmers manage agricultural resources and shape their mentality regarding agriculture so as to realize food security. The cultural interaction among multi-ethnic communities serves as a collective strength in East Kolaka District to address food scarcity and to build a food security system, which has not been optimally examined and elucidated in previous studies. Using qualitative approach, data was collected using in-depth interview and observation. This study was conducted in East Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The total number of informants is fourteen, including rice farmers, community leaders, members of farmer groups, agricultural extension workers, and village and sub-district government officials. The study shows that various ethnic groups have unique agricultural practices, traditional techniques, and different local knowledge. The interaction between these groups has resulted in an exchange of knowledge and experience, which in turn affects the mentality of farmers positively in the face of environmental and social changes, and can build their food security and even surplus. These findings have important implications in efforts to improve food security and agricultural sustainability in East Kolaka, as well as encourage inter-ethnic cooperation in the context of agriculture. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities of multi-ethnic societies and how interactions between these groups can shape peasant mentalities. The findings of this study can be an input for policymakers in designing more inclusive and sustainable strategies in agricultural resource management in similar regions.

‘I became an Uzbek’: Jewish-Uzbek encounters in World War Two evacuation

ABSTRACT Examinations of WWII-era Jewish evacuation to Central Asia traditionally focus either on the elite or the common people, subsequently concluding that the locale either fostered interethnic harmony (usually among the intelligentsia) or bred antisemitism (usually among the common people). In this article, however, I argue that both social strata witnessed and participated in these phenomena, using the lens of Uzbek-Jewish relations to evaluate the reality of interethnic encounters in evacuation. Indeed, Ashkenazi Jewish evacuees’ oral history testimonies demonstrate their multifaceted interactions with Uzbeks, in addition to their acquisition of substantial knowledge about their new neighbours, sometimes used to mitigate instances of popular antisemitism. Similarly, periodicals and archival sources’ coverage of the evacuated Ashkenazi Jewish intelligentsia shows not only high-level cultural cooperation and similar knowledge acquisition, but also its use of jointly produced cultural products to combat antisemitic stereotypes. As both antisemitism and interethnic cooperation featured in the first en masse encounter of these two largely unfamiliar ethnic groups, I suggest using it to test the on-the-ground success of the Soviet state’s ideology of the ‘friendship of the peoples’, which specifically prescribed interethnic friendship and the exchange of information about national culture.

The Participation of the Kaili Indigenous People and the Bugis Ethnicity in Preserving the Kupatan Ritual of the Java Ethnicity

This research aims to understand the process of the Kupatan ritual by the Java ethnicity and the participation forms of the Kaili indigenous people and Bugis ethnicity in the Kupatan ritual in Bahagia Village. This research uses an ethnographic analysis. Ethnographic analysis is an approach that begins with field facts, analyzes them based on cultural theories and relevant arguments to explore the cultural situation of the community, and ultimately yields a conclusion. The results show that the participation of the Kaili indigenous people and the Bugis ethnicity in the preservation of the Kupatan ritual by the Java ethnicity in Bahagia Village demonstrates impressive cultural collaboration, manifested through various processes from the opening, sermon and joint prayer, handshaking, to ngambeng or communal eating. This participation, which occurs in voluntary, spontaneous, and habitual forms, marks deep social and cultural integration among the three ethnic groups. Therefore, it is recommended that the Department of Education and Culture of Sigi Regency enhance support for documenting and promoting the Kupatan ritual as a cultural heritage that enriches local diversity. The residents of Bahagia Village are advised to continue maintaining and expanding participation in the Kupatan ritual, as part of an inclusive cultural preservation effort. The Java ethnicity, Kaili indigenous people, and Bugis ethnicity are encouraged to continue fostering inter-ethnic cooperation and dialogue in celebrating the Kupatan ritual by organizing joint activities to enhance understanding and appreciation of each other’s cultures. It will strengthen inter-ethnic collaboration and harmony and ensure the sustainability of the Kupatan ritual as a symbol of unity and diversity in Bahagia Village.

Identifikasi Faktor-faktor Kerukunan dalam Masyarakat Multietnis

The development of ethnic diversity in Indonesia poses challenges in social interactions. This study aims to identify the factors influencing inter-ethnic harmony in the Jalan Gajah Mada area, Denpasar. Using a qualitative approach, data were obtained through observations and interviews. The results show that intense inter-ethnic interactions support cultural acculturation, reduce conflicts, and enhance harmony. Factors such as tolerance, cultural exchange, and economic harmonization play crucial roles in creating a harmonious environment. In conclusion, understanding these factors is important for maintaining progress and harmony in multi-ethnic areas like Jalan Gajah Mada, Denpasar, and can be applied in other regions facing similar conflicts. The research findings indicate two factors in each dimension, with the general cooperation factor being the most dominant at 49.176%, followed by non-religious tolerance at 42.351%, freedom of religion at 41.858%, support for inter-ethnic humanitarianism at 26.290%, inter-ethnic cooperation at 20.838%, and finally inter-religious tolerance at 20.107%.

The Social Contract in Situations of Conflict and Fragility in Northeastern Part of East Wallaga

This review focuses on the importance of the social contract in addressing conflict and fragility in East Wallaga, Ethiopia. In situations of conflict and fragility, the social contract is often weakened or broken, leading to a breakdown in trust and legitimacy between citizens and the state. This review utilized a qualitative approach. Data was collected through key informant interviews and focus group discussions with individuals such as teachers, local health workers, and community leaders who were selected for their knowledge, access, and credibility. In addition Rapid Response Assessment was conducted on a monthly basis to gather real-time data on displacement and the host community. The study finds challenges, it is crucial to understand the specific dynamics of the region, including ethnic tensions and lack of basic public services and infrastructure. The study recommends implementing a social contract can promote inter-ethnic cooperation and reconciliation, provide a framework for the provision of public goods and services, and encourage democratic participation and accountability. Engagement of a range of actors in the peacebuilding process and addressing underlying causes of conflict are necessary for the success of the social contract

The social learning and development of intra- and inter-ethnic sharing norms in the Congo Basin: A registered report protocol.

Compared to other species, the extent of human cooperation is unparalleled. Such cooperation is coordinated between community members via social norms. Developmental research has demonstrated that very young children are sensitive to social norms, and that social norms are internalized by middle childhood. Most research on social norm acquisition has focused on norms that modulated intra-group cooperation. Yet around the world, multi-ethnic communities also cooperate, and this cooperation is often shaped by distinct inter-group social norms. In the present study, we will investigate whether inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic social norm acquisition follows the same, or distinct, developmental trajectories. Specifically, we will work with BaYaka foragers and Bandongo fisher-farmers who inhabit multi-ethnic villages in the Republic of the Congo. In these villages, inter-ethnic cooperation is regulated by sharing norms. Through interviews with adult participants, we will provide the first descriptive account of the timing and mechanism by which BaYaka and Bandongo learn to share with out-group members. Children (5-17 years) and adults (17+ years) will also participate in a modified Dictator Game to investigate the developmental trajectories of children's intra- and inter-ethnic sharing choices. Based on our ethnographic knowledge of the participating communities, we predict that children's intra-ethnic sharing choices in the Dictator Game will match those of adults at an earlier age than their inter-ethnic sharing choices. We will analyze our data using logistic Bayesian modelling.

Joining the Spring Revolution or Charting Their Own Path?

This article examines Myanmar ethnic minorities’ diverse responses to the 2021 military coup. The coup prompted widespread mobilization for a national alliance that aims to replace the junta with a federal democracy. For minority actors this resistance could offer a unique opportunity to advance their demands for political autonomy, yet their responses diverged. Some joined the alliance; others declined, or accepted junta offers. Based on original interviews, this analysis unpacks the positions of ethnic rebels, civil society organizations, and parties. It suggests rebels’ strategies were influenced by their relations with civil society and military strength. Most ethnic parties avoided resistance, as they feared junta retaliation and distrusted the ousted National League for Democracy. Ethnic civil society organizations played a key coordinating role during alliance formation, enabled by its campaign experience and networks. The article’s insights into interethnic cooperation and minorities’ varied situations can benefit international actors seeking resolutions of Myanmar’s post-coup conflict.

Mistaking noise for bias: Victimhood and Hutu–Tutsi reconciliation in East Africa

Mistaking noise for bias: Victimhood and Hutu–Tutsi reconciliation in East Africa

ДОПРИНОС ЦЕНТРА ЗА СОЦИОЛОШКА ИСТРАЖИВАЊА ФИЛОЗОФСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У НИШУ РАЗВОЈУ НАУКЕ, ОБРАЗОВАЊА, МЕЂУНАРОДНЕ И МЕЂУУНИВЕРЗИТЕТСКЕ САРАДЊЕ

The paper presents the institutional development of the Center for Sociological Research from its establishment until today and an overview of implemented scientific research projects, national and international scientific conferences and round tables, that have contributed to the development of science, education, international and interuniversity cooperation in Serbia and the Balkan, which is part of the scientific research and cultural missions of the Center for Sociological Research. The paper is based on the analysis of archival and bibliographic material, which testifies to the extremely rich and multidisciplinary scientific production and the engagement of researchers in recognizing, perceiving and studying current social problems. Considering the achieved results, the Center is internationally recognizable as the initiator and backbone not only of research activities that contribute to the development of science and education, but also social engagement to achieve international and interethnic cooperation in the spirit of peace culture. In accordance with its recognizable contribution in the field of scientific research, educational and socio-cultural activities, the Center for Sociological Research has highly affirmed itself in the scientific, educational and cultural public of Serbia and the region.

Efforts Towards Creating a National Brand in Kosovo (2008-2021)

Abstract States in the context of foreign policy apply specific strategies that relate with strengthening their international position, especially in relation to the promotion of attributes and values that make changing the perceptions of citizens of other states, and consequently of decision makers. Small states find it difficult to impose on the large international system knowing that their power and potential is little measurable. Kosovo since its proclamation as a state, is facing this dilemma, as crises, political instability and the inability to conclude the problem of recognition have cost it in external perception as a country with unsolvable political problems, while from within as the place where opportunities for work and well-being are seen as difficult to achieve, while interethnic cooperation remains dependent on the fate of the Brussels Talks or reconciliation and forgiveness, which are also linked to political talks. The need to affirm the truth of Kosovo, found it without concrete strategies, while the application of some marketing on foreign television, was not followed by any concrete plan. Kosovo had launched a campaign entitled “Young Europeans”, while only a few years later, 200,000 young people left the country, producing paradigmatic upheavals, in “young European immigrants”. Applying a series of methods, such as content analysis, statistics and interviews, the paper concludes that Kosovo has not had a national strategy for creating a national brand, while there are some sporadic efforts, which are not accompanied by concrete strategies, while political instability did not allow the functioning of foreign policy and consequently increased impatience of the citizens towards the institutions which was reflected in the efforts for their mass departure from the country.

Introduction: A New Angle on Midwestern History

IntroductionA New Angle on Midwestern History Jon K. Lauck In a 1966 interview, Bob Dylan said "I'm not a New Yorker. I'm North Dakota-Minnesota-Midwestern. I'm that color. I speak that way. I'm from someplace called the Iron Range. My brains and feeling have come from there." Dylan was the son of Abe and Beatrice Zimmerman, both products of Jewish immigrant families. The Zimmermans lived up on Minnesota's northern mining range in the town of Hibbing, where Abe sold appliances with his brother. Beatrice, known as "Beatty," recalled having served latkes to all her Christian neighbors on Hanukah and embraced her identity "as an American … who went to school and enjoyed every one of my Christian friends." She sent young Bob off to college at the University of Minnesota, where he found his purpose as a musician.1 The story of the Jews of Minnesota's Iron Range, including the Zimmermans, is told in this issue by Marilyn Chiat, who is an architectural historian and codirector of the Houses of Worship Project at the University of Minnesota. Our cover features the B'nai Abraham Museum and Cultural Center, formerly B'nai Abraham Synagogue, in Virginia, Minnesota, which is discussed in Chiat's article. Chiat's treatment of Iron Range Jews is part of a special symposium in this issue of Middle West Review focused on the history of midwestern Jewry. We seek to expand the scope of the story of ethnic immigration to the Midwest with this issue and seek to add to what we already know from prominent books about the immigration of Norwegians, Germans, and Poles to the region.2 Erin Faigin of the University of Wisconsin explains how Jewish immigrants to Chicago built a world of reading and debating and a lively community discourse. More specifically, they gathered in places like Ceshinsky's Bookstore in Humboldt Park and read venerable Yiddish works and translations of American classics such as Uncle Tom's Cabin. They explored their new place in the world by reading books published at Ceshinsky's such as Antologie Mitvest-Mayrev, a collection of writings about Detroit, Milwaukee, Chicago, and points west. They contributed, therefore, [End Page xi] to a midwestern regionalism that blossomed during the 1930s and did so from an interior point of view, not one from New York, whose gaze tends to dominate the historiography. As Jessica Kirzane of the University of Chicago explains, Jewish writers brought a fresh set of eyes to happenings in the Midwest. They could see the Midwest differently, as their shock at the famed Chicago stockyards makes clear. Their viewpoint, Kirzane argues, "offers a striking example of what is to be gained by studying Yiddish engagements with the American Midwest." Another important engagement took place in Cleveland, where, as Sean Martin explains, Jewish civic leaders built a monument to interethnic cooperation in the form of the Cleveland Cultural Gardens. Martin, a curator of Jewish history at the Western Reserve Historical Society in Cleveland, connects this effort to the theory of American pluralism devised by Horace Kallen, who developed his idea while living in and experiencing the ethnic diversity of Wisconsin.3 Martin sees the Gardens as a successful "enactment of the theory of cultural pluralism." Although much social and cultural cooperation and ethnic blending can be found on the Iron Range and in Chicago and Cleveland, evidence of the ancient problem of anti-Semitism can also be found. Carey McWilliams, for example, the long-time editor of The Nation, famously characterized Minneapolis as the "capital of anti-Semitism in the United States." In her contribution to our symposium, Laura Weber, most recently the editor of the journal Minnesota History, seeks to demythologize and contextualize McWilliams's claim. Weber explains Hubert Humphrey's efforts to combat anti-Semitism as mayor of Minneapolis, highlights Twin Citiesbased Jewish leaders' responses to McWilliams's article, and suggests a nuanced reading of McWilliams's later conclusion that anti-Semitism in Minneapolis was "not precisely duplicated elsewhere in the Midwest." The claims of McWilliams, the consideration of the evidence by Weber, and the comparative work of the other scholars assembled in this issue suggest even more...

Antropološki prilog razumevanju položaja porodica nestalih Srba na Kosovu i Metohiji

This paper approaches the topic of missing Serbs in Kosovo and Metohia by the application of the anthropological theoretical framework on waiting, which treats this waiting process as socially and politically constructed. Furthermore, it considers the role of the families of missing persons in memory praxis related to this humanitarian problem. By outlining the relevance of understanding the position of families of missing persons, it was shown that their personal stories contribute to the formation of a collective narrative, which is important to the wider community of displaced Serbs from Kosovo and Metohia. Additionally, it was concluded that the ability of this humanitarian problem to contribute to the conflict resolution, depends not only on the investigation of missing people, but also on a wider recognition of victims and the protection of their family members and organizations formed by them, which carry on the duties of establishing interethnic cooperation. The misuse of this humanitarian problem, as outlined by their families, is shown as a serious impediment to mending interethnic relations. The paper tries to give a closer look at the voices and silences of families of missing persons by showing how their waiting for investigation and information regarding the disappearances is politically structured, and at the same time charged with the promise of social change.

SCIENTIFIC AND PRA TIFIC AND PRACTICAL IMPOR TICAL IMPORTANCE OF CREA ANCE OF CREATING A CONCISE DIC CONCISE DICTIONARY OF AGIOTERMINES

Abstract. It is an important task for lexicographers to convey the beauty of our national culture through words to the world's book lovers, as well as to create convenience for translators. The words to be given in dictionaries should not only be translated into another language, but should be described in accordance with international lexicographic standards, the word translated into another language should not lose its ethnographic features and be understandable to foreigners. In such cases, it is useful to study the experience of European lexicographers. The translation of terms into the language of translation in the translation of agiomatics, the solution of cases of linguistic and lingvoculturological barriers arising in the process of translation is proved by means of examples taken from the works. System-semantic taxonomic methods have been developed in modern languages, taking into account the definition of agiographic lexicon in dictionaries. When analyzing the national and cultural features of agiographic terms in French and Uzbek, it was found that they are the main dominant component, ie agiographic terms, religious terms. In agiomatics agiographic terms are grouped, ie theonyms, miphonyms, chronyms, myphozonyms. It is not necessary to go the way of giving a literal translation when creating a bilingual dictionary of religious terms or agiographic terms. This is because translating terms related to a particular field into a second language requires an in-depth analysis of its origins, sources, meanings, and accompanying combinations. Dictionaries are required to be in a language that is understandable not only to experts in a particular field but also to the general public. To do this, it is necessary to interpret words that are difficult to understand, in a short and concise way. Given the complexity of the pronunciation of words in foreign languages, giving their transcriptions is also one of the most basic principles. Introduction. As a result of globalization, the emergence of hybrid cultures, the partial transformation of national traditions, the strengthening of interethnic cooperation, various terms and assimilations enter our language. This, in turn, further expands the need for translation dictionaries. In this regard, the opinion of the French lexicographer Alan Ray that modern civilization is a lexical civilization is completely justified. Research methods. Methods of comparative analysis, contextual, axiological, exegetic, artistic analysis and encyclopedic analysis were used to cover the research theme. Results and discussions. It is well known that the fact that dictionaries play an important role in a particular folk culture does not require comment. They reflect the knowledge acquired by society in a particular period. Dictionaries are of great importance in performing a specific social function, including informing the reader, the user about a particular event or situation, conveying it to representatives of other languages, helping to improve and regulate the language, its vocabulary content. Conclusion. The approaches, methods and data used are taken from scientific and artistic sources, comparative-historical, comparative-typological methods, principles of hermeneutics and methods of comparative analysis, conclusions and recommendations are put into practice, the results are confirmed by the competent authorities.

CERTAIN LEGAL ASPECTS OF PRACTICAL COMPETENCIES’ FORMATION FOR APPLICANTS OF LEGAL EDUCATION

One of the Ukraine’s priorities is to create effective mechanisms for improvement of training system in the legal sphere. Successful solutions of these problems, as well as ongoing reforms in all areas related to the training of highly qualified legal personnel in the country, the formation of civil society and implementation of the rule of law in the domestic legal system, require further improvement and raising legal education to a new level, compliance with international standards. It should be noted that a number of important steps have been taken in Ukraine to improve legal education, but this issue is currently urgent and is being discussed not only by the academic community, but also by representatives of the legal professions and communities. Ukraine’s European integration intentions and the prospect of its membership in the European Union have set a double challenge for the domestic legal education system. On the one hand, the internationalization of the economy and the formation of a common market for services have added to the problems of higher education such an aspect as the need to provide quality legal education that would meet the needs of the labor market. On the other hand, the formation of specialists with sustainable practical skills by improving the mechanisms of academic mobility based on interethnic cooperation, innovative teaching methods, continuing the development of clinical education, forming a mechanism for non-formal education in the educational process, forming and improving internship programs, expanding practice-oriented courses and the role of the applicant’s independent work as a basis for the formation of future lawyers able to act quickly in changing living conditions. Acquisition of practical skills can be divided into several groups: 1. Acquisition of practical skills in classes through the use of innovative teaching methods. 2. Formation of practical skills at the objects of internship (court, prosecutor’s office, advocacy, legal departments of enterprises, organizations, institutions, agricultural holdings). 3. Informal legal education, when the applicant independently develops their professional and practical skills through individual courses, internships, webinars, training in summer and winter law schools. The need to improve the paradigm of legal education is to move away from educational programs focused on content to educational programs focused on program learning outcomes, which will relate to the formation of general and professional competencies, the main purpose of which is the ability to effectively and responsibly solve legal problems, form professional skills for legal education applicants, lifelong learning skills, analytical skills, etc. Modern legal education should be action-oriented, i.e. it does not establish what should be studied, but establishes what competencies a person should have after graduation.