Intensity Output Research Articles

The Tunnel Ventilation System in MATLAB in Cooperation with TuSim

The paper deals with an influence of the ventilation system to the tunnel tube parts according to the traffic intensity. Simulations have been made by the PLC based tunnel simulator TuSim and the tools MATLAB and Simulink. The connection between MATLAB and TuSim has been made by free OPC server. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate dependence between base tunnel inputs like traffic intensity, lighting, atmospheric condition, air and car velocity and output pollutions. The obtained model is used to predict the output pollution values to the future.

Radiometric calibration of tempospatially modulated polarization interference imaging spectrometer.

The tempospatially modulated polarization interference imaging spectrometer (TSMPIIS) nominated by the Ministry of Scence and Technology, takes part in the "Eleventh Five-Year National Science and Technology Exhibition." In order to improve the detecting precision of the TSMPIIS, its radiometric calibration scheme is proposed on the basis of the solar simulator, integrating sphere, monochromator, and spectroradiometer. Under the conditions of changing the exposure time and radiant brightness, the CCD linear responses for the TSMPIIS were first tested to validate the reliability of the radiometric calibration performed with a linear response model, and the linear errors were less than 0.15% and 1.15%, respectively. A novel method is put forward to calibrate the nonuniformity of CCD pixels, and the least squares method can commendably correct the uneven effect in the spatial direction. Besides, the absolute radiometric calibration establishes a corresponding relation between the dimensionless intensity output from the TSMPIIS and the target radiant brightness. The study lays the foundation for the engineering application of the TSMPIIS, such as remote sensing detection, and has an important significance for the development of our instrument and equipment technology with independent intellectual property rights.

Full-Range Detection in Cascaded Microring Sensors Using Thermooptical Tuning

We present detailed analysis and experimental demonstration of full-range detection in cascaded microring sensors by using thermooptical tuning. A cascaded microring sensor translates spectrum shifts into intensity changes eliminating the need for expensive spectral analysis equipment for sensing applications. Without tuning capability, this configuration provides high sensitivity, but a small detection range since the intensity output decays toward zero for low overlap between spectra of individual microrings. We overcome this limitation by using thermooptic tuning in one of the microrings for extending the detection range to span an entire free spectral range of the probing microring. Additionally, we analyze the impact of resonance linewidths and differences in free spectral ranges (FSRs) of microrings on the widths of output intensity peaks. With full FSR thermooptical tuning, we demonstrate a total detection range of 0.0241 refractive index units (RIU) and a limit of detection of 4.6 × 10 $^{-5}$ RIU for microrings with 100-μm radii. Photodetector-based signal readout combined with CMOS compatible manufacturability makes this device design attractive as a silicon-based optical sensing platform.

Evaluation of the Effect of Protective Sleeve on Output Intensity of Light Emitting Diode Light Cure Units

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in the output intensity of Light Emitting Diode (LED) light cure (LC) devices with and without a protective sleeve and its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: The output intensity of 152 LC units in dental offices across the state of Odisha were examined. The collection of related information included an average number of exposures per day and the charging status. LED Radiometer (SDI Ltd, VIC, AUS) was used for measuring output intensity. Results: Out of all the 152 LC devices examined, 137 were found to emit light intensity above minimum baseline values when used with a protective sleeve. The decrease in output intensity, when used with a protective sleeve was statistically significant (p<0.05). 78 LC devices with direct current supply, maintained better intensity than battery operated ones. 74 battery operated LC devices showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in intensity output based on the number of exposures/day. Devices that were being charged daily maintained significantly (p<0.05) better intensity output than those being charged once or twice a week. Conclusion: LED Light cure devices can be safely used along with a protective sleeve to improve cross infection control without affecting its output intensity. Battery operated LED devices must be charged at least 3 times/ week to prevent a significant decrease in output intensity

Atom–light superposition oscillation and Ramsey-like atom–light interferometer

Coherent wave splitting is crucial in interferometers. Normally, the waves after this splitting are of the same type. But recent progress in interaction between atom and light has led to the coherent conversion of photon to atomic excitation. This makes it possible to split an incoming light wave into a coherent superposition state of atom and light and paves the way for an interferometer made of different types of waves. Here we report on a Rabi-like coherent-superposition oscillation observed between atom and light and a coherent mixing of light wave with excited atomic spin wave in a Raman process. We construct a new kind of hybrid interferometer based on the atom-light coherent superposition state. Interference fringes are observed in both optical output intensity and atomic output in terms of the atomic spin wave strength when we scan either or both of the optical and atomic phases. Such a hybrid interferometer can be used to interrogate atomic states by optical detection and will find its applications in precision measurement and quantum control of atoms and light.

Theoretical relationship between energy consumption and economic output

ABSTRACTIn this study, the theoretical relations among the growth rate of energy intensity, energy consumption, and economic output are inferred and named as the “3GR” model. In some economic entities, the growth rate of energy consumption is equal to the corresponding growth rate of energy intensity and economic output, and their product. Based on the “3GR” model, some conclusions could be obtained: (1) for the expected goal of growth rate of economic output and energy intensity of some economic entities, there is a linear relationship among the growth rate of energy intensity or economic output; (2) for the expected goal of growth rate of energy consumption of some economic entities, there is an inverse relationship between the growth rate of economic output and energy intensity; (3) energy consumption of an economy is equal to the product of the initial level of energy consumption, product of “one plus growth rate of economic output”, and product of “one plus growth rate of energy intensity”.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A PID-BASED LUMINANCE CONTROL AND LIGHT SENSING USING SMOOTHING AVERAGING TECHNIQUE

Nowadays, lighting shares a large part in the global energy consumption, lighting consumption can be easily reduced with the use of efficient light sources. The most commonly used light source is the incandescent light bulb. As time passed by, Compact Fluorescent Lamp and Light Emitting Diode use became prevalent because of their advantages over the incandescent light. The researchers were able to develop and implement a PID controlled lighting system using Light Emitting Diode utilizing the smoothing-averaging technique in its sensors. Tests were done with the system with and without smoothing technique to identify the effect of the technique used. The system automatically varies its light intensity output depending on the light stimuli maintaining the luminance level of the laboratory based on standards.

Clinical applications of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and its potential role in urology.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a form of ultrasound that delivered at a much lower intensity (<3 W/cm2) than traditional ultrasound energy and output in the mode of pulse wave, and it is typically used for therapeutic purpose in rehabilitation medicine. LIPUS has minimal thermal effects due to its low intensity and pulsed output mode, and its non-thermal effects which is normally claimed to induce therapeutic changes in tissues attract most researchers’ attentions. LIPUS have been demonstrated to have a rage of biological effects on tissues, including promoting bone-fracture healing, accelerating soft-tissue regeneration, inhibiting inflammatory responses and so on. Recent studies showed that biological effects of LIPUS in healing morbid body tissues may be mainly associated with the upregulation of cell proliferation through activation of integrin receptors and Rho/ROCK/Src/ERK signaling pathway, and with promoting multilineage differentiation of mesenchyme stem/progenitor cell lines through ROCK-Cot/Tpl2-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Hopefully, LIPUS may become an effective clinical procedure for the treatment of urological diseases, such as chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), erectile dysfunction (ED), and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in the field of urology. It still needs an intense effort for basic-science and clinical investigators to explore the biomedical applications of ultrasound.

Delay signatures in the chaotic intensity output of a quantum dot laser with optical feedback

Delay identification from the chaotic intensity output of a quantum dot laser with optical feedback is done using numerical and information theoretic techniques. Four quantifiers, namely autocorrelation function, delayed mutual information, permutation entropy and permutation statistical complexity, are employed in delay estimation. A detailed comparison of these quantifiers with different feedback rates and delay is undertaken. Permutation entropy and permutation statistical complexity are calculated with different dimensions of symbolic reconstruction to obtain the best results.

Innovative Carbon Allowance Allocation Policy for the Shenzhen Emission Trading Scheme in China

The initial allocation of tradable carbon emission allowances is among the most contentious issues in developing an emission trading scheme (ETS). China faces serious dilemmas of system complexity and information incompleteness and asymmetry in allocating carbon allowance among enterprises. As one of the pilot ETS regions, Shenzhen has launched the first regional cap-and-trade ETS (SZ ETS) in China. Adhering to the overall plan and classification analysis, SZ ETS intends to solve the aforementioned dilemmas by developing innovative allowance allocation policies. A fundamental principle is to allocate allowances based on carbon intensity and actual output, according to which a two-step allocation procedure is constructed. A competitive game mechanism is introduced for allowance allocation among manufacturing enterprises. Empirical results indicate the following: (1) Carbon allowance allocation based on carbon intensity and actual output can mitigate carbon emission growth by reducing CO2 emitted per unit output, and, thus, buffer the shocks of unexpected economic fluctuations to ETS stability; (2) Competitive game allocation may contribute to improving the use of scattered information to enhance the efficiency of information and emission resource allocation. Exploring SZ ETS may provide a reference for formulating future national carbon allowance allocation policies in China and other developing regions.

Factors that influence carbon emissions due to energy consumption based on different stages and sectors in China

This study analyzes carbon emissions due to energy consumption based on different stages and sectors in China, and by applying the logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition method, carbon emissions were decomposed into energy structure, energy intensity, economic structure, and economic output effects. The study period was divided into “high efficiency and high output”, “low efficiency and low output”, “high efficiency and low output” and “low efficiency and high output” considering different carbon emission characteristics and economic development. Carbon emissions exhibit different characteristics at different stages. The degree of increase in carbon emissions at these stages depends on the combined effect of the energy efficiency and the economic output. The main factor driving carbon emissions was the economic output effect in each stage and the main factor inhibiting carbon emissions was the energy intensity effect. The economic and energy structures had only a modest effect on carbon emissions at each stage. The industry sector was the top contributor to carbon emissions, followed by the transport sector. The policy implications in terms of economic growth, the economic structure, and energy consumption are discussed in relation to the different stages.

A real-time coherent dedispersion pipeline for the giant metrewave radio telescope

A fully real-time coherent dedispersion system has been developed for the pulsar back-end at the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT). The dedispersion pipeline uses the single phased array voltage beam produced by the existing GMRT software back-end (GSB) to produce coherently dedispersed intensity output in real time, for the currently operational bandwidths of 16 MHz and 32 MHz. Provision has also been made to coherently dedisperse voltage beam data from observations recorded on disk. We discuss the design and implementation of the real-time coherent dedispersion system, describing the steps carried out to optimise the performance of the pipeline. Presently functioning on an Intel Xeon X5550 CPU equipped with a NVIDIA Tesla C2075 GPU, the pipeline allows dispersion free, high time resolution data to be obtained in real-time. We illustrate the significant improvements over the existing incoherent dedispersion system at the GMRT, and present some preliminary results obtained from studies of pulsars using this system, demonstrating its potential as a useful tool for low frequency pulsar observations. We describe the salient features of our implementation, comparing it with other recently developed real-time coherent dedispersion systems. This implementation of a real-time coherent dedispersion pipeline for a large, low frequency array instrument like the GMRT, will enable long-term observing programs using coherent dedispersion to be carried out routinely at the observatory. We also outline the possible improvements for such a pipeline, including prospects for the upgraded GMRT which will have bandwidths about ten times larger than at present.

Simulation of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields and Application to Immunity Testing

A kind of low-cost electric and magnetic field simulators, which are used to produce simulative lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) with adjustable waveforms and intensity output, are presented. The lightning electric field can be produced within the GTEM cell by feed-in of impulse voltage output by a Marx generator. The lightning magnetic field can be produced within the coil by feed-in of surge current from the lightning surge generator. The simulated magnetic field is measured by a “B-dot” coil. The measured results show that the lightning electric field simulator and magnetic field simulator could provide relatively homogeneous LEMP environment within certain area in the GTEM cell and the coil within 3 dB deviation. The effects of the simulated lightning electric fields on some electronic devices and the influence of the turns and size of the coil on the homogeneity of the simulated magnetic fields are also investigated.

CO2 emissions of China's food industry: an input–output approach

In a joint U.S.–China statement on climate change, the Chinese government declared to peak CO2 emissions around 2030. This demonstrates the government's determination to deal with carbon emission and climate change. Although the food industry is not a carbon emission-intensive industry, its large scale makes the emission reduction in the industry very important. Based on the input–output structural decomposition method, this paper calculates the CO2 emissions of China's food industry from 1991 to 2012, and decomposes the change in CO2 emissions of the industry during 1992–1997, 1997–2002, 2002–2007 and 2007–2010 into four main effects: emission factor, energy structure, energy intensity, and total output (including four sub-effects: intermediate use, domestic final demand, import substitution and export extension). The results show that changes in CO2 emissions in the food industry mainly depends on total output effect and energy intensity effect. Energy intensity effect is the most important factor reducing CO2 emissions, as it reduced cumulative 213 million tons (Mt) CO2 emissions of the industry. Among total output effect, the effects of intermediate use and domestic final demand are the two biggest contributors to carbon emissions. Finally, we provide some policy advices for constraining and reducing CO2 emissions of China's food industry. The advices include increasing R&D investment and the substitution of energy with other input factors to decrease energy intensity, increasing the added value of the food industry, optimizing the energy structure with more clean and low-carbon energy, and maintaining the prices of raw materials of the food industry (i.e. agricultural products) with taxes or subsidies.

Wide-Range Correlated Color Temperature Light Generation From Resonant Cavity Hybrid Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes

This study presents extremely uniform colloidal quantum dot white light-emitting diodes (QD-WLEDs) that demonstrate a high color rendering index (CRI) and correlated color temperatures (CCTs) ranging from 2500 to 4500 K. Experimental results indicate that the structure of the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) containing a stopband in the UV region enhances the intensity output of both monochromatic QD-LEDs and QD-WLEDs by reflecting the unconverted UV light back onto the package to excite the QDs further. Furthermore, the angular CCT uniformity of the QD-WLEDs also improved considerably because of the dependence of the DBR structure on the incident angle. The angular CCT deviation in the range of –70° to 70° decreased to 39 K and the CRI of the WLED is higher than 90. The high-CRI and uniform angular CCT QD-WLED containing the DBR demonstrates potential applicability as the lighting source of next-generation display devices and solid-state lighting.

SU-F-BRA-16: Development of a Radiation Monitoring Device Using a Low-Cost CCD Camera Following Radionuclide Therapy

Purpose: It is now commonplace to handle treatments of hyperthyroidism using iodine-131 as an outpatient procedure due to lower costs and less stringent federal regulations. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has currently updated release guidelines for these procedures, but there is still a large uncertainty in the dose to the public. Current guidelines to minimize dose to the public require patients to remain isolated after treatment. The purpose of this study was to use a low-cost common device, such as a cell phone, to estimate exposure emitted from a patient to the general public. Methods: Measurements were performed using an Apple iPhone 3GS and a Cs-137 irradiator. The charge-coupled device (CCD) camera on the phone was irradiated to exposure rates ranging from 0.1 mR/hr to 100 mR/hr and 30-sec videos were taken during irradiation with the camera lens covered by electrical tape. Interactions were detected as white pixels on a black background in each video. Both single threshold (ST) and colony counting (CC) methods were performed using MATLAB®. Calibration curves were determined by comparing the total pixel intensity output from each method to the known exposure rate. Results: The calibration curve showed a linear relationship above 5 mR/hr for both analysis techniques. The number of events counted per unit exposure rate within the linear region was 19.5 ± 0.7 events/mR and 8.9 ± 0.4 events/mR for the ST and CC methods respectively. Conclusion: Two algorithms were developed and show a linear relationship between photons detected by a CCD camera and low exposure rates, in the range of 5 mR/hr to 100-mR/hr. Future work aims to refine this model by investigating the dose-rate and energy dependencies of the camera response. This algorithm allows for quantitative monitoring of exposure from patients treated with iodine-131 using a simple device outside of the hospital.

A Linear CCD Spectrometer Based on FPGA for Light-Source Characterization

We report on the implementation of a FPGA-based ultra-violet (UV), infra-red (IR) visible (Vis) CCD spectrometer using a linear CCD detector operating at room temperature. The host interface is high-speed USB for data exchange with high-level environments such as Visual Basic, MATLAB and LABVIEW. The high-resolution intensity versus wavelength output is 8-bit digitized for secondary processing using a semi-flash analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) capable of sustained sampling rates of 20Mb/s.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Industrial Land Intensive Use in Hubei Province Based on Typical Industrial Enterprises

Here, we used Bayes methods to evaluate land use intensity in 365 typical industrial enterprises across nine manufacturing industries in Hubei, China and calculated the potentiality of enterprises with moderate and low intensive land use. We did this by constructing an evaluation index system of intensive land use for industrial enterprises comprised of four sub-objective layers including land use structure, land use intensity, land input and land output, and nine element layers. We found that among 365 enterprises, 82 enterprises use land intensively, accounting for 22.47% of our sample; 215 enterprises use land moderately or have low use, accounting for 58.90% of our samples. Enterprises with intensive use tended to be metal smelting and rolling processing industries and communication equipment, computer and other electronic equipment manufacturing industries. Enterprises with moderate and low use tended to be from the special equipment manufacturing industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and chemical raw materials and chemical industry. The potential area for enterprises with moderate and low land use is approximately 865.70 ha and accounts for 42.38% of total current land approved, indicating that their potentiality for intensive use is large.

Effects of Yerba Maté ingestion on fat utilisation during prolonged moderate intensity exercise

Yerba Mate (YM), the plant of (Illex Paraguariensis) is widely ingested for its potential health benefits including anti-atherogenic and weight loss properties. We have previously shown an exercise intensity-dependent effect of acute YM ingestion on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), particularly at low and moderate exercise intensity domains, determined using an incremental exercise protocol. While, the augmented fat metabolism during those intensities implies improved exercise-metabolic weight-loss outcomes, the effects during prolonged exercise at this intensity range are unknown. This study aims to investigate the YM ingestion affects fat oxidation at prolonged moderate aerobic exercise intensities. We hypothesize that YM increase FAO during aerobic moderate intensity steady-state exercise. Following the institutional approval, eleven healthy females (Mean ± SD, age = 30·8 ± 7·3 years, stature: 167·2 ± 3·9, body mass: 61·5 ± 2·8) followed an initial incremental cardiopulmonary assessment (25 W increased every 3 min until exhaustion) to determine their peak oxygen uptake (V O2 peak) and the range of exercise intensities corresponding to the cross-over point (COP), defined as the intensity or power output at which energy expenditure from carbohydrate predominates over that from fat sources. This intensity range is known to be effective for exercise-dependent weight-loss. Participants were randomised to ingest either 2 g of YM or placebo capsules (PLC), in a double-blinded, placebo controlled, repeated measures design. Following the ingestion participants rested for 120 min rest before ergometry cycling constantly for 30 min at an intensity corresponding to their COP. FAO and energy expenditure from FAO (EEFAO) were calculated as previously shown in similar studies , and analysed using a Repeated measures ANOVA design. The average COP intensity corresponded to (Mean ± SD, 37·3 ± 8·3 %, relative to V O2 peak at a power output of (50·6 ± 23·4 W). At this power or intensity, it was found that YM significantly increased FAO across all time points compared with PLC (Table 1).

Elimination of the measurement error induced by piezoelectric ceramic nonlinearity in phase retardation measurement

We introduce a displacement measurement system based on the isotropic optical feedback technique to measure length variations in the feedback cavity. The principle of the system is based on frequency shifting and heterodyne phase-measuring. Using this system, displacements of some feature points in the intensity output of the laser such as polarization switching are measured. Based on the measured results, a linear relation is established between the position of the polarization switching and the anisotropy. This forms the basis of future applications of the polarization control technique in the field of optical measurement.